scholarly journals Ratio Between Lactobacillus Plantarum and Acetobacter Pomorum on the Surface of Drosophila Melanogaster Adult Flies Depends on Cuticle Melanisation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Mokeev ◽  
Yiwen Wang ◽  
Nicole Gehring ◽  
Bernard Moussian
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Simple Protocol

Abstract Objectives As in most organisms, the surface of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is associated with bacteria. In order to study the genetic parameters of this association, we developed a simple protocol for surface bacteria isolation and quantification. Results On wild-type flies maintained in the laboratory, we identified two persistently culturable species as Lactobacillus plantarum and Acetobacter pomorum by 16S rDNA sequencing. For quantification, we showered single flies for DNA extraction avoiding the rectum to prevent contamination from the gut. Using specific primers for quantitative PCR analyses, we determined the relative abundance of these two species in surface wash samples. Repeatedly, we found 20% more L. plantarum than A. pomorum . To tentatively study the importance of the cuticle for the interaction of the surface with these bacteria, applying Crispr/Cas9 gene editing in the initial wild-type flies, we generated flies mutant for the ebony gene needed for cuticle melanisation and determined the L. plantarum to A. pomorum ratio on these flies. We found that the relative abundance of L. plantarum increased substantially on ebony flies. We conclude that the cuticle chemistry is crucial for surface bacteria composition. This finding may inspire future studies on cuticle-microbiome interactions.

scholarly journals Ratio between Lactobacillus plantarum and Acetobacter pomorum on the surface of Drosophila melanogaster adult flies depends on cuticle melanisation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Mokeev ◽  
Justin Flaven-Pouchon ◽  
Yiwen Wang ◽  
Nicole Gehring ◽  
Bernard Moussian
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
16S Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Simple Protocol

Abstract Objectives As in most organisms, the surface of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is associated with bacteria. To examine whether this association depends on cuticle quality, we isolated and quantified surface bacteria in normal and melanized flies applying a new and simple protocol. Results On wild flies maintained in the laboratory, we identified two persistently culturable species as Lactobacillus plantarum and Acetobacter pomorum by 16S rDNA sequencing. For quantification, we showered single flies for DNA extraction avoiding the rectum to prevent contamination from the gut. In quantitative PCR analyses, we determined the relative abundance of these two species in surface wash samples. On average, we found 17-times more A. pomorum than L. plantarum. To tentatively study the importance of the cuticle for the interaction of the surface with these bacteria, applying Crispr/Cas9 gene editing in the initial wild flies, we generated flies mutant for the ebony gene needed for cuticle melanisation and determined the L. plantarum to A. pomorum ratio on these flies. We found that the ratio between the two bacterial species reversed on ebony flies. We hypothesize that the cuticle chemistry is crucial for surface bacteria composition. This finding may inspire future studies on cuticle-microbiome interactions.

scholarly journals Drosophilaas a Model Host forPseudomonas aeruginosaInfection

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (4) ◽  
pp. 1466-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. D'Argenio ◽  
Larry A. Gallagher ◽  
Celeste A. Berg ◽  
Colin Manoil
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Colony Morphology ◽  
Twitching Motility ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Signal Transduction System

ABSTRACT Using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as model host, we have identified mutants of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa with reduced virulence. Strikingly, all strains strongly impaired in fly killing also lacked twitching motility; most such strains had a mutation in pilGHIJKL chpABCDE, a gene cluster known to be required for twitching motility and potentially encoding a signal transduction system. The pil chp genes appear to control the expression of additional virulence factors, however, since the wild-type fly-killing phenotype of a subset of mutants isolated on the basis of their compact colony morphology indicated that twitching motility itself was not required for full virulence in the fly.

scholarly journals CRITICAL THERMAL INCREMENTS FOR OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF AN INSECT, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

1925 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rudbert Orr
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Wild Type

The critical thermal increments are calculated for oxygen consumption in the pupae of the "wild type" fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and are found to be of two types: µ = 11,500 and 16,800; above 15°C. the first value is obtained, the second, below this temperature.

scholarly journals Most sleep does not serve a vital function. Evidence from Drosophila melanogaster

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Geissmann ◽  
Esteban J. Beckwith ◽  
Giorgio F. Gilestro
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Vital Function ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Vital Component ◽  
Open Question

AbstractSleep appears to be a universally conserved phenomenon among the animal kingdom but whether this striking evolutionary conservation underlies a basic vital function is still an open question. Using novel technologies, we conducted an unprecedentedly detailed high-throughput analysis of sleep in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, coupled with a life-long chronic and specific sleep restriction. Our results show that some wild-type flies are virtually sleepless in baseline conditions and that complete, forced sleep restriction is not necessarily a lethal treatment in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. We also show that circadian drive, and not homeostatic regulation, is the main contributor to sleep pressure in flies. We propose a three-partite model framework of sleep function, according to which, total sleep accounts for three components: a vital component, a useful component, and an accessory component.

scholarly journals piRNA pathway is not required for antiviral defense in Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (29) ◽  
pp. E4218-E4227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Petit ◽  
Vanesa Mongelli ◽  
Lionel Frangeul ◽  
Hervé Blanc ◽  
Francis Jiggins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Antiviral Response ◽  
Antiviral Defense ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Pirna Pathway ◽  
Interfering Rna ◽  
Sirna Pathway

Since its discovery, RNA interference has been identified as involved in many different cellular processes, and as a natural antiviral response in plants, nematodes, and insects. In insects, the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway is the major antiviral response. In recent years, the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway also has been implicated in antiviral defense in mosquitoes infected with arboviruses. Using Drosophila melanogaster and an array of viruses that infect the fruit fly acutely or persistently or are vertically transmitted through the germ line, we investigated in detail the extent to which the piRNA pathway contributes to antiviral defense in adult flies. Following virus infection, the survival and viral titers of Piwi, Aubergine, Argonaute-3, and Zucchini mutant flies were similar to those of wild type flies. Using next-generation sequencing of small RNAs from wild type and siRNA mutant flies, we showed that no viral-derived piRNAs were produced in fruit flies during different types of viral infection. Our study provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, that the piRNA pathway does not play a major role in antiviral defense in adult Drosophila and demonstrates that viral-derived piRNA production depends on the biology of the host–virus combination rather than being part of a general antiviral process in insects.

Eye color pigment granules in wild-type and mutant Drosophila melanogaster

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Stark ◽  
Randall Sapp
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
High Electron ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Pigment Granules ◽  
Color Pigment ◽  
Electron Lucent

Eye color pigment granules were studied in ultrathin sections of the wild-type fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the following eye-color mutants, cinnabar (cn), brown (bw), cinnabar brown (cn bw), and white (w). Ommatin-containing granules of the primary pigment cells are electron lucent in newly emerged flies but are dense in aged flies. The intraretinular granules are of intermediate or high electron density and also contain ommatins. The content of these granules was deduced from comparisons between wild type and cn, which blocks ommatin synthesis. The bw mutant was used to show that drosopterins reside throughout the secondary pigment cells while drosopterin granules monopolize the distal portion. The secondary pigment cell's granules, especially the most distal ones, are electron lucent in our work as well as in most earlier publications. Here we show that these granules are manifested as holes in the section. Both ommatins and drosopterins reside more proximally in the compound eye's pigment cells. We show that white-eyed flies have unusually large granules, and the possible function of these structures is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Alkaloid Extract from African Jointfir (Gnetum africanum) Leaves on Manganese-Induced Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganiyu Oboh ◽  
Opeyemi Babatunde Ogunsuyi ◽  
Olatunde Isaac Awonyemi ◽  
Victor Ayomide Atoki
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Wild Type

Metal-induced toxicity in fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is one of the established models for studying neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases. Phytochemicals, especially alkaloids, have been reported to exhibit neuroprotection. Here, we assessed the protective effect of alkaloid extract from African Jointfir (Gnetum africanum) leaf on manganese- (Mn-) induced toxicity in wild type fruit fly. Flies were exposed to 10 mM Mn, the alkaloid extract and cotreatment of Mn plus extract, respectively. The survival rate and locomotor performance of the flies were assessed 5 days posttreatment, at which point the flies were homogenized and assayed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Results showed that the extract significantly reverted Mn-induced reduction in the survival rate and locomotor performance of the flies. Furthermore, the extract counteracted the Mn-induced elevation in AChE activity, NO, and ROS levels. The alkaloid extract of the African Jointfir leaf may hence be a source of useful phytochemicals for the development of novel therapies for the management of neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals Most sleep does not serve a vital function: Evidence from Drosophila melanogaster

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. eaau9253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Geissmann ◽  
Esteban J. Beckwith ◽  
Giorgio F. Gilestro
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Video Tracking ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Vital Function ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Open Question

Sleep appears to be a universally conserved phenomenon among the animal kingdom, but whether this notable evolutionary conservation underlies a basic vital function is still an open question. Using a machine learning–based video-tracking technology, we conducted a detailed high-throughput analysis of sleep in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, coupled with a lifelong chronic and specific sleep restriction. Our results show that some wild-type flies are virtually sleepless in baseline conditions and that complete, forced sleep restriction is not necessarily a lethal treatment in wild-type D. melanogaster. We also show that circadian drive, and not homeostatic regulation, is the main contributor to sleep pressure in flies. These results offer a new perspective on the biological role of sleep in Drosophila and, potentially, in other species.

scholarly journals Microbiota-Induced Changes in Drosophila melanogaster Host Gene Expression and Gut Morphology

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichole A. Broderick ◽  
Nicolas Buchon ◽  
Bruno Lemaitre
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Imd Pathway ◽  
Host Physiology ◽  
Complex Relationships

ABSTRACT To elucidate mechanisms underlying the complex relationships between a host and its microbiota, we used the genetically tractable model Drosophila melanogaster. Consistent with previous studies, the microbiota was simple in composition and diversity. However, analysis of single flies revealed high interfly variability that correlated with differences in feeding. To understand the effects of this simple and variable consortium, we compared the transcriptome of guts from conventionally reared flies to that for their axenically reared counterparts. Our analysis of two wild-type fly lines identified 121 up- and 31 downregulated genes. The majority of these genes were associated with immune responses, tissue homeostasis, gut physiology, and metabolism. By comparing the transcriptomes of young and old flies, we identified temporally responsive genes and showed that the overall impact of microbiota was greater in older flies. In addition, comparison of wild-type gene expression with that of an immune-deficient line revealed that 53% of upregulated genes exerted their effects through the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway. The genes included not only classic immune response genes but also those involved in signaling, gene expression, and metabolism, unveiling new and unexpected connections between immunity and other systems. Given these findings, we further characterized the effects of gut-associated microbes on gut morphology and epithelial architecture. The results showed that the microbiota affected gut morphology through their impacts on epithelial renewal rate, cellular spacing, and the composition of different cell types in the epithelium. Thus, while bacteria in the gut are highly variable, the influence of the microbiota at large has far-reaching effects on host physiology. IMPORTANCE The guts of animals are in constant association with microbes, and these interactions are understood to have important roles in animal development and physiology. Yet we know little about the mechanisms underlying the establishment and function of these associations. Here, we used the fruit fly to understand how the microbiota affects host function. Importantly, we found that the microbiota has far-reaching effects on host physiology, ranging from immunity to gut structure. Our results validate the notion that important insights on complex host-microbe relationships can be obtained from the use of a well-established and genetically tractable invertebrate model.

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