scholarly journals Population Size, Activity Patterns, Diet, and Ranging Ecology of Boutourlini’s Blue Monkey (Cercopithecus mitis boutourlinii) in Apini and Dokuma Forests, Awi Zone, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zemenu Birhan ◽  
Dessalegn Ejigu
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Cercopithecus Mitis ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Blue Monkeys ◽  
Blue Monkey ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Abstract Background: By studying population size, activity patterns, diet, and ranging ecology of Boutourolini’s blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis boutourlinii) we can get sufficient information to conserve the subspecies in the area. Boutourlini’s blue monkey is endemic subspecies found in the western and northwestern parts of Ethiopia. The study was conducted in Apini and Dokuma forests, northwestern Ethiopia, from October 2018 to June 2019. The block count method was used to estimate its total population size and scan sampling method was used to collect data for activity patterns, and diet. The ranging ecology of the study subspecies was determined for each group based on the point to point movements of the group between consecutive GPS locations recorded. Results: On average a total of 71 and 111 individuals of Boutourolini’s blue monkey were counted in Apini and Dokuma forests, respectively. Boutourolini’s blue monkey spent 47.5% and 48.6% of time feeding, 20.2% and 18.6% moving, and 14.1% and 13.5% resting by the Apini and Dokuma groups, respectively. The Apini group frequently fed on young leaves (52.8%), fruits (30.2%), and mature leaves (6.6%), while the Dokuma group fed on young leaves (39.8%), fruit 942.3%), and mature leaves (8.3%). Ranging ecology of Boutourolini’s blue monkey was 44.4 ha and 78.3 ha for the Apini group, and 51 ha and 56.9 ha for the Dokuma group during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Conclusions: The total population size of blue monkeys in the Apini and Dikuma forests counted were different. Activity budgets vary during the wet and dry seasons. During the entire study period blue monkeys consumed different food items from the two forests. The home range size of blue monkeys during the two seasons was different in both groups and they traveled long distance during the dry season. As the habitats of Boutourolini’s blue monkey in the present study area is degraded due to various anthropogenic activities, there is a need to design strategies to minimize conservation problems of the subspecies in the area.

scholarly journals Current Population Status and Activity Pattern of Lesser Flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) and Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) in Abijata-Shalla Lakes National Park (ASLNP), Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tewodros Kumssa ◽  
Afework Bekele
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Population Status ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Current Population ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

A study of the population status, habitat preference, and activity pattern of nonbreeding flamingos was carried out in Lakes Abijata, Shalla, and Chitu, part of the Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia, from 2011 to 2013. The current population status and habitat preference of flamingos in the area are still poorly known. Likewise, data on diurnal and seasonal activity pattern of the species are scarce and this leads to the misunderstanding of how Flamingos use local wetlands throughout the different seasons. Data regarding population size and activity pattern were gathered during the wet and dry seasons. Point-count method was used to estimate the population size. Behaviors were recorded using scan sampling techniques. A total of 53671 individuals representing two species of flamingo were counted during both wet and dry seasons from the three lakes. There were more flamingos during the dry season than the wet season in Lake Abijata contrary to Lakes Shalla and Chitu during the wet season. Lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) were the most abundant species comprising 95.39%, while Greater Flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) accounted for 4.61% of the total population. Lake Abijata is the major stronghold of Lesser Flamingos in the area. There was significant variation in the mean number of both species during the wet and dry season in the different study sites of the lake, respectively. The species were known to use varied habitats within the lakes. The Lesser Flamingo mainly preferred the shoreline and mudflat areas of the lakes. However, Greater Flamingo on several occasions showed preference to offshore area of the lakes. Seasonal average flock sizes were not similar between the species. There was a strong relationship between time allocated to each activity and time of day. Feeding activity varied among daylight hours and was higher in the evening (76.5%) and late morning (74.56%) and least during midday (54%). Some variations in activity breakdown were observed between time blocks and season. Conservation efforts in the park should include the wild flora and fauna not only of the land but also of the aquatic systems. The information in this study will be very useful for the future management of the species in the area.

scholarly journals Long-Term historical and Projected Herbivore Population Dynamics in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph O. Ogutu ◽  
Patricia D Moehlman ◽  
Hans-Peter Piepho ◽  
Victor A Runyoro ◽  
Michael B Coughenour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Large Herbivore ◽  
Herbivore Species ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

The Ngorongoro Crater is an intact caldera with an area of approximately 310 km2. Long term records on herbivore populations, vegetation and rainfall made it possible to analyze historic and project future herbivore population dynamics. In 1974 there was a perturbation in that resident Maasai and their livestock were removed from the Crater. Vegetation structure changed in 1967 from predominately short grassland to mid and tall grasses dominating in 1995. Even with a change in grassland structure, total herbivore biomass remained relatively stable from 1963 to 2012, implying that the crater has a stable multi-herbivore community. However, in 1974, Maasai pastoralists were removed from the Ngorongoro Crater and there were significant changes in population trends for some herbivore species. Buffalo, elephant and ostrich numbers increased significantly during 1974-2012. The zebra population was stable from 1963 to 2012 whereas numbers of other eight species declined substantially between 1974 and 2012 relative to their peak numbers during 1974-1976. Numbers of Grant’s and Thomson’s gazelles, eland, kongoni, waterbuck (wet season only) declined significantly in the Crater in both seasons after 1974. Wildebeest numbers decreased in the Crater between 1974 and 2012 but this decrease was not statistically significant. In addition, some herbivore species were consistently more abundant inside the Crater during the wet than the dry season. This pattern was most evident for the large herbivore species requiring bulk forage, comprising buffalo, eland, and elephant. Analyses of rainfall indicated that there was a persistent annual cycle of 4.83 years. Herbivore population size was correlated with rainfall in both the wet and dry seasons. The relationships established between the time series of historic animal counts in the wet and dry seasons and lagged wet and dry season rainfall series were used to forecast the likely future trajectories of the wet and dry season population size for each species under three alternative climate change scenarios.

scholarly journals Population size and human-grivet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) conflict in Zegie peninsula, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

BMC Zoology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibelu Yitayih ◽  
Dessalegn Ejigu ◽  
Misganaw Mola
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Population Estimate ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Chlorocebus Aethiops ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Abstract Background Human-monkey conflict exists in different forms all over the world and is experienced more in developing countries. The conflict between human and grivet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) ranks among the main threats to biodiversity conservation and has become frequent and severe in different parts of Africa. A study on population size and human-grivet monkey conflict in Zegie Peninsula was carried out from August 2019 to March 2020; the study comprised both the wet and dry seasons. The line transect method was used to collect data on the population size of grivet monkeys. Questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to study the human-grivet monkey conflict and its conservation status. Results The estimated population of grivets in the study area was 5046. Population structure of grivets indicated that there were 637 adult males, 1246 adult females, 1839 juveniles, and 1324 infants. The number of grivets in different habitat was; 1925 grivets in agricultural area, 1568 in lakeshore, 988 in forest and 565 grivets in shrub. Grivet population estimate between the wet and dry seasons did not show significant differences (χ2 = 0.941, df = 1, p > 0.05). But there was a significant difference in the population estimate of grivets among the different habitats (χ2 = 239.135, df = 3, p < 0.05 and among their age/sex (χ2 = 504.102, df = 3, p < 0.05. Based on the questionnaire result the most problematic crop pests in the area were grivet monkeys (96.4%), bush pigs (52.3%), porcupine (46.3%) and squirrels cover (33.2%). The result of discussions held with focus groups and questionnaires in the study area showed that grivet monkeys damage crops (98.4%), chicken depredation (49.5%), steal and snatch human food (32%), disturbing communities (11.3%) in the area. Most (62%) of the respondents noted that guava is the most vulnerable crop followed by papaya, mango, avocado to be damaged by grivet monkeys. Conclusion The total number of grivet monkey in the study area is 5046. The number of grivet monkeys varies based on their sex/age and their habitat type. There is no significant difference in their number according to season since the movement of grivets is restricted to the area (there is no migration in the area). The increasing population number leads the occurrence of human grivet monkey conflict in the area and this inversely affects grivet monkeys. There was a human-grivet monkey conflict in the Peninsula and grivets damaged crops, not only crops but also predating poultry, stealing eggs, and human food. Consequently, grivets were killed in response to the damage they caused to crops. Grivet’s habitat in the Peninsula is highly disturbed because the local people cut trees for sale to support their livelihood. Awareness creation of the residents about wildlife and their habitat is necessary, and people should understand the impact of deforestation, illegal hunting, and the role of grivets in the ecosystem at large. Hence there is a need to protect the forest in order to ensure sustainable conservation of biodiversity in general and grivet monkeys in particular.

scholarly journals Population Size and Human-Grivet Monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) Conflict in Zegie Peninsula, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibelu Yitayih ◽  
Dessalegn Ejigu ◽  
Misganaw Mola
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Population Estimate ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Chlorocebus Aethiops ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Abstract Background: Grivet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) is an Old World monkey with long white tufts of hair along the sides of the face. They inhabit a wide range of habitat types. A study on population size and human-grivet monkey conflict in Zegie Peninsula was carried out from August 2019 to March 2020; the study comprised both the wet and dry seasons. The line transect method was used to collect data on the population size of grivet monkeys. Questionnaire and focus group discussions were used to study the human-grivet monkey conflict and its conservation status. Results: The estimated population of grivets in the study area was 4808. Population structure of grivets indicated that there were 634 adult males, 1236 adult females, 1733 juveniles, and 1205 infants. Grivet population estimate between the wet and dry seasons did not show significant differences (ᵡ2 = 0.938, df = 1, p > 0.05). But there was a significant difference in the population estimate of grivets among the different habitats (ᵡ2 = 238.295, df = 3, p < 0.05).Conclusion: There was a human-grivet monkey conflict in the Peninsula and grivets were damaged crops, not only crops but also predating poultry, steal an egg, and human food. Consequently, grivets were killed in response to the damage they cause to crops. Grivet’s habitat in the Peninsula is highly disturbed because the local people cut trees for sale to support their livelihood. Awareness creation of the residents about wildlife and their habitat is necessary, and people should understand the impact of deforestation, illegal hunting, and the role of grivets in the ecosystem at large. Hence there is a need to protect the forest in order to ensure sustainable conservation of biodiversity in general and grivet monkeys in particular.

Temporal separation between jaguar and puma in the dry forests of southern Bolivia

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Romero-Muñoz ◽  
Leonardo Maffei ◽  
Erika Cuéllar ◽  
Andrew J. Noss
Keyword(s):  
Prey Species ◽  
Puma Concolor ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Potential Prey ◽  
Temporal Separation ◽  
Behavioural Factor ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Abstract:Despite the potential importance of temporal separation for the coexistence of competing species, no study has found significant segregation at the circadian level between jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) in sympatry. Using data from camera trap surveys (wet and dry seasons), we have evaluated the activity patterns of both species and their potential prey at four areas in the dry forest of the Bolivian Chaco. We tested if temporal separation existed between these two species, and if their activity was related to that of a particular prey. At most sites, activity patterns of jaguar and puma did not vary significantly between seasons, except for puma at one site. There were no differences between sexes for any cat species at any site. At three sites we found statistically significant differences in the activity patterns of jaguar and puma, as they showed a clear temporal segregation. None of them followed the activity patterns of any particular prey species across sites. The latter suggests that segregation is influenced by avoidance behaviour between the two felid species. Therefore, temporal separation may be an important behavioural factor promoting the coexistence of jaguar and puma in some areas of this dry forest.

scholarly journals Foraging Ecology and Diurnal Activity Patterns of Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) in Yetefet Woyenat Forest, East Gojjam, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Melaku Bireda ◽  
Mesele Yihune
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Diurnal Activity ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

The foraging ecology and diurnal activity patterns of the klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) were studied in Yetefet Woyenat Forest from September 2017 to August 2018 during the dry and wet seasons. Data were collected by visual observation using focal and scan sampling methods. The result indicated that klipspringers were observed feeding on grasses, herbs, trees, and shrubs, but were primarily browsers during both wet and dry seasons. Carissa edulis was the most consumed plant species in the study area, followed by Rosa abyssinica and Maytenus arbutifolia. Despite moderate ambient temperatures, klipspringers were mostly active during early morning and late afternoon, feeding 45.56% of the daylight hours during the dry season and 43.75% during the wet season. Klipspringers were facing threats due to human activities in the study area. Thus, appropriate conservation measures should be taken to reduce disturbance of their ecology.

Karakter Morfologi Daun Ubi Jalar Sebagai Bahan Pangan Suku Dani Distrik Kurulu Jayawijaya

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonius Suparno ◽  
Opalina Logo ◽  
Dwiana Wasgito Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Tuber Roots

Sweet potato serves as a staple food for people in Jayawijaya. Many cultivars of sweet potatoes have been cultivated by Dani tribe in Kurulu as foot for their infant, child and adult as well as feeding especially for pigs. Base on the used of sweet potatoes as food source for infant and child, this study explored 10 different cultivars. As for the leaf morphology, it was indentified that the mature leaves have size around 15 � 18 cm. general outline of the leaf is reniform (40%), 60% have green colour leaf, 50% without leaf lobe, 60% of leaf lobes number is one, 70% of shape of central leaf lobe is toothed. Abazial leaf vein pigmentation have purple (40%), and petiole pigmentation is purple with green near leaf (60%), besides its tuber roots, sweet potatoes are also harvested for its shoots and green young leaves for vegetables.

scholarly journals The role of JrPPOs in the browning of walnut explants

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shugang Zhao ◽  
Hongxia Wang ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Linqing Li ◽  
Jinbing Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Young Leaves

Abstract Background Tissue culture is an effective method for the rapid breeding of seedlings and improving production efficiency, but explant browning is a key limiting factor of walnut tissue culture. Specifically, the polymerization of PPO-derived quinones that cause explant browning of walnut is not well understood. This study investigated explants of ‘Zanmei’ walnut shoot apices cultured in agar (A) or vermiculite (V) media, and the survival percentage, changes in phenolic content, POD and PPO activity, and JrPPO expression in explants were studied to determine the role of PPO in the browning of walnut explants. Results The results showed that the V media greatly reduced the death rate of explants, and 89.9 and 38.7% of the explants cultured in V media and A media survived, respectively. Compared with that of explants at 0 h, the PPO of explants cultured in A was highly active throughout the culture, but activity in those cultured in V remained low. The phenolic level of explants cultured in A increased significantly at 72 h but subsequently declined, and the content in the explants cultured in V increased to a high level only at 144 h. The POD in explants cultured in V showed high activity that did not cause browning. Gene expression assays showed that the expression of JrPPO1 was downregulated in explants cultured in both A and V. However, the expression of JrPPO2 was upregulated in explants cultured in A throughout the culture and upregulated in V at 144 h. JrPPO expression analyses in different tissues showed that JrPPO1 was highly expressed in stems, young leaves, mature leaves, catkins, pistils, and hulls, and JrPPO2 was highly expressed in mature leaves and pistils. Moreover, browning assays showed that both explants in A and leaf tissue exhibited high JrPPO2 activity. Conclusion The rapid increase in phenolic content caused the browning and death of explants. V media delayed the rapid accumulation of phenolic compounds in walnut explants in the short term, which significantly decreased explants mortality. The results suggest that JrPPO2 plays a key role in the oxidation of phenols in explants after branch injury.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Temperature Dependent Variations in Proximate Parameters and Mineral Elements of Smoke-Dried Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) using Traditional and Eco-Friendly Kilns in Lagos, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-643
Author(s):  
M.M. Ogunbambo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Smoke-drying Clarias gariepinus (catfish) provides animal protein and a source of livelihood in Lagos, Nigeria. Changes occurring to seasonal and mineral compositions of smoke-dried catfish using local Traditional Drum Kiln (TDK) and a newly constructed Eco-Friendly Kiln (EFK) fitted with a flame, drying and electronic components was carried out in this study. The smoke-drying process was carried out in both wet and dry seasons and smoke-dried catfish samples stored at ambient and adjusted refrigerated temperatures of 28 and 4 0C. The smoke-drying procedure was  standardized at 60 - 80 0C and kiln lasted 24 ± 3 hours. Moisture content results showed a significant difference when the catfish samples were smoke-dried using TDK and EFK and stored in ambient and controlled temperatures in both wet and dry seasons while crude protein, lipid, ash and crude fibre values were significantly different when stored only in dry season. Mineral elements phosphorus, sodium, copper, magnesium and iron showed a significant difference when stored at both temperatures and seasons using both kilns. Mineral elements were found to be most stable in smoke-dried catfish samples when stored at controlled temperatures. This work proved that standardizing smoke-drying process using both kilns resulted in good quality smoke-dried catfish but showed that higher biochemical values were obtained when EFK is used. Key words: Nigeria, Smoke-drying Kilns, Seasons, Ambient, Controlled Temperatures

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