Does the Mixture of Species change the C:N:P Ecological Stoichiometric Characteristics of fine Roots? A Case Study of Cupressus Funebris Mixed Forest

Abstract The growth of fine roots of trees is affected by environmental changes and biological factors. At present, there have been many researches on the physiological plasticity of fine roots caused by environmental changes, but there are still few studies on the influence of biological factors on fine roots. This paper focused on the contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), and their ecological stoichiometric ratios in different root orders of Cupressus funebris fine roots in 11 mixed stands with Koelreuteria paniculate or Toona sinensis at different ratios, and the effects of soil physical and chemical properties on the root chemical properties. It aimed to provide new insights into the fine-root nutrient distribution pattern and the transformation or reconstruction of low-efficiency pure forests from the standpoint of forest types. The results showed that: soil pH, and the content of available nitrogen (SAN), available phosphorus (SAP) and available potassium (SAK) differed significantly in the tested mixed forest stands. No significant differences in carbon content of fine roots were observed in different mixed stands. The content of nitrogen and phosphorus in fine roots in mixed forests showed heterogeneity. Species mixing changed the C/N, C/P and N/P of the C. funebris compared the pure stands. The "T. sinensis + C. funebris" forest alleviated the limitation of the lack of phosphorus on fine roots of C. funebris on. The principal component analysis showed that mixed stands of "T. sinensis + C. funebris" had the highest comprehensive score at ratio of "3:1". Thus, our results recommended the adoption of T. sinensis, especially at 75%, to reconstruct the low-efficiency pure C. funebris forest.

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Three Invasive Tree Species Change Soil Chemistry in Guam Forests

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11030279 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 279 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas E. Marler

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Soil Chemistry ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Tree Cover ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Invasive Tree ◽

Invasive Tree Species ◽

Forms Of Carbon

Research Highlights: Established stands of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv., and Vitex parviflora Juss. modified soils in Guam’s limestone forests, reducing storage pools of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Background and Objectives: Invasive plants may engineer negative changes in ecosystem properties. This study was conducted to determine changes in soil chemistry following infestations of three problematic tree species on Guam. Materials and Methods: Minerals, metals, and mineralization dynamics were measured in invaded sites and paired sites with biodiverse native tree cover. Results: Most soil properties were significantly changed by long-term infestations of the invasive tree species. The soils within invaded sites exhibited total carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus that were less than native sites. In contrast, the carbon/nitrogen ratio increased for every species-site combination. The other chemical properties were idiosyncratic among the sites and species. Conclusions: Mitigation and restoration activities that include the removal of these trees from project sites may require many years for the below-ground ecosystems to return to their native state. These three invasive trees decrease the ability of Guam soils to sequester recalcitrant forms of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

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Effects of long-term bare fallow during the winter-wheat growth season on the soil chemical properties, fungal community composition and the occurrence of maize fungal diseases in North China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-20-2492-re ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yajiao Wang ◽

Lijing Ji ◽

Qiusheng Li ◽

yu xing wu ◽

Congcong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Fungal Community ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Soil Chemical Properties ◽

Fungal Community Composition ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Growth Season ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Bare Fallow

On the North China Plain, one of the most water-deficient regions in China, bare fallow has been implemented over a large-scale area to conserve water during the growth season of water-intensive winter wheat since 2015. However, the effects of this bare fallow on fungal community and the occurrence of crop diseases are poorly understood. Here we measured soil chemical properties, fungal community composition and the occurrence of crop diseases after 15 years of long-term fallow (continuous maize or soybean) and non-fallow (maize-wheat rotation; soybean-wheat rotation) cropping systems. Bare fallow during the winter-wheat growth season significantly decreased soil organic matter, available nitrogen and phosphorus. It also changed the composition of soil fungal communities, i.e., increased relative abundances of some potentially pathogenic species of Lectera, Fusarium and Volutella but decreased beneficial Cladorrhium and Schizothecium. Meanwhile, the epidemic tendency of maize diseases changed correspondingly: the disease index of southern corn leaf blight and maize brown spot increased, but the incidence of stalk rot decreased compared with the non-fallow system. Soybean diseases were very mild regardless of the cropping system during the total experimental period. Network analysis demonstrated that the soil fungal diversity associated with maize diseases was affected by the decreased soil organic matter and available nitrogen and phosphorus. Our results suggest that bare fallow in winter-wheat season affected the soil chemical properties, fungal community and the occurrence of maize fungal diseases.

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Effects of biochar on waterlogging and the associated change in micro-ecological environment of maize rhizosphere soil in saline-alkali land

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.15.4.9303-9323 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 9303-9323

Author(s):

Zhihui Wang ◽

Dawei Yin ◽

Hongyi Wang ◽

Changjiang Zhao ◽

Zuotong Li

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Community ◽

Soil Respiration ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Rhizosphere Soil ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Northern China ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Maize Rhizosphere

Saline-alkali soils of northern China are prone to waterlogging after degradation caused by overuse. The effects of biochar (40 t/ha) were tested relative to the physico-chemical properties of maize rhizosphere soil, the composition and function of the soil bacterial community, and its response to sudden waterlogging. Biochar treatment decreased the pH and bulk density of the soil and increased soil organic carbon (SOC), available nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus (AP). The relative abundance of bacteria (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Nitrospirae) also increased, along with the activities of soil enzymes, such as dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, and alkaline phosphomonoester. The response of soil microbial enzymes to biochar addition was induced by changes in the soil physical properties (pH, soil moisture content, and soil respiration (BR)). Changes in the bacterial community structure were driven by soil nutrients and physical characteristics (AN, AP, SOC, pH, moisture, water-stable aggregate stability rate, BR, and bulk density). After waterlogging, soil with biochar demonstrated high water permeability and improved soil respiration. The relative abundance of soil bacteria and enzyme activities remained higher in the biochar plot than in the no-biochar plot. Biochar maintained the growth and vitality of maize roots in unfavorable environmental conditions, thus ensuring high yields.

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Fertility Status of Groundnut Growing Calcareous Vertisols of Dharwad District, Karnataka

International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.9734/irjpac/2020/v21i1430243 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 7-19

Author(s):

V. Manasa ◽

N. S. Hebsur ◽

P. L. Patil ◽

M. Hebbara ◽

B. N. Aravind Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Calcareous Soils ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Soil Survey ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Caco3 Content ◽

Nutrient Index

A soil survey was carried out in different groundnut growing calcareous Vertisols of Dharwad district, Karnataka, India. One hundred surface composite soil samples were collected from five talukas (mandal) of Dharwad district and analyzed for soil chemical properties and nutrient status. The results showed that soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, free CaCO3 content ranged from 6.9-8.9, 0.15-1.79 dS m-1, 2.40-9.10 g kg-1, 5.8 -22.2 respectively across the regions. Available nitrogen, phosphorus (P2O5), potassium (K2O) and sulphur contents widely varied from 107-268, 18.5 - 56.0 and 386- 876, 14.8- 41.0 kg ha-1, respectively. On the basis of nutrient index values, groundnut growing calcareous soils of Dharwad were categorized as deficient in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. Most of the samples were deficient in available Fe and Zn whereas DTPA-extractable Cu and Mn were above the critical limits. A significant and positive correlation was found between organic carbon and available nitrogen (r=0.730**). However, a negative correlation was observed between Soil pH and micro nutrients while CaCO3 was negatively correlated with available iron (r=-0.31**).

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Research Note: Effect of tidal inundation on some chemical properties of soil of the Sundarbans (India)

Annals of Tropical Research ◽

10.32945/atr2929.2007 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 137-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tanumi Kumar ◽

Monoranian Ghose

Keyword(s):

Ion Mobility ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Ammonium Ion ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Tidal Inundation ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Properties Of Soil

Soil samples from twenty seven sites of Indian Sundarbans were analysed for some chemical parameters, These sites were divided into three inundation types namely, diurnal, usual springtide and summer springtide. The study demonstrated that most of the soil properties significantly varied with inundation type. Sites inundated by usual springtides exhibited lowest concentrations of pH, salinity (Sal), available phosphorus (I)), and exchangeable potassium (K), sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg), whereas summer springtide inundated sites had the highest concentrations of Sal, organic carbon (OC), available nitrogen (N), Na, K and Mg. Highest level of P and lowest N in the diurnally inundated sites could be attributed to increased mobility of phosphates and denitrification or volatilization losses of inorganic nitrogen in the soils respectively, Highest concentration of in summer springtide inundated sites could be attributed to increased ammonium ion mobility in the soils.

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Effects of Graphene on Larix olgensis Seedlings and Soil Properties of Haplic Cambisols in Northeast China

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11030258 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 258 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jinfeng Song ◽

Kai Cao ◽

Chengwei Duan ◽

Na Luo ◽

Xiaoyang Cui

Keyword(s):

Northeast China ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Larix Olgensis ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Physiological Indexes ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Phosphorus And Potassium

We investigated the impacts of graphene application at different concentrations on the growth and physiological characteristics of Changbai larch (Larix olgensis A. Henry) seedlings and the chemical properties and enzyme activities of Haplic Cambisols under these seedlings. The aim is to evaluate the environmental effects of graphene on the afforestation species and the zonal forest soils of Northeast China. Seedlings receiving 0 (CK), 25, 50, 100, 250, or 500 mg L−1 graphene were incubated for 30, 40, or 50 days. Low concentrations (25–50 mg L−1) of graphene increased the dry masses of root, stem, and leaf; however, high concentrations (100–500 mg L−1) inhibited them. Compared with those under 0 mg L−1 graphene, the root length, surface area, volume, and average diameter all increased during the early stages of incubation (i.e., 30 and 40 days) under low concentration of graphene (<50 or 100 mg L−1) and decreased at higher graphene concentration (>100 mg L−1); at 50 days, they were significantly inhibited. At 30 days, graphene decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, as well as pigment, soluble protein, and proline contents, and the decline increased with increasing graphene concentration; at 40 and 50 days, the above parameters increased initially and then decreased, reaching a maximum at 50 mg L−1. The changes in relative conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide contents were the opposite of those in the physiological indexes mentioned above. Therefore, graphene caused different degrees of oxidative stress in L. olgensis seedlings. At 30 days, graphene generally increased the organic matter, hydrolytic nitrogen, and available phosphorus and potassium contents of Haplic Cambisols, but these parameters decreased at 40 and 50 days. Graphene generally decreased acid phosphatase, urease, dehydrogenase, and catalase activities. Therefore, when graphene reaches a certain content level in this soil, it may also affect nitrogen and phosphorus cycling.

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Spatial variation of valuable bacterial enzymes in soil: A case study from different agro ecological zones of West Bengal, India

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND REVIEW ◽

10.52756/ijerr.2020.v22.002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 8-19

Author(s):

Subarna Bhattacharyya ◽

◽

Jayita Chopra ◽

Rashmi Khushboo Minz ◽

Mousumi Chakraborty ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

West Bengal ◽

Variable Parameter ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Sampling Zone ◽

Major Nutrients

The spatial variability of cellulase, amylase, protease and pectinase activities were evaluated from four zones of West Bengal, India. The enzyme production data was plotted on the map of the study areas and spatial variability of cellulase, amylase, protease and pectinase activity was obtained. Available nitrogen of the soil was the most variable parameter with changing enzyme activity. It also varied with the available phosphorus but the variation was least with organic carbon content of the soil. Amylase was correlated with pectinase, available nitrogen and phosphorus. Cellulase was correlated with only available nitrogen; protease was correlated with pectinase and Pectinase was correlated with available nitrogen of the soil of the four sampling zone. Except protease activity, other enzymes were significantly correlated with bacterial density of the soil. These findings ultimately develop relationship among soil major nutrients and the map can be used for future enzyme bioprospecting in West Bengal, India.

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A comparison of the fine root component of a pure and a mixed coniferous stand

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x88-220 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 1416-1426 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

H. M. McKay ◽

D. C. Malcolm

Keyword(s):

Fine Roots ◽

Standing Crop ◽

Fine Root ◽

Sitka Spruce ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Mixed Stands ◽

Method Of Calculation ◽

The Mean ◽

Phosphorus And Potassium ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus

Fine roots were sampled at monthly intervals during 1984–1985 in pure plots of Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and mixed plots of Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) and Sitka spruce established on an upland heath in 1969. Both types of planting had received phosphorus and potassium fertiliser but no nitrogen. The mean standing crop of live roots (<2 mm diameter) in the top 5 cm of pure spruce plots was 112 g • m−2, almost double that of mixed stands (37 g • m−2 of spruce plus 20 g • m−2 of pine). Necromass was 80% of total mass in both stand types. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were greater in pure plots than in mixed plots, but fine root capital of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was greater in pure spruce than in mixed plots (biomass and necromass contained 11, 2, and 5 and 45, 4, and 7 kg • ha−1 of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, in pure plots, and 7, 1, and 3 and 30, 3, and 3 kg • ha−1 of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in mixed plots, respectively). Production of fine roots in pure and mixed stands was estimated at 181 and 97 g • m−2•year−1 or 715 and 367 g • m−2•year−1, respectively, depending on the method of calculation. Fine roots of pure plots were highly concentrated in the top 3 cm. In mixture, spruce roots had a less extreme vertical distribution and pine roots were more evenly distributed down to 9 cm.

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A Study of Physio-Chemical Properties of Healthy and Declined Nagpur Mandarin Orchards

International Research Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.46378/irjst.2020.010201 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 70-74

Author(s):

Prashant Joshi ◽

Dhiraj Kadam ◽

Shakti Tayde ◽

Yogesh Dharmik

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Cation Exchange ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Cation Exchange Capacity ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Available Nitrogen

The present investigation was carried out to characterize and classify some typical healthy and declined Nagpur mandarin gardens in Warud and Morshi Tahsil’s of Amravati District (M.S.). Total forty two representative surface and depth soil samples from healthy and declined Nagpur mandarin gardens were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical properties. The findings revealed that the texture of soil is clayey (40 - 59 % clay in healthy gardens and 47.4 - 61.4 % clay in declined gardens). The bulk density and porosity in healthy gardens ranged 1.51 - 1.67 mg.m-3, 35.85 - 43.02 % in declined gardens; it varied from 1.51 to 1.66 mg.m-3 and 25.85 to 43.02 % respectively. The pH, organic carbon and CaCO3 content in healthy gardens soils varies 7.5 - 8.0, 4.8 - 9.0 g kg-1, 5.35 - 8.31 % and in declined gardens it’s 7.7 - 8.2, 1.95 - 3.75 gm kg-1, 6.71 - 10.53 % respectively. The electrical conductivity and cation exchange capacity of healthy gardens soil was noticed 0.21 - 0.28 d.Sm-1, 45.92 - 55.53 c.mol (p+) kg ha-1 and in declined gardens it varied 0.22 - 0.32 d.Sm-1, 46.20 - 51.92 c.mol (p+) kg ha-1 respectively. Further, no significant difference was found in clay, bulk density, porosity, electrical conductivity and cation exchange capacity in healthy and declined gardens; however soil reaction was found high in declined gardens than healthy gardens. Organic carbon content was high and free lime content was reported lower in healthy gardens than declined gardens. Study on depth wise distribution showed that bulk density, pH and electrical conductivity increase with soil depth. Organic carbon and cation exchange capacity decreases with soil depth. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of healthy gardens surface soils are ranged 206.0 - 273.7 kg ha-1, 25.0 - 38.3 kg ha-1, 324 - 672 kg ha-1 and in declined gardens it’s varied as 135.4 - 206.8 kg ha-1, 19.8 - 23.3 kg ha-1, 364 - 750.4 kg ha-1 respectively. Available nitrogen and phosphorus content in healthy gardens found more supporting than declined ones. Depth wise distribution showed that available nitrogen and phosphorus showed decreasing trend with the soil depth.

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Study on Physico-chemical Properties and Fertility Status of Salt Affected Soils of Central Dry Zone of Karnataka, Hiriyur Taluk

International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.9734/irjpac/2020/v21i1030218 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 161-172

Author(s):

Parashuram Chandravamshi ◽

T. V. Jyothi ◽

A. H. Kumar Naik ◽

D. A. Sumana

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter Content ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Matter Content ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Soil Reaction ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Dry Zone ◽

Salt Affected Soils

Aim: To study the effect of tube well irrigation water on soil physico-chemical properties and available nutrients status of central dry zone of Karnataka, Hiriyur taluk, Chitradurga district. Place and Duration of Study: Aimangala, Hiriyur, Dharmapura and Javagondanahally hoblis of Hiriyur taluk, Chitradurga district from January, 2019 to September, 2019. Methodology: Ninety-six soil samples using GPS from 0 - 22.5 cm depth were collected randomly representing Aimangala, Hiriyur, Dharmapura and Javagondanahally hoblis of Hiriyur taluk, Chitradurga district. The soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory for various physico-chemical parameters (pH and EC), organic carbon and available major (N, P2O5 and K2O) and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) status. Results and Conclusion: The results revealed that the villages studied in different hoblis were saline to sodic in soil reaction, non-saline to saline, low to high in organic matter content, low to high in available nitrogen, low to high in available phosphorus and low to high in available potassium status and sufficiency in micronutrients viz., Cu, Fe and Mn and deficient in Zn in some of the villages.

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