scholarly journals Genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential of the Lagenandra toxicaria Dalz. rhizome methanol extract using Allium cepa assay.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AKARSHA B ◽  
KRISHNAKUMAR GULIMANE
Keyword(s):  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses

Abstract This study is the first ever approach to evaluate the possible genotoxic effect of the Lagenandra toxicaria rhizome methanol extract and its antigenotoxic potency against 3% H2O2 induced genetic damage on Allium cepa root tip model. The assay revealed a significant decrease in mitotic index (MI) and an increase in the percentage of clastogenicity in a time and dose-dependent manner in the roots exposed to Lagenandra toxicaria extract at 0.2 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml concentration for 1, 2 and 4hour. The ultra structures of cell surface and biochemical changes of the cells were assessed in four hour treated roots using Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The higher dose of 10 mg/ml treated roots showed an evident morphological as well as biochemical changes compared to the control. The agarose gel electrophoresis showed the loss of DNA integrity in the roots that were treated with 10 mg/ml extract for four hours, where as the control showed comparatively intact DNA bands. The in situ histochemical staining by Schiff’s reagent and nitroblueterasolium (NBT) confirmed the increased lipid peroxidation and free radical generation in four hour treated samples. Subsequently, the possible antigenotoxic potential of the plant extract was explored at its lower doses using H2O2 standard assays. The H2O2 treatment induced nuclear lesions in 93.45 ± 2.33% cells and it was seen to be reduced significantly (50.99 ±7.59 % and 37.13 ± 2.66 %) after the treatment with lower concentration of 0.01 mg/ml and 0.02 mg/ml extract respectively. This suggest that the Lagenandra toxicaria rhizome methanol extract acts as antigenotoxic agent at lower doses but at higher doses the extract induces clastogenic effects and thus acts like a janus-faced compound.

scholarly journals GENOTOXIC AND ANTIGENOTOXIC POTENTIAL OF THE LAGENANDRA TOXICARIA DALZ. RHIZOME METHANOL EXTRACT USING ALLIUM CEPA ASSAY

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
AKARSHA B ◽  
KRISHNAKUMAR G
Keyword(s):  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses

Objective: The study is to evaluate the possible genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential of Lagenandra toxicaria rhizome methanol extract using Allium cepa root tip assay. Methods: The rhizome methanol extract was prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. The A. cepa roots were treated with various concentrations of the extract at different time points and stained with aceto-orcein. The mitotic index (MI) was calculated. Results: A significant decrease in MI and increase in the percentage of clastogenicity was observed in a time- and dose-dependent manner in the roots treated with the extract at 0.2 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml concentration for 1, 2, and 4 h. The field emission scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed evident morphological and biochemical changes at 10 mg/ml treatment when compared to control for 4 h. The agarose gel electrophoresis showed loss of DNA integrity at 10 mg/ml extract for 4 h. In situ histochemical staining by Schiff’s reagent and nitroblue tetrazolium confirmed the increased lipid peroxidation and free radical generation at 4 h treatment. Subsequently, the possible antigenotoxic potential of the plant extract was explored using H2O2 standard assays. The increased percentage of H2O2 induced nuclear lesions was reduced significantly after the modulatory treatment with extract. Conclusion: The L. toxicaria rhizome methanol extract acts as an antigenotoxic agent at lower doses and at higher doses the extract induces clastogenic effects. Further studies are needed to unravel the active component in the extract that mediates the observed phenomenon in the current study.

Ecological and physiological as well as biochemical properties of representatives of the Genus sedum L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
O. I. Dzjuba ◽  
M. V. Yatsenko
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Hepatoma Cell ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Hepatoma Cell Line ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dose Dependent

The article deals with the history of the study and the current state of research of physiological and biochemical properties of the plant genus Sedum that are useful for human and has been used in folk medicine for many years. It was noticed that antioxidant properties of extracts from plants S. sarmentosum, S. sempervivoides, S. takesimense were caused by the presence of phenolic compounds. Methanol extract of plants S. takesimense exhibited strong scavenging activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radicals as well as significant inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation and low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation induced by a metal ion Cu2+. Various immunomodulatory activities of various fractions of plants extracts (S. dendroideum, S. kamtschaticum, S. sarmentosum, S. telephium) are observed. It was shown that the ethanol extract of S. sarmentosum and it’s fractions suppressed specific antibody and cellular responses to ovalbumin in mice. The methanol extract of plants S. sarmentosum reduced the levels of anti-inflammatory markers, such as volume of exudates, number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, suppressed nitric oxide synthesis in activated macrophages via suppressed induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Polysaccharides fractions from plants S. telephium inducing productions of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), increasing the intensity of phagocytosis in vitro and in vivo. Methanol extract from the whole part of S. kamtschaticum strongly inhibit PGE2 production from lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage cell line via modulating activity in gene expression of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The methanol extract of plants S. sarmentosum and the major kaempferol glycosides from S. dendroideum have antinociceptive activity. It was noticed that anti-adipogenic activity of extracts from plants S. kamtschaticum were caused by inhibition of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression and it’s dependent target genes, such as genes encoding adipocyte protein 2 (аР2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adiponectin and CD36. Polysaccharides fractions from S. telephium cause inhibition of cell adhesion of human fibroblast (MRC5) to laminin and fibronectin via interfere with integrin-mediated cell behaviour and they contributed to the role of polysaccharides in cell-matrix interaction. The methanol extract of plants S. sarmentosum exhibited a significant inhibitory activity in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. The crude alkaloid fraction of S. sarmentosum caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation on murine hepatoma cell line BNL CL.2 and human hepatoma cell line HepG2 without necrosis or apoptosis. Alkaloids from plants S. sarmentosum may improve survival of hepatoma patients via the inhibition of excessive growth of tumor cells. Plant’s juices have antiviral activity (S. sarmentosum, S. spurium, S. stahlii). Crude ethanol extract S. praealtum have spermicidal activity of the in mice and a relevant inhibitory effect of aqueous extract on human spermatozoa motility as well as an anti-fertilizing activity in rats. Hepatoprotective triterpenes, e.g., δ-amyrone, 3-epi-δ-amyrin, δ-amyrin and sarmentolin were isolated from S. sarmentosum. 2- and 2,6-substituted piperidine alkaloids (e.g., norsedamine, allosedridine, sedamine, allosedamine) are observed in plants S. acre, which in the presence of data on the use of pyridine and piperidine derivatives for treating neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), points on the promising research in this area. Taking into account that biologically active compounds are accumulated in the aboveground vegetative organs of plants of Sedum, the prospects of further study of the use of Sedum for the purposes of biotechnology and in the pharmaceutical industry becomes apparent. This work extends the existing views regarding the use of plants Sedum.

Determination of mosquito bloodmeal pH in situ by ion-selective microelectrode measurement: implications for the regulation of malarial gametogenesis

Parasitology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 547-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. BILLKER ◽  
A. J. MILLER ◽  
R. E. SINDEN
Keyword(s):  
Xanthurenic Acid ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ph Increase ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Dose Dependent

Malarial gametocytes circulate in the peripheral blood of the vertebrate host as developmentally arrested intra-erythrocytic cells, which only resume development into gametes when ingested into the bloodmeal of the female mosquito vector. The ensuing development encompasses sexual reproduction and mediates parasite transmission to the insect. In vitro the induction of gametogenesis requires a drop in temperature and either a pH increase from physiological blood pH (ca pH 7·4) to about pH 8·0, or the presence of a gametocyte-activating factor recently identified as xanthurenic acid (XA). However, it is unclear whether either the pH increase or XA act as natural triggers in the mosquito bloodmeal. We here use pH-sensitive microelectrodes to determine bloodmeal pH in intact mosquitoes. Measurements taken in the first 30 min after ingestion, when malarial gametogenesis is induced in vivo, revealed small pH increases from 7·40 (mouse blood) to 7·52 in Aedes aegypti and to 7·58 in Anophěles stephensi. However, bloodmeal pH was clearly suboptimal if compared to values required to induce gametogenesis in vitro. Xanthurenic acid is shown to extend the pH-range of exflagellation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner to values that we have observed in the bloodmeal, suggesting that in vivo malarial gametogenesis could be further regulated by both these factors.

scholarly journals Effect of Noni (Morinda citrifoliaLinn.) Fruit and Its Bioactive Principles Scopoletin and Rutin on Rat Vas Deferens Contractility: AnEx VivoStudy

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayapandi Pandy ◽  
Megala Narasingam ◽  
Thubasni Kunasegaran ◽  
Dharmani Devi Murugan ◽  
Zahurin Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Contractile Response ◽  
Rat Vas Deferens ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Per Se ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Agonistic Effect

This study examined the effect of methanolic extract ofMorinda citrifoliaLinn. (MMC) and its bioactive principles, scopoletin and rutin, on dopamine- and noradrenaline-evoked contractility in isolated rat vas deferens preparations. MMC (1–40 mg/mL), scopoletin (1–200 μg/mL), and rutin hydrate (0.6–312.6 μg/mL) dose-dependently inhibited the contractility evoked by submaximal concentrations of both dopamine and noradrenaline, respectively. Haloperidol and prazosin, reference dopamine D2, andα1-adrenoceptors antagonists significantly reversed the dopamine- and noradrenaline-induced contractions, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, MMCper seat higher doses (60–100 mg/mL) showed dose-dependent contractile response in rat vas deferens which was partially inhibited by high doses of haloperidol but not by prazosin. These results demonstrated the biphasic effects of MMC on dopaminergic system; that is, antidopaminergic effect at lower concentrations (<40 mg/mL) and dopaminergic agonistic effect at higher concentrations (>60 mg/mL). However, similar contractile response at high doses of scopoletin (0.5–5 mg/mL) and rutin hydrate (0.5–5 mg/mL)per sewas not observed. Therefore, it can be concluded that the bioactive principles of MMC, scopoletin, and rutin might be responsible for the antidopaminergic and antiadrenergic activities of MMC.

scholarly journals Antioxidant And Antibacterial Activity Of Methanolic Extract Of Machilus Odoratissima

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Subedi ◽  
Mohan Prasad Amatya ◽  
Tirtha Maiya Shrestha ◽  
Shyam Kumar Mishra ◽  
Bharat Mani Pokhrel
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Deoxy Sugar ◽  
Radical Method ◽  
Dose Dependent

The methanol extract of the bark of Machilus odoratissima was subjected to investigate its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of different types of compound like terpenoids, tannins, deoxy sugar, saponins and phenolic compounds. The methanol extract of the plant was tested for antioxidant activity using scavenging activity of DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) radical method and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli & Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria using cup plate method. The extract exhibited high free radical scavenging activity. IC50 was found to be 3.37μg/ml. Antibacterial activity was observed against S. aureus in dose dependent manner DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i1.6045 KUSET 2012; 8(1): 73-80

scholarly journals Dabigatran and Remdesivir Synergistically Inhibit Coronavirus Replication

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred D. Nelson ◽  
Yan Bi ◽  
Baoan Ji
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Serine Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses

Abstract Background & Aims: Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) is an ongoing global pandemic causing more than three million deaths. Protease inhibitors had been shown to decrease viral entry. However, the role of dabigatran, an inhibitor of multiple proteases, on coronavirus remains unknown.Methods: MRC-5 cells, HCT-8, or Huh-7 cells were infected with Beta-coronavirus OC43 and SARS-CoV-2. Cytopathic effects (CPE) were monitored by imaging. Viral load was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Viral protein was detected by Western blot.Results: Camostat, a serine protease inhibitor, had no effect on the replication of OC43 and SARS CoV-2 even at higher doses. Dabigatran inhibited replication, viral entry and CPE of OC43 in a dose-dependent manner. Dabigatran and Remdisivir synergistically inhibited OC43 virus replication. Conclusions: Dabigatran may be beneficial in treating SARS-CoV-2 both for anticoagulation and viral replication inhibition need to be evaluated further.

scholarly journals In-Vivo Toxicity Studies and In-Vitro Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Povidone-iodine In-situ Gel Forming Formulations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Liang ◽  
Xudong Yuan ◽  
Gang Wei ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Povidone Iodine ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Forming Technology ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractTo curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, we characterize the virucidal activity of long-acting Povidone Iodine (PVP-I) compositions developed using an in-situ gel forming technology. The PVP-I gel forming nasal spray (IVIEW-1503) and PVP-I gel forming ophthalmic eye drop (IVIEW-1201) rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV-2, inhibiting the viral infection of VERO76 cells. No toxicity was observed for the PVP-I formulations. Significant inactivation was noted with preincubation of the virus with these PVP-I formulations at the lowest concentrations tested. It has been demonstrated that both PVP-I formulations can inactivate SARS-CoV-2 virus efficiently in both a dose-dependent and a time-dependent manner. These results suggest IVIEW-1503 and IVIEW-1201 could be potential agents to reduce or prevent the transmission of the virus through the nasal cavity and the eye, respectively. Further studies are needed to clinically evaluate these formulations in early-stage COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Chemical Constituents of Blumea balsamifera of Indonesia and Their Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitory Activity

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azis Saifudin ◽  
Ken Tanaka ◽  
Shigetoshi Kadota ◽  
Yasuhiro Tezuka
Keyword(s):  
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Protein Tyrosine ◽  
Dose Dependent

A methanol extract of the leaves of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. (Asteraceae) afforded a new guaian-type sesquiterpene, epiblumeaene K (1), together with four known guaian-type sesquiterpenes (2–5), three known sesquiterpenes (6–8), and nine known flavonoids (9–17) by a combination of chromatography and preparative TLC techniques. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and comparison with the literature data. Among the isolated compounds, a known sesquiterpene, β-caryophyllene 8 R,9 R-oxide (6), exhibited a significant PTP1B inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 25.8μM (5.62μg/mL).

scholarly journals Phytochemical Evaluation, Embryotoxicity, and Teratogenic Effects of Curcuma longa Extract on Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinola Adekoya Alafiatayo ◽  
Kok-Song Lai ◽  
Ahmad Syahida ◽  
Maziah Mahmood ◽  
Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
Keyword(s):  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Physical Body ◽  
Toxicity Analysis ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Toxicity Effects

Curcuma longa L. is a rhizome plant often used as traditional medicinal preparations in Southeast Asia. The dried powder is commonly known as cure-all herbal medicine with a wider spectrum of pharmaceutical activities. In spite of the widely reported therapeutic applications of C. longa, research on its safety and teratogenic effects on zebrafish embryos and larvae is still limited. Hence, this research aimed to assess the toxicity of C. longa extract on zebrafish. Using a reflux flask, methanol extract of C. longa was extracted and the identification and quantification of total flavonoids were carried out with HPLC. Twelve fertilized embryos were selected to test the embryotoxicity and teratogenicity at different concentration points. The embryos were exposed to the extract in the E3M medium while the control was only exposed to E3M and different developmental endpoints were recorded with the therapeutic index calculated using the ratio of LC50/EC50. C. longa extract was detected to be highly rich in flavonoids with catechin, epicatechin, and naringenin as the 3 most abundant with concentrations of 3,531.34, 688.70, and 523.83μg/mL, respectively. The toxicity effects were discovered to be dose-dependent at dosage above 62.50μg/mL, while, at 125.0μg/mL, mortality of embryos was observed and physical body deformities of larvae were recorded among the hatched embryos at higher concentrations. Teratogenic effect of the extract was severe at higher concentrations producing physical body deformities such as kink tail, bend trunk, and enlarged yolk sac edema. Finally, the therapeutic index (TI) values calculated were approximately the same for different concentration points tested. Overall, the result revealed that plants having therapeutic potential could also pose threats when consumed at higher doses especially on the embryos. Therefore, detailed toxicity analysis should be carried out on medicinal plants to ascertain their safety on the embryos and its development.

Relationship between retinoic acid and sonic hedgehog, two polarizing signals in the chick wing bud

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 3267-3274 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Helms ◽  
C. Thaller ◽  
G. Eichele
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
All Trans Retinoic Acid ◽  
Wing Bud ◽  
Zone Of Polarizing Activity ◽  
Dose Dependent

Local application of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) to the anterior margin of chick limb buds results in pattern duplications reminescent of those that develop after grafting cells from the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). RA may act directly by conferring positional information to limb bud cells, or it may act indirectly by creating a polarizing region in the tissue distal to the RA source. Here we demonstrate that tissue distal to an RA-releasing bead acquires polarizing activity in a dose-dependent manner. Treatments with pharmacological (beads soaked in 330 micrograms/ml) and physiological (beads soaked in 10 micrograms/ml) doses of RA are equally capable of inducing digit pattern duplication. Additionally, both treatments induce sonic hedgehog (shh; also known as vertebrate hedgehog-1, vhh-1), a putative ZPA morphogen and Hoxd-11, a gene induced by the polarizing signal. However, tissue transplantation assays reveal that pharmacological, but not physiological, doses create a polarizing region. This differential response could be explained if physiological doses induced less shh than pharmacological doses. However, our in situ hybridization analyses demonstrate that both treatments result in similar amounts of mRNA encoding this candidate ZPA morphogen. We outline a model describing the apparently disparate effects of pharmacologic and physiological doses RA on limb bud tissue.

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