scholarly journals Low Energy Routing Protocol for Oil and Gas Pipeline Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Liu ◽  
Zhuo-Miao Huo ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Rong Yao ◽  
Zhen-Xing Sun
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Opportunistic Routing ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Forwarding Node ◽  
End To End

Abstract Nodes in the Internet of Things of oil and gas pipelines are linearly distributed according to the direction of pipelines, so it is difficult to realize timely and large-scale battery replacement. Therefore, effective energy management has always been a key factor restricting the performance of the IoT of oil and gas pipelines.In addition, the end-to-end delay determines the response time of pipeline safety accidents and is also a key parameter to improve the real-time performance of the network. Considering energy effciency and delay comprehensively, this paper proposes PIOT-LPRP (Pipeline Internet of Things - Low Power Routing Protocol) protocol. The remaining energy of nodes and the distance between nodes and sink nodes are used as indicators to select candidate forwarding nodes in opportunistic routing to achieve energy balance in the network. The use of energy collection technology to extend the service life of the network. By choosing the node which is far away from the transmission as the forwarding node, the number of hops of data transmission can be effectively reduced, so as to reduce the end-to-end delay of the network. The simulation results show that PIOT-LPRP can effectively take into account the network life and network latency, and improve the network performance, by comparing with the classical opportunistic routing protocol EXOR, the same type of protocol RE-OR, and the HER protocol using energy harvesting technology.

Catechize Global Optimization through Leading Edge Firefly Based Zone Routing Protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Sharma ◽  
Sherin Zafar ◽  
Usha Batra
Keyword(s):  
Global Optimization ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Firefly Algorithm ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

Background: Zone Routing Protocol is evolving as an efficient hybrid routing protocol with an extremely high potentiality owing to the integration of two radically different schemes, proactive and reactive in such a way that a balance between control overhead and latency is achieved. Its performance is impacted by various network conditions such as zone radius, network size, mobility, etc. Objective: The research work described in this paper focuses on improving the performance of zone routing protocol by reducing the amount of reactive traffic which is primarily responsible for degraded network performance in case of large networks. The usage of route aggregation approach helps in reducing the routing overhead and also help achieve performance optimization. Methods: The performance of proposed protocol is assessed under varying node size and mobility. Further applied is the firefly algorithm which aims to achieve global optimization that is quite difficult to achieve due to non-linearity of functions and multimodality of algorithms. For performance evaluation a set of benchmark functions are being adopted like, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay to validate the proposed approach. Results: Simulation results depict better performance of leading edge firefly algorithm when compared to zone routing protocol and route aggregation based zone routing protocol. The proposed leading edge FRA-ZRP approach shows major improvement between ZRP and FRA-ZRP in Packet Delivery Ratio. FRA-ZRP outperforms traditional ZRP and RA-ZRP even in terms of End to End Delay by reducing the delay and gaining a substantial QOS improvement. Conclusion: The achievement of proposed approach can be credited to the formation on zone head and attainment of route from the head hence reduced queuing of data packets due to control packets, by adopting FRA-ZRP approach. The routing optimized zone routing protocol using Route aggregation approach and FRA augments the QoS, which is the most crucial parameter for routing performance enhancement of MANET.

scholarly journals Analisis Kinerja GPSR dan AODV pada VANET dengan Skema Pengimbangan Beban Trafik

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
RENDI DIAN PRASETIA ◽  
DOAN PERDANA ◽  
RIDHA MULDINA NEGARA
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

ABSTRAKSalah satu permasalahan di kota-kota besar adalah kemacetan lalu lintas yang disebabkan karena tidak mencukupinya ruas jalan, volume kendaraan yang begitu besar, persebaran kendaraan yang tidak merata dan lain-lain. Salah satu solusinya adalah para pengendara dapat menggunakan aplikasi peta digital pada smartphone-nya. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan pengimbangan beban trafik kendaraan. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai kinerja VANET yang menggunakan protokol routing GPSR dan AODV dengan skema pengimbangan beban trafik kendaraan dengan pengaruh kepadatan node. Perancangan sistem simulasi terbagi menjadi dua subsistem yaitu subsistem mobilitas dan jaringan. Kemudian dilakukan pengimbangan beban trafik kendaraan, dan kinerja VANET akan diamati. Performansi dievaluasi dengan average end to end delay, throughput, dan packet delivery ratio. Nilai rata-rata throughput, PDR, delay untuk GPSR adalah 142.21 Kbps, 87.47 %, dan 82.83 ms. Sedangkan AODV adalah 119.81 Kbps, 86.67 %, dan 103.21 ms. Dari hasil penelitian nilai QoS performansi dari routing protocol GPSR lebih baik dari pada AODV pada VANET.Kata kunci: Vanet, Pengimbangan Beban, GPSR, AODV.ABSTRACTOne of the problems in big cities is congestion. The congestion is caused byinsufficient road segment, large volume of vehicles, unbalanced spread ofvehicles and others. One solution is that riders can use digital map applications on their smartphones. Therefore it is necessary to balancing the traffic load of vehicles. In this research will be discussed about VANET performance using GPSR and AODV routing protocol with vehicle traffic load balancing scheme with node density influence. The design of the simulation system is divided into two subsystems namely mobility and network subsystem. Then balancing the vehicle traffic load, and VANET performance will be observed. Performance is evaluated with the average end to end delay, throughput, and packet delivery ratio. The mean value of throughput, PDR, delay for GPSR respectively 142.21 Kbps, 87.47%, and 82.83 ms. While AODV is 119.81 Kbps, 86.67%, and 103.21 ms. From the simulation results can be concluded that the performance of GPSR is better than AODV on VANET. Keywords: Vanet, Load Balancing, GPSR, AODV.

scholarly journals Mitigation of packet loss with end-to-end delay in wireless body area network applications

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
Suha Sahib Oleiwi ◽  
Ghassan N. Mohammed ◽  
Israa Al_Barazanchi
Keyword(s):  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Wireless Body Area Network ◽  
Body Area Network ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Cooperative Routing ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

The wireless body area network (WBAN) has been proposed to offer a solution to the problem of population ageing, shortage in medical facilities and different chronic diseases. The development of this technology has been further fueled by the demand for real-time application for monitoring these cases in networks. The integrity of communication is constrained by the loss of packets during communication affecting the reliability of WBAN. Mitigating the loss of packets and ensuring the performance of the network is a challenging task that has sparked numerous studies over the years. The WBAN technology as a problem of reducing network lifetime; thus, in this paper, we utilize cooperative routing protocol (CRP) to improve package delivery via end-to-end latency and increase the length of the network lifetime. The end-to-end latency was used as a metric to determine the significance of CRP in WBAN routing protocols. The CRP increased the rate of transmission of packets to the sink and mitigate packet loss. The proposed solution has shown that the end-to-end delay in the WBAN is considerably reduced by applying the cooperative routing protocol. The CRP technique attained a delivery ratio of 0.8176 compared to 0.8118 when transmitting packets in WBAN.

Research on Route Protocol and Architecture for WSN Based on IPv6

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 2233-2238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Ting Lu ◽  
Xiang Zhen Li ◽  
Jia Hui Wang ◽  
Feng Jie Sun
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Routing Overhead ◽  
On Demand ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Demand Routing ◽  
Route Protocol

WSN based on IPv6 is a new network integrated IPv6 and WSN. The related technologies of WSN based on IPv6 was researched, and an architecture of WSN based on IPv6 was proposed according to 6LoWPAN protocol in this article. Efficient and stable route protocol is a main focus to ensure network performance. Refer to on-demand routing protocol DSR, a Load-Balancing route protocol for WSN based on IPv6 was designed. An implementation of this protocol was programmed in NS2, and its simulation results were analyzed. The experimental result shows that this protocol could effectively reduce end-to-end delay and routing overhead, improving the network performance.

Secure Buffer-Based Routing Protocol for WMN

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-44
Author(s):  
Geetanjali Rathee ◽  
Hemraj Saini
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Link Failure ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End ◽  
Network Metrics

Secure routing is considered as one of a key challenge in mesh networks because of its dynamic and broadcasting nature. The broadcasting nature of mesh environment invites number of security vulnerabilities to come and affect the network metrics drastically. Further, any node/link failure of a routed path may reduce the performance of the entire network. A number of secure routing protocols have been proposed by different researchers but enhancement of a single network parameter (i.e. security) may affect another performance metrics significantly i.e. throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio etc. In order to ensure secure routing with improved network metrics, a Secure Buffer based Routing Protocol i.e. SBRP is proposed which ensures better network performance with increased level of security. SBRP protocol uses buffers at alternate positions to fasten re-routing mechanism during node/link failure and ensures the security using AES encryption. Further the protocol is analyzed against mAODV protocol in both static and dynamic environment in terms of security, packet delivery ratio, end to end delay and network throughput.

Geometric sequence based multipath routing protocol for multi-hop ad hoc networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahya M. Tashtoush ◽  
Mohammad A. Alsmirat ◽  
Tasneem Alghadi
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Multipath Routing ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Content Type ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Geometric Sequence ◽  
End To End

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose, a new multi-path routing protocol that distributes packets over the available paths between a sender and a receiver in a multi-hop ad hoc network. We call this protocol Geometric Sequence Based Multipath Routing Protocol (GMRP). Design/methodology/approach GMRP distributes packets according to the geometric sequence. GMRP is evaluated using GloMoSim simulator. The authors use packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay as the comparison performance metrics. They also vary many network configuration parameters such as number of nodes, transmission rate, mobility speed and network area. Findings The simulation results show that GMRP reduces the average end-to-end delay by up to 49 per cent and increases the delivery ratio by up to 8 per cent. Originality/value This study is the first to propose to use of geometric sequence in the multipath routing approach.

RISING COSTS IN AUSTRALIAN HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
D. McMinn
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Hydrocarbon Exploration ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
Project Construction ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Retained Earnings ◽  
Equipment Costs ◽  
Exploration And Development

Rapidly rising costs have created operating and investment problems for companies involved in the Australian hydrocarbon resource industry. Expenditure in this area has declined markedly in constant dollar terms, an adverse trend given Australia's outlook for increasing reliance on imported crude oil in the 1980's.Costs in hydrocarbon exploration appear to have risen in excess of general inflation in the Australian economy. This situation may be attributed to the strong upward movement in wages and equipment costs, and in some cases, the low level of domestic exploration in the mid-1970's.Capital costs for hydrocarbon development and pipeline projects in Australia have also escalated, a trend caused by rising wage levels in project construction and increases in equipment costs. Additional factors such as design alterations, environmental considerations and labour disputes, can also add significantly to costs. Large scale hydrocarbon projects, which have long lead times, are susceptible to inflationary trends.Increasing amounts of funds are required for exploration and development as a result of the rising cost trend. However, difficulty is being experienced in raising funds through capital and equity markets, as well as retained earnings. A key factor in securing adequate funds is profitability, which is largely determined by the State and Federal Governments. For the smaller oil and gas producers, the past profitability record has been inadequate, although the improvement in recent years should continue because of higher oil and gas prices.Costs may be expected to continue to increase in hydrocarbon exploration and development, but probably at a lower rate than experienced in the mid- 1970's. The future viability of the hydrocarbon sector is dependent on a favourable investment environment and higher profitability to offset the considerable risks in exploration and escalation in costs.

scholarly journals Impact of Direction Parameter in Performance of Modified AODV in VANET

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsana Ahamed ◽  
Hamid Vakilzadian
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
End To End ◽  
Route Request ◽  
The Impact

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a technology in which moving cars are used as routers (nodes) to establish a reliable mobile communication network among the vehicles. Some of the drawbacks of the routing protocol, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), associated with VANETs are the end-to-end delay and packet loss. We modified the AODV routing protocols to reduce the number of route request (RREQ) and route reply (RREP) messages by adding direction parameters and two-step filtering. The two-step filtering process reduces the number of RREQ and RREP packets, reduces the packet overhead, and helps to select the stable route. In this study, we show the impact of the direction parameter in reducing the end-to-end delay and the packet loss in AODV. The simulation results show a 1.4% reduction in packet loss, an 11% reduction in the end-to-end delay, and an increase in throughput.

scholarly journals End-to-End Delay Bound for VR Services in 6G Terahertz Networks with Heterogeneous Traffic and Different Scheduling Policies

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 1638
Author(s):  
Benedetta Picano
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Heterogeneous Traffic ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
Delay Bound ◽  
Scheduling Policies ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End ◽  
Support Resource ◽  
Service Constraints

The emerging sixth-generation networks have to provide effective support to a wide plethora of novel disruptive heterogeneous applications. This paper models the probabilistic end-to-end delay bound for the virtual reality services in the presence of heterogeneous traffic flows by resorting to the stochastic network calculus principles and exploiting the martingale envelopes. The paper presents the network performance analysis under the assumption of different scheduling policies, considering both the earliest deadline first and the first-in-first-out queue discipline. Furthermore, differently from previous literature, the probabilistic per-flow bounds have been formulated taking into account a number of traffic flows greater than two, which results in a theoretical analysis that is remarkably more complex than the case in which only two concurrent flows are considered. Finally, the validity of the theoretical bounds have been confirmed by the evident closeness between the analytical predictions and the actual simulation results considering, for the sake of argument, four concurrent traffic flows with heterogeneous quality-of-service constraints. That closeness exhibits the ability of the proposed analysis in fitting the actual behavior of the system, representing a suitable theoretical tool to support resource allocation strategies, without violating service constraints.

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