Urinary Volatiles and Chemical Characterisation for the Non-invasive Detection of Prostate and Bladder Cancers
Abstract Bladder cancer (BLC) and Prostate cancer (PC) are some of the most common cancers in the world, both having low five-year survival rates. In both BLC and PC, the diagnosis is often confirmed with an invasive technique that carries a risk to the patient. Consequently, a non-invasive diagnostic approach in these cancers would be medically desirable. The use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for disease diagnosis, including cancer, is a promising research area that could support the diagnosis process. In this study, we investigated the urinary VOC profiles in BLC, PC patients and non-cancerous controls by using gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC–IMS) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) to analyse patient samples. GC-IMS separated BLC from PC (AUC: 0.97 (0.93-1.00)), BLC Vs Non-cancerous (AUC: 0.95 (0.90-0.99).) and PC Vs Non-cancerous (AUC: 0.89 (0.83-0.94)) whereas GC-TOF-MS differentiated BLC from PC (AUC: 0.84 (0.73-0.93) BLC Vs Non-cancerous (AUC: 0.81 (0.70-0.90)) and PC vs Non-cancerous (AUC: 0.94 (0.90-0.97)). According to our study, a total of 34 biomarkers were found using GC-TOF-MS data, of which 13 VOCs were associated with BLC, 7 were associated with PC and 14 VOCs were found in the comparison of BLC and PC.