Toward a Recognition of Key Role Players in Community Pharmacy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monireh Afzali ◽  
Ali Rajabzadeh ◽  
Fatemeh Soleymani ◽  
Abbas Kebriaeezadeh ◽  
Shekoufeh Nikfar
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Core ◽  
Role Players ◽  
Management Issues

Abstract Background: Although private community pharmacies are identified as health care facilities, they are highly affected by business management issues and different stakeholders. This study aims to identify, classify and analyze private community pharmacy stakeholders.Methods: A focus group was conducted with key informants to analyze and classify stakeholders using three-dimensional matrix. Identified stakeholders were analyzed regarding three attributes of power, legitimacy and urgency. The results of the focus group were converted to a structured questionnaire and confirmed in several face-to-face interviews until the saturation level.Results: four main levels of relationship and eight category of stakeholders differentiated through an analysis. The core stakeholders group possesses all the attributes and include pharmacy licensee, licensee-owner, responsible pharmacist, customer, prescriber, health insurance, regulatory body, and staff.Conclusion: The core stakeholders are directly involved in decision making. Further deliberations are necessary to analyze the behavior of stakeholders and investigate the communication model.

scholarly journals Second Life as a research environment: avatar-based focus groups (AFG)

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Gadalla ◽  
Ibrahim Abosag ◽  
Kathy Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Purpose – This study aims to examine the nature and the potential use of avatar-based focus groups (AFGs) (i.e. focus groups conducted in three-dimensional [3D] virtual worlds [VWs]) as compared to face-to-face and online focus groups (OFGs), motivated by the ability of VWs to stimulate the realism of physical places. Over the past decade, there has been a rapid increase in using 3D VWs as a research tool. Design/methodology/approach – Using a two-phase reflective approach, data were collected first by using traditional face-to-face focus groups, followed by AFGs. In Phase 2, an online, semi-structured survey provided comparison data and experiences in AFGs, two-dimensional OFGs and traditional face-to-face focus groups. Findings – The findings identify the advantages and disadvantages of AFGs for marketing research. There is no evident difference in data quality between the results of AFGs and face-to-face focus groups. AFG compensates for some of the serious limitations associated with OFGs. Practical implications – The paper reflects on three issues, data quality, conduct of AFGs (including the moderator reflection) and participant experience, that together inform one’s understanding of the characteristics, advantages and limitations of AFG. Originality/value – This is the first paper to compare between AFGs, traditional face-to-face focus groups and OFGs. AFG holds many advantages over OFGs and even, sometimes, over face-to-face focus groups, providing a suitable environment for researchers to collect data.

The three-dimensional structure of interleukin-1β

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 949-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN P. PRIESTLE ◽  
HANS-PETER SCHÄR ◽  
MARKUS G. GRÜTTER
Keyword(s):  
Polypeptide Chain ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Interleukin 1Β ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Three Dimensional Structure ◽  
R Factor ◽  
The Core ◽  
Internal Sequence ◽  
Network Of Hydrogen Bonds

Summary The three-dimensional structure of human recombinant interleukin-1β has been determined at 0.24 nm resolution by X-ray crystallographic techniques. The partially refined model has a crystallographic R-factor of just under 19%. The structure is composed of 12 β-strands forming a complex network of hydrogen bonds. The core of the structure can best be described as a tetrahedron whose edges are each formed by two antiparallel β-strands. The interior of this structure is filled with hydrophobic side-chains. There is a 3-fold repeat in the folding of the polypeptide chain. Although this folding pattern suggests gene triplication, no significant internal sequence homology between topologically corresponding residues exists. The folding topology of interleukin-1β is very similar to that described by A. D. McLachlan [(1979) J. Mol. Biol. 133, 557–563] for soybean trypsin inhibitor.

Digital transformation of face-to-face focus group methodology: engaging a globally dispersed audience in management of institutional change (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mahmoud ◽  
Anna TOKAR ◽  
Melissa ARRIAS ◽  
Christos MYLONAS ◽  
Heini UTUNEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Learning ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Global Workforce ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

UNSTRUCTURED As part of its transformation process to meet the health challenges of the 21st century by creating a motivated and fit-for-purpose global workforce, the World Health Organization (WHO) is developing the first-ever global Learning Strategy for health personnel around the world. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were organized as part of in-depth qualitative research on staff views, visions, and suggestions. Due to the pandemic, a flexible, multi-linguistic, participatory, iterative methodology for digitization of face-to-face FDGs to engage a globally dispersed workforce was implemented.

Performance of Core Exit Thermocouple for PWR Accident Management Action in Vessel Top Break LOCA Simulation Experiment at OECD/NEA ROSA Project

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiro Suzuki ◽  
Takeshi Takeda ◽  
Hideo Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Simulation Experiment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
The Core ◽  
Accident Management

Presented are experiment results of the Large Scale Test Facility (LSTF) conducted at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) with a focus on core exit thermocouple (CET) performance to detect core overheat during a vessel top break loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) simulation experiment. The CET temperatures are used to start accident management (AM) action to quickly depressurize steam generator (SG) secondary sides in case of core temperature excursion. Test 6-1 is the first test of the OECD/NEA ROSA Project started in 2005, simulating withdraw of a control rod drive mechanism penetration nozzle at the vessel top head. The break size is equivalent to 1.9% cold leg break. The AM action was initiated when CET temperature rose up to 623K. There was no reflux water fallback onto the CETs during the core heat-up period. The core overheat, however, was detected with a time delay of about 230s. In addition, a large temperature discrepancy was observed between the CETs and the hottest core region. This paper clarifies the reasons of time delay and temperature discrepancy between the CETs and heated core during boil-off including three-dimensional steam flows in the core and core exit. The paper discusses applicability of the LSTF CET performance to pressurized water reactor (PWR) conditions and a possibility of alternative indicators for earlier AM action than in Test 6-1 is studied by using symptom-based plant parameters such as a reactor vessel water level detection.

Monte Carlo studies on electromagnetic cascades in extensive air showers

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S189-S196 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. Thielheim ◽  
E. K. Schlegel ◽  
R. Beiersdorf
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Energy Distributions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Fragmentation Mechanisms ◽  
Monte Carlo Studies

Three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculations have been performed on the trajectories of high-energy hadrons in extensive air showers. The central electron density and gradient of distribution are obtained for individual electromagnetic cascades together with coordinates at the level of observation. Various assumptions concerning primary mass number and energy, distributions of strong interaction parameters, and fragmentation mechanisms are discussed with respect to the production of steep maxima of electron density by single electromagnetic cascades in the core region of extensive air showers.

CFD Investigation of Thermal-Hydraulic Behaviors in Full Reactor Core for Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chen ◽  
Dalin Zhang ◽  
Suizheng Qiu ◽  
Kui Zhang ◽  
Mingjun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fast Reactor ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reactor Core ◽  
Heat Removal ◽  
The Core ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Heat Removal System ◽  
China Experimental Fast Reactor ◽  
Full Core

As the first developmental step of the sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) in China, the pool-type China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) is equipped with the openings and inter-wrapper space in the core, which act as an important part of the decay heat removal system. The accurate prediction of coolant flow in the reactor core calls for complete three-dimensional calculations. In the present study, an investigation of thermal-hydraulic behaviors in a 180° full core model similar to that of CEFR was carried out using commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. The actual geometries of the peripheral core baffle, fluid channels and narrow inter-wrapper gap were built up, and numerous subassemblies (SAs) were modeled as the porous medium with appropriate resistance and radial power distribution. First, the three-dimensional flow and temperature distributions in the full core under normal operating condition are obtained and quantitatively analyzed. And then the effect of inter-wrapper flow (IWF) on heat transfer performance is evaluated. In addition, the detailed flow path and direction in local inter-wrapper space including the internal and outlet regions are captured. This work can provide some valuable understanding of the core thermal-hydraulic phenomena for the research and design of SFRs.

scholarly journals Marginalization of Professionalism in Clinical Settings; A qualitative study at Tehran University of Medical Sciences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fateme Alipour ◽  
Zahra Shahvari
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Professional Behavior ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Management Level ◽  
Management Issues

Background: Management-level challenges are among the factors that undermine the individuals' adherence to professional behavior in clinical settings. This study investigated glitches of the management system in clinical settings from the perspective of staff, faculty members, and medical students/residents in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2 parts by exploring the viewpoints of personnel and physicians. In this regard, 8 focus group discussions were performed with 85 faculty members, clinical residents, and interns. Furthermore, 15 focus group discussions were held with 165 staffs. Available sampling method was applied to collect the participants and the data were analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: A total of 22 focus-group discussions were conducted with 250 participants; Participants' age ranged from 24 to 65 years. Participants' education levels varied from diploma to postgraduate for the staff and from medical student to sub-specialist for the physicians. Finally, management-level barriers, which undermine the staffs' ability to adhere to professional behavior in clinical settings were explained with 315 codes, 12 subcategories, and 2 main categories of "macro management issues " and "hospital management issues". Conclusion: Managers are required to consider providing a proper context for enforcing the professional behavior law, selecting middle managers based on their empowerment in performing the professional behaviors, prioritizing the professional behavior in policy making, and promoting the professional behavior in an administrative system consistent with the health system. In selecting the hospital managers, authorities are recommended to consider the managers' professional behavior and power in implementing the professionalism leadership. Moreover, the possibility of conducting professional behavior should be considered in making the policies.

scholarly journals Examining Distance Learners in Hybrid Synchronous Instruction: Successes and Challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enilda Romero-Hall ◽  
Cristiane Rocha Vicentini
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distance Learners ◽  
Electronic Journals ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Successes And Challenges

This paper reports on a case study investigating distance learners participating in graduate-level hybrid synchronous instruction. This research helps inform the design of hybrid synchronous instruction in which face-to-face and distance learners engage in class sessions. Data were collected using electronic journals, individual interviews, and a focus group. The results of the data analysis provide evidence that in this case, hybrid synchronous instruction improved the study habits of distance learners. On the other hand, the case study results also revealed that there are challenging pedogogical aspects which the distance learners had to overcome during hybrid synchronous instruction. Among such challenges were the interactions, relationships, and communication exchanges between distance learners, their face-to-face counterparts, and the instructor.

scholarly journals Synthesis and structural characterization of hexa-μ2-chlorido-μ4-oxido-tetrakis{[4-(phenylethynyl)pyridine-κN]copper(II)} dichloromethane monosolvate

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Rayya A. Al Balushi ◽  
Muhammad S. Khan ◽  
Md. Serajul Haque Faizi ◽  
Ashanul Haque ◽  
Kieran Molloy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Structural Characterization ◽  
Title Compound ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hirshfeld Surface ◽  
The Core ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Packing Arrangement

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Cu4Cl6O(C13H9N)4]·CH2Cl2, the core molecular structure consists of a Cu4 tetrahedron with a central interstitial O atom. Each edge of the Cu4 tetrahedron is bridged by a chlorido ligand. Each copper(II) cation is coordinated to the central O atom, two chlorido ligands and one N atom of the 4-phenylethynylpyridine ligand. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by intermolecular C—H...Cl interactions. Furthermore, C—H...π and π–π interactions also connect the molecules, forming a three-dimensional network. Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contributions for the packing arrangement are from H...H and C...H/H...C interactions.

scholarly journals ARBTools: A Tricubic Spline Interpolator for Three-Dimensional Scalar or Vector Fields

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Walker ◽  
Ulrich Krohn ◽  
Carty David
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Vector Field ◽  
Vector Fields ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spline Method ◽  
Particle Trajectories ◽  
The Core ◽  
Numerical Integrators ◽  
Data Points ◽  
System Requirements

ARBTools is a Python library containing a Lekien-Marsden type tricubic spline method for interpolating three-dimensional scalar or vector fields presented as a set of discrete data points on a regular cuboid grid. ARBTools was developed for simulations of magnetic molecular traps, in which the magnitude, gradient and vector components of a magnetic field are required. Numerical integrators for solving particle trajectories are included, but the core interpolator can be used for any scalar or vector field. The only additional system requirements are NumPy.

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