Prevalence of Bovine Rotavirus and Coronavirus in Neonatal Calves in Dairy Farms of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Preliminary Study

Background. Bovine rotavirus (BRV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) are the most common viral agents in neonatal calf diarrhea and result in serious economic consequences. The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiology of those viruses in randomly selected dairy farms of Addis Ababa. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019 using a probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling technique. A total of 110 calves, less than 30 days of age, from 57 dairy herds were involved in the study. Associated factors of herds and calves were collected using semistructured interviews from farm owners and through physical observation of selected calves. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed using the sandwich ELISA method. Data generated from both semistructured interviews and laboratory investigation were analyzed using STATA_MP version 15. Results. From the total 110 calves, 42 (38.18%) had diarrhea during the survey. The prevalence of bovine rotavirus and coronavirus was 3.64% (4/110) and 0.91% (1/110), respectively. Diarrhea, feeding colostrum timing, and sex of the neonatal calves had statistically significant association with bovine rotavirus infection ( p < 0.05 ). All rotavirus-positive neonatal calves were identified in small scale dairy farms and in dairy farms that reported mortality though they lack statistically significant association. Only one coronavirus case was detected among the neonatal calves. The case was identified among small scale herds and in a herd with diarrheal cases. The sex of the coronavirus calf was female, diarrheic, and among 11-20 days old. Conclusion. The prevalence of rotavirus and coronavirus infections in neonatal calves was seldom in dairy farms of the study area. Rotavirus was more common than coronavirus, and further studies should be initiated on other (infectious and noninfectious) causes of neonatal calf diarrhea in the area.

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Sero-Epidemiological Study on Bovine Rota and Coronavirus in Neonatal Calves in Dairy Farms of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17360/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hayat Abdela Assefa ◽

Asaminew Tesfaye ◽

Motuma Debelo Dibaba

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Large Scale ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Small Scale ◽

Calf Diarrhea ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Neonatal Calves

Abstract Background: Bovine rotavirus (BRV) and coronavirus (BCoV) are most commonly associated etiologies from viral causative agents of neonatal calf diarrhea. A cross-sectional study was carried out in randomly selected dairy farms of Addis Ababa from November 2018 to April 2019 with the objectives of estimating the prevalence of bovine rota and coronavirus infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves and determining the associated risk factors. A probability proportional to size sampling technique (PPS) was used and accordingly, the study involved a total of 110 calves under 30 days of age from 57 dairy herds of which 34 (59.6%), 18 (31.6%) and 5 (8.8%) were small scale, medium scale and large scale farms respectively. As well risk factors associated with herd and calves were obtained from an interview of farm owners.Results: By using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, out of these 110 calves, 4 (3.64%) were found positive for rotavirus while only 1 (0.91%) was found positive for coronavirus infection. Data generated from both interview and laboratory investigation was analyzed using SPSS version 20. As a result, prevalence of rotavirus infection showed a significant difference (P<0.05) with respect to sex, diarrhea status, colostrum timing and consistency of diarrhea. However, prevalence of coronavirus infection showed significant difference (P<0.05) only with consistency of diarrhea.Conclusions: In conclusion, rotavirus and coronavirus infection in neonatal calves in this finding showed as there is less prevalence in dairy farms of the study area; therefore, effort should be initiated for further studies on other (infectious and non-infectious) causes of calf diarrhea in this area.

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A new passive immune strategy based on IgY antibodies as a key element to control neonatal calf diarrhea in dairy farms

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-020-02476-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Celina Guadalupe Vega ◽

Marina Bok ◽

Maren Ebinger ◽

Lucía Alejandra Rocha ◽

Alejandra Antonella Rivolta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Farms ◽

Neonatal Calf ◽

Calf Diarrhea ◽

Neonatal Calf Diarrhea

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Plaque assay of neonatal calf diarrhea virus and the neutralizing antibody in human sera

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.5.1.1-4.1977 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

S Matsuno ◽

S Inouye ◽

R Kono

Keyword(s):

Plaque Assay ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Assay Method ◽

Kidney Cell Line ◽

Diarrhea Virus ◽

Bovine Rotavirus ◽

Neonatal Calf ◽

Calf Diarrhea ◽

Human Sera ◽

Neonatal Calf Diarrhea

Neonatal calf diarrhea virus (a bovine rotavirus) formed distinct plaques in monolayers of MA-104 cells, an established macacus rhesus monkey kidney cell line, when diethylaminoethyl dextran and trypsin were included in the overlay medium. By using this plaque assay method, titration of neutralizing antibody to neonatal calf diarrhea virus was made feasible. It was demonstrated that some human sera contained neutralizing antibody to this agent.

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Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassay for Detecting Bovine (Neonatal Calf Diarrhea) Rotavirus Antibody

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.6.1.10-15.1977 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 10-15

Author(s):

Lorne A. Babiuk ◽

Stephen D. Acres ◽

Barry T. Rouse

Keyword(s):

Immunoglobulin G ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Bovine Rotavirus ◽

Neonatal Calf ◽

Calf Diarrhea ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay ◽

Bovine Immunoglobulin ◽

Neonatal Calf Diarrhea

An indirect solid-phase microradioimmunoassay is described for detecting antibodies against rotaviruses. The test involved ethanol fixation of microcultures of bovine rotavirus-infected BSC-1 cells and reaction with bovine antirotavirus serum, followed by 125 I-labeled rabbit anti-bovine immunoglobulin G. The technique was shown to be virus specific and highly sensitive. The fixed microcultures could be stored at 4°C for at least 2 months without affecting the sensitivity of the test. The application of this system for the detection of rotavirus antibodies in humans is briefly discussed.

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A survey on bovine rotavirus type 1-associated neonatal calf diarrhea in a beef herd.

The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science ◽

10.1292/jvms1939.49.23 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 23-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Toshiaki MURAKAMI ◽

Norio HIRANO ◽

Ken-ichi CHITOSE ◽

Kotaro TSUCHIYA ◽

Katsuhiko ONO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bovine Rotavirus ◽

Neonatal Calf ◽

Calf Diarrhea ◽

Beef Herd ◽

Neonatal Calf Diarrhea

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Detection of Infectious Agents Causing Neonatal Calf Diarrhea on Two Large Dairy Farms in Yangxin County, Shandong Province, China

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2020.589126 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaojuan Wei ◽

Weiwei Wang ◽

Zhen Dong ◽

Fusheng Cheng ◽

Xuzheng Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shandong Province ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Future Research ◽

Infectious Agents ◽

Bovine Coronavirus ◽

Bovine Rotavirus ◽

Neonatal Calf ◽

Calf Diarrhea ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Neonatal Calf Diarrhea

Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is one of the most serious health challenges facing the livestock industry and has caused substantial economic losses due to increased morbidity and mortality rates. The present study investigated the main infectious pathogens causing NCD among cattle in Yangxin County, China. Sixty-nine fecal samples were collected from diarrheic newborn cattle and tested for infectious agents, including bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, Escherichia coli K99, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Giardia lamblia, that cause NCD, as determined by rapid kit analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The PCR results showed that the percentages of samples that were positive for C. parvum, bovine rotavirus A, bovine coronavirus, and G. lamblia were 44.93, 36.23, 17.39, and 13.04%, respectively. The rapid kit analysis results showed that the prevalence of C. parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus, and G. lamblia was 52.17, 31.88, 28.98, and 18.84%, respectively. No E. coli K99 was detected by either method. The total positivity of the samples, as determined by PCR and rapid kit analysis, was 80.00 and 81.16%, respectively. No significant difference between the two methods was observed. The results of this study may help to establish a foundation for future research investigating the epidemiology of NCD in cattle and may facilitate the implementation of measures to control NCD transmission to cattle in Yangxin County, Shandong Province, China.

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A High Plane of Nutrition Is Associated with a Lower Risk for Neonatal Calf Diarrhea on Bavarian Dairy Farms

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11113251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3251

Author(s):

Ingrid Lorenz ◽

Regina Huber ◽

Florian M. Trefz

Keyword(s):

Protective Factor ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Neonatal Diarrhea ◽

Neonatal Calf ◽

Calf Diarrhea ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Management Factors ◽

Ad Libitum Feeding ◽

Neonatal Calf Diarrhea

In all bovine production systems, neonatal calf diarrhea remains worldwide an important issue of economic losses and animal welfare. The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors for neonatal calf diarrhea as a herd health problem on Bavarian dairy farms. For the purpose of this study, management factors related to calf health were retrospectively compared between 59 dairy farms with calf diarrhea as a herd problem with those of 18 control farms, where no veterinary treatment of calves for neonatal calf diarrhea took place for at least one year prior to the farm visit. A multivariable binary logistic regression analysis of management factors indicated that administration of 3 L or more of colostrum at the second feeding after birth (Odds ration [OR] = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.05–0.89), ad libitum feeding of milk during the first week of life (OR = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.006–0.60), and administration of an iron containing preparation after birth (OR = 10.9, 95% CI = 1.25–95.6) were independently associated with the presence of a herd problem with neonatal diarrhea. Results of this study therefore suggest that a higher plane of nutrition is a protective factor with regard to the occurrence of neonatal diarrhea on Bavarian dairy farms. These findings support the establishment of ad libitum feeding programs in dairy calf rearing.

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The Antibiotic Treatment of Calf Diarrhea in Four European Countries: A Survey

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10080910 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 910

Author(s):

Cassandra Eibl ◽

Ricardo Bexiga ◽

Lorenzo Viora ◽

Hugues Guyot ◽

José Félix ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Best Practices ◽

Online Survey ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Regression Tree ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Classification And Regression Tree ◽

Neonatal Calf ◽

Calf Diarrhea ◽

Neonatal Calves ◽

Neonatal Calf Diarrhea

Neonatal calves are commonly affected by diarrhea caused by different pathogens, but not always bacteria. Yet, antibiotics are routinely used as a treatment to an unknown extent. It was our goal to survey antibiotic use for the treatment of neonatal calf diarrhea in different countries and to identify influencing factors. A total of 873 farmers and veterinarians in Austria, Belgium, Portugal, and Scotland participated in a voluntary online survey. The data were analyzed using classification and regression tree analyses and chi2 tests. Overall, 52.5% of the participants stated that they use antibiotics when treating neonatal calf diarrhea. Of those, 27% use them always, and 45% use highest priority critically important antibiotics. The most important factor differentiating antibiotic use practices was the country the participants were from, which could be due to regulatory differences between the countries. All antibiotic products stated were licensed for use in cattle, but several were not licensed for the treatment of diarrhea in calves. Our study shows that there is an urgent need for more scientific evidence to define best practices for the treatment of neonatal calf diarrhea. Furthermore, consensual criteria for antibiotic therapy must be defined, and targeted training for farmers and veterinarians must be provided.

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