Floral scent components in Rhododendron fortunei and its regulation by gene expression of S-adenosyl-l-methionine:benzoic acid carboxyl methyl transferase (BAMT)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
zhang chenfei ◽  
Xie XiaoHong ◽  
Jia YongHong ◽  
Wang QingHao ◽  
Wang WenJing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Camellia Japonica ◽  
Methyl Transferase ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Fatty Acid Derivatives ◽  
Bud Opening

Abstract Background: Rhododendron fortunei belongs to a scented Rhododendron species native to China, which produces fragrant flowers of great ornamental and environmental values. However, the scents in R. fortunei have not yet been investigated. Results: The results showed that three main VOCs measured from highest to lowest are methyl benzoates, terpenes and fatty acid derivatives. Their content increased after the flower bud opening and reached the highest at half to full blossom. In a flower most VOC contents were measured in petals and only trace amount in other tissues such as stamen, pistil. A small amount of VOCs was determined in leaves as well. All aromatic values were almost corresponded to the contents of three main VOCs, indicating that the flower fragrance arises truly from these VOC components. To understand the mechanism of the formation of this main type fragrance and its regulation, we firstly isolate a gene of RfBAMT from petal of R. fortunei by using homologous cloning and RACE technology. The full length of its cDNA was 1383 bp，with an open reading frame of 1104 bp, encoding a total of 368 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RfBAMT was the closest to the BSMT of Camellia japonica, belonging to methyltransferases family. Then we measured the expression level of RfBAMT again at four flower developmental stages and in different flower tissues and leaves. The results showed that the expression level of this gene was highly positively correlated with the emitted content of methyl benzoates in the flowering, implying that RfBAMT plays a pivotal role in the formation and regulation of methyl benzoates in R. fortunei . Conclusions: This research showed that the RfBAMT was cloned and identified in our study and its expression level was highly positively correlated with the emitted content of methyl benzoates in the flowers and leaves, which indicated this gene may play an important role on regulation of methyl benzoate synthesis in R. fortunei .

scholarly journals Floral Scent Emission from Nectaries in the Adaxial Side of the Innermost and Middle Petals in Chimonanthus praecox

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhineng Li ◽  
Yingjie Jiang ◽  
Daofeng Liu ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Relative Expression Level ◽  
Flower Stage ◽  
Chimonanthus Praecox ◽  
Deciduous Shrub

Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) is a well-known traditional fragrant plant and a winter-flowering deciduous shrub that originated in China. The five different developmental stages of wintersweet, namely, flower-bud period (FB), displayed petal stage (DP), open flower stage (OF), later blooming period (LB), and wilting period (WP) were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the distribution characteristics of aroma-emitting nectaries. Results showed that the floral scent was probably emitted from nectaries distributed on the adaxial side of the innermost and middle petals, but almost none on the abaxial side. The nectaries in different developmental periods on the petals differ in numbers, sizes, and characteristics. Although the distribution of nectaries on different rounds of petals showed a diverse pattern at the same developmental periods, that of the nectaries on the same round of petals showed some of regularity. The nectary is concentrated on the adaxial side of the petals, especially in the region near the axis of the lower part of the petals. Based on transcriptional sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we report one nectary development related gene CpCRC (CRABS CLAW), and the other four YABBY family genes, CpFIL (FILAMENTOUS FLOWER), CpYABBY2, CpYABBY5-1, and CpYABBY5-2 in C. praecox (accession no. MH718960-MH718964). Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that the expression characteristics of these YABBY family genes were similar to those of 11 floral scent genes, namely, CpSAMT, CpDMAPP, CpIPP, CpGPPS1, CpGPPS2, CpGPP, CpLIS, CpMYR1, CpFPPS, CpTER3, and CpTER5. The expression levels of these genes were generally higher in the lower part of the petals than in the upper halves in different rounds of petals, the highest being in the innermost petals, but the lowest in the outer petals. Relative expression level of CpFIL, CpCRC, CpYABBY5-1, and CpLIS in the innermost and middle petals in OF stages is significant higher than that of in outer petals, respectively. SEM and qRT-PCR results in C. praecox showed that floral scent emission is related to the distribution of nectaries.

scholarly journals Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase of Camellia Nitidissima Chi. Can Promote the Synthesis of Polyphenols Better Than Flavonoids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Jiang ◽  
Zhengqi Fan ◽  
Ran Tong ◽  
Hengfu Yin ◽  
Jiyuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Egfp Expression ◽  
Polyphenol Content ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Camellia Nitidissima ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Flowering Process

Abstract Camellia nitidissima Chi is an ornamental plant of the genus Camellia L. Its flowers contain a lot of flavonoids and polyphenols. Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) plays an important role in the synthesis of flavonoids, polyphenols and anthocyanins. We cloned CnF3'H from the petal of C. nitidissima (GenBank code: HQ290518.1). The full length of CnF3'H was 1859 bp, with an open reading frame of 1577 bp, and encoded 518 amino acid. A phylogenetic tree analysis showed that CnF3'H was closely related to Camellia sinensis L. and C. sinensis cultivar Zhonghuang. CnF3'H was expressed in flowers, leaves, fruits, sepals, petals and stamens of C. nitidissima, and during the flowering process the expression level in flower decreased initially and then increased. CnF3'H expression was significantly positive correlated with polyphenol contents in C. nitidissima. A CnF3'H-EGFP expression vector was constructed to do the subcellular localization, we found that CnF3'H was obviously localized in the nuclear envelope and cytomembrane. In transgenic tobacco flowers, the total polyphenol content and various polyphenol constituents were significantly increased with high CnF3'H expression level, while total flavonoid contents and some flavonol constituents were increased slightly. These findings suggest that CnF3'H can promote the synthesis of polyphenols better than flavonoids.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Vitellogenin Receptor in the Bumblebee, Bombus lantschouensis (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Du ◽  
Mingming Wang ◽  
Jilian Li ◽  
Shaoyu He ◽  
Jiaxing Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Vitellogenin Receptor ◽  
Density Lipoprotein Receptor

The vitellogenin receptor (VgR) belongs to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family, responsible for mediating the endocytosis of vitellogenin (Vg) into the ovaries to promote ovarian growth and oviposition. Here, we cloned and measured VgR gene expression characteristics in the bumblebee Bombus lantschouensis. RNA interference was used to validate VgR function. The results showed that the full length of the BLVgR cDNA was 5519 bp, which included a 5280 bp open reading frame encoding 1759 amino acids (AAs). Sequence alignment revealed that the protein contained 12 LDLa, 5 EGF, 2 EGF-CA and 10 LY domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BLVgR and the VgR of Bombus terrestris clustered together and the tree of bumblebees (Bombus) appeared as one clade next to honeybees (Apis). Transcript expression analysis showed that BLVgR was expressed in all tested tissues and showed the highest abundance in the ovaries. BLVgR expression was present in all developmental stages. However, the expression level in larvae was extremely low. In addition, the expression of BLVgR was significantly upregulated after egg laying in both workers and queens. In new emerging workers injected with 5 µg of VgR dsRNA, the expression level of BLVgR was 4-fold lower than that in the GFP dsRNA-injected group after 72 h. Furthermore, BLVgR silencing significantly reduced the number of eggs laid (3.67 ± 1.96 eggs) and delayed the first egg-laying time (16.31 ± 2.07 days) in worker microcolonies when compared to dsGFP (37.31 ± 4.09 eggs, 8.15 ± 0.22 days) and DEPC-treated water injected controls (16.42 ± 2.24 eggs, 10.00 ± 0.37 days). In conclusion, the BLVgR gene and its reproductive function were explored in the bumblebee B. lantschouensis. This gene plays an important role in egg laying time and egg number.

scholarly journals Silencing of the Chitin Synthase Gene Is Lethal to the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhan-Jun Lu ◽  
Yu-Ling Huang ◽  
Hai-Zhong Yu ◽  
Ning-Yan Li ◽  
Yan-Xin Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Instar Nymph ◽  
Chitin Synthase ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Transmission Electron

Chitin synthase is a critical enzyme that catalyzes N-acetylglucosamine to form chitin, which plays an important role in the growth and development of insects. In this study, we identified a chitin synthase gene (CHS) with a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 3180 bp from the genome database of Diaphorina citri, encoding a protein of 1059 amino acid residues with the appropriate signature motifs (EDR and QRRRW). Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis suggested that D. citri CHS (DcCHS) was expressed throughout all developmental stages and all tissues. DcCHS had the highest expression level in the integument and fifth-instar nymph stage. Furthermore, the effects of diflubenzuron (DFB) on D. citri mortality and DcCHS expression level were investigated using fifth-instar nymph through leaf dip bioassay, and the results revealed that the nymph exposed to DFB had the highest mortality compared with control group (Triton-100). Silencing of DcCHS by RNA interference resulted in malformed phenotypes and increased mortality with decreased molting rate. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) also revealed corresponding ultrastructural defects. Our results suggest that DcCHS might play an important role in the development of D. citri and can be used as a potential target for psyllid control.

scholarly journals Chronological changes in plant hormone and sugar contents in cv. Ao-Shuang autumn flowering tree peony

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 104-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Mornya Philip ◽  
Cheng Fangyun ◽  
Li Hongyan
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Tree Peony ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Bud Opening ◽  
Autumn Flowering ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Different Levels

Successive secondary flowering is critical for tree peony industry. Varying the levels of hormones and sugars are reported to influence plant flowering. This study analyses quantitative changes in the levels of endogenous hormones [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA<sub>3</sub>)] and carbohydrates (sucrose, reducing sugar and starch) in the buds of cv. Ao-Shuang tree peony during autumn and spring flowering seasons. The study shows different levels of hormones (ABA, IAA and GA<sub>3</sub>) and carbohydrates (sucrose, reducing sugar and starch) in spring (SFB) and autumn (AFB) flowering buds. Not only is there increase in IAA, GA<sub>3</sub>, sucrose and reducing sugar, but also decrease in ABA and starch during AFB developmental stages. This probably contributes to induced flowering in AFB. Compared with SFB, IAA could be a vital AFB flowering hormone because it peaks at three critical bud developmental stages of bud swelling, shoot elongation and flower bud opening. Whereas sucrose and reducing sugar contents increase in AFB, that of starch decreases. SFB shows similar trends for sucrose, reducing sugar and starch. The findings suggest that cv. Ao-Shuang tree peony blooms in autumn probably due to lack of dormancy, a phenomenon induced by low ABA. Thus flowering of tree peonies in SFB and AFB could be regulated by different combinations of hormonal and sugar signals.

scholarly journals The variation of volatile compounds emitted from aromatic orchid (Phalaenopsis bellina) at different timing and flowering stages

Plant Omics ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Ahmad Asnawi Mus ◽  
Jualang Azlan Gansau ◽  
Vijay Subbiah Kumar ◽  
Nor Azizun Rusdi
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compound ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Gene Isolation ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Orchid Species

Phalaenopsis bellina, is an orchid widely known for their distinctive fragrance. Of late, fragrant orchids are getting more attention from Orchid breeders for their horticultural market value. Although volatile compounds have been identified in several orchid species, the floral scent emission of P. bellina is far from understood. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the influence of different timing and floral development stages on the volatile emissions from P. bellina flowers using Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The volatile compound was extracted during morning and afternoon sessions from three different floral developmental stages. The volatile compounds emitted from flowers from two different sessions were trapped with SPME fiber for 30 minutes before directly injected into GC-MS for identification. Results showed that approximately 79 volatile compounds were identified, with the terpenoid presented as the major compound class. P. bellina had the highest number of volatiles during the morning and full bloom (41), with 29.82% monoterpene and 23.33% sesquiterpenes accounted in total. α-farnesene (19.56%) was abundance during morning emission and remains as the highest volatile in afternoon emission (44.08%), even higher when compared to morning emission. However, a decrease in the volatile compound was observed in afternoon emission, in which only 34 volatile compounds detected. Meanwhile, partial bloom developmental stage revealed linalool as the major terpenoid volatile compounds (25.89%), with only 20 volatile compounds recorded. On the other hand, no volatile compounds were recorded and profiled from flower bud stage. The establishment of a floral scent study provides a brief overview of the regulation of fragrance in P. bellina, which can be continued through gene isolation or fragrance-related enzymes study. This information will provide necessary information on orchid floral scent research that useful in boosting horticultural trade of the scented orchids and their function in pollination ecology study

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Associated with Purple Color Formation in Dendrobium Nestor

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Xueqiang Cui ◽  
Jieling Deng ◽  
Changyan Huang ◽  
Xuan Tang ◽  
Xianmin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Purple Coloration ◽  
Purple Color

Dendrobium nestor is a famous orchid species in the Orchidaceae family. There is a diversity of flower colorations in the Dendrobium species, but knowledge of the genes involved and molecular mechanism underlying the flower color formation in D. nestor is less studied. Therefore, we performed transcriptome profiling using Illumina sequencing to facilitate thorough studies of the purple color formation in petal samples collected at three developmental stages, namely—flower bud stage (F), half bloom stage (H), and full bloom stage (B) in D. nestor. In addition, we identified key genes and their biosynthetic pathways as well as the transcription factors (TFs) associated with purple flower color formation. We found that the phenylpropanoid–flavonoid–anthocyanin biosynthesis genes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, anthocyanidin synthase, and UDP-flavonoid glucosyl transferase, were largely up-regulated in the H and B samples as compared to the F samples. This upregulation might partly account for the accumulation of anthocyanins, which confer the purple coloration in these samples. We further identified several differentially expressed genes related to phytohormones such as auxin, ethylene, cytokinins, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, and abscisic acid, as well as TFs such as MYB and bHLH, which might play important roles in color formation in D. nestor flower. Sturdy upregulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes might be a potential regulatory mechanism in purple color formation in D. nestor flowers. Several TFs were predicted to regulate the anthocyanin genes through a K-mean clustering analysis. Our study provides valuable resource for future studies to expand our understanding of flower color development mechanisms in D. nestor.

scholarly journals Cloning, Characterization, and RNA Interference Effect of the UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine Pyrophosphorylase Gene in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Yuan-Jin Zhou ◽  
Juan Du ◽  
Shang-Wei Li ◽  
Muhammad Shakeel ◽  
Jia-Jing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis ◽  
Chitin Synthesis ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Rnai Technology ◽  
Glyphodes Pyloalis ◽  
Key Enzyme

The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is a major pest of rice and is difficult to control. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP) is a key enzyme in the chitin synthesis pathway in insects. In this study, the UAP gene from C. medinalis (CmUAP) was cloned and characterized. The cDNA of CmUAP is 1788 bp in length, containing an open reading frame of 1464 nucleotides that encodes 487 amino acids. Homology and phylogenetic analyses of the predicted protein indicated that CmUAP shared 91.79%, 87.89%, and 82.75% identities with UAPs of Glyphodes pyloalis, Ostrinia furnacalis, and Heortia vitessoides, respectively. Expression pattern analyses by droplet digital PCR demonstrated that CmUAP was expressed at all developmental stages and in 12 tissues of C. medinalis adults. Silencing of CmUAP by injection of double-stranded RNA specific to CmUAP caused death, slow growth, reduced feeding and excretion, and weight loss in C. medinalis larvae; meanwhile, severe developmental disorders were observed. The findings suggest that CmUAP is essential for the growth and development of C. medinalis, and that targeting the CmUAP gene through RNAi technology can be used for biological control of this insect.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis and Characterization of the Aux/IAA Family Genes Related to Floral Scent Formation in Hedychium coronarium

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanguo Ke ◽  
Farhat Abbas ◽  
Yiwei Zhou ◽  
Rangcai Yu ◽  
Yuechong Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Hedychium Coronarium

Auxin plays a key role in different plant growth and development processes, including flower opening and development. The perception and signaling of auxin depend on the cooperative action of various components, among which auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) proteins play an imperative role. In a recent study, the entire Aux/IAA gene family was identified and comprehensively analyzed in Hedychium coronarium, a scented species used as an ornamental plant for cut flowers. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Aux/IAA gene family in H. coronarium is slightly contracted compared to Arabidopsis, with low levels of non-canonical proteins. Sequence analysis of promoters showed numerous cis-regulatory elements related to various phytohormones. HcIAA genes showed distinct expression patterns in different tissues and flower developmental stages, and some HcIAA genes showed significant responses to auxin and ethylene, indicating that Aux/IAAs may play an important role in linking hormone signaling pathways. Based on the expression profiles, HcIAA2, HcIAA4, HcIAA6 and HcIAA12, were selected as candidate genes and HcIAA2 and HcIAA4 were screened for further characterization. Downregulation of HcIAA2 and HcIAA4 by virus-induced gene silencing in H. coronarium flowers modified the total volatile compound content, suggesting that HcIAA2 and HcIAA4 play important roles in H. coronarium floral scent formation. The results presented here will provide insights into the putative roles of HcIAA genes and will assist the elucidation of their precise roles during floral scent formation.

scholarly journals Heat unit accumulation and inflorescence and fruit development in ‘Ubá’ mango trees grown in Visconde do Rio Branco-MG

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Moreira Carvalho Lemos ◽  
Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão ◽  
Dalmo Lopes de Siqueira ◽  
Olinto Liparini Pereira ◽  
Paulo Roberto Cecon
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Heat Units ◽  
Mango Tree ◽  
Apical Bud

Abstract There are little information in the scientific literature on flowering and fruiting of ‘Ubá’ mango trees. These information enables to know the proportion of hermaphrodite flowers in inflorescence, fruit set percentage and developmental stages of the fruit. In this study evaluations on inflorescence and fruit development of the ‘Ubá’ mango tree (Mangifera indica L.) were carried out, as well as the determination of the required number of heat units for full fruit development. Thirty branches whose terminal buds were swollen were selected from five mango trees. With the aid of a camera and a caliper, the panicle and fruit development were evaluated weekly until full fruit development. A digital thermometer was used to record ambient temperatures during fruit development in order to estimate the number of heat units required for complete development of the fruits. Male and hermaphrodite flowers of the panicles were also identified and counted. The developmental cycle of ‘Ubá’ mango from the beginning of apical bud swelling to commercial harvest of the fruit lasted 168 days in 2011 and 154 days in 2012. The number of hermaphrodite flowers and the percentage of fruit set in the inflorescence in 2011 were 32.3 and 0.066%, respectively; and 122.1 and 0.099% in 2012, respectively. There was accumulation of 3,173 heat units from flower bud swelling to full development of the ‘Ubá’ mangoes.

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