scholarly journals Efficacy of the CoronaVac® Vaccine in a Region of the Colombian Amazon, Was Herd Immunity Achieved?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim Mattar ◽  
Héctor Serrano-Coll ◽  
Hollman Miller ◽  
Camilo Guzmán ◽  
Ricardo Rivero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
Colombian Amazon

Abstract Introduction. Currently, more than 1.8 billion doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been applied worldwide. However, some developing countries are still a long way from achieving herd immunity through vaccination. In some territories, such as the Colombian Amazon, mass immunization strategies have been implemented with the CoronaVac® vaccine. Due to its proximity to Brazil, where one of the variants of interest of SARS-CoV-2 circulates. Objective. To determine the efficacy of the CoronaVac® vaccine in a population of the Colombian Amazon. Methods. Between February 24, 2021, and May 19, 2021, a descriptive observational study was carried out in which a population of individuals over 18 years of age immunized with two doses of the CoronaVac® vaccine was evaluated. The study site was in the municipality of Mitú, Vaupés, in southeastern Colombia, a region located in the Amazon bordering Brazil. Results. 87% of the urban population of the Mitú municipality were vaccinated with CoronaVac®. To date, 2.1% of vaccinated individuals have become ill, and only 0.1% of these require hospitalization. No deaths attributable to COVID-19 have been reported among vaccinated individuals, and the vaccine has shown 97% efficacy against mild disease and 100% against severe infection. Conclusions. The herd immunity achieved through mass vaccination in this population has made it possible to reduce the rate of complicated cases and mortality from COVID-19 in this region of the Colombian Amazon.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of the CoronaVac® vaccine in a region of the Colombian Amazon, was herd immunity achieved?

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Serrano-Coll ◽  
Hollman Miller ◽  
Camilo Guzmán ◽  
Ricardo Rivero ◽  
Bertha Gastelbondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
List Type ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
Colombian Amazon

Abstract Introduction Currently, more than 4.5 billion doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been applied worldwide. However, some developing countries are still a long way from achieving herd immunity through vaccination. In some territories, such as the Colombian Amazon, mass immunization strategies have been implemented with the CoronaVac® vaccine. Due to its proximity to Brazil, where one of the variants of interest of SARS-CoV-2 circulates. Objective To determine the effectiveness of the CoronaVac® vaccine in a population of the Colombian Amazon. Methods Between February 24, 2021, and August 10, 2021, a descriptive observational study was carried out in which a population of individuals over 18 years of age immunized with two doses of the CoronaVac® vaccine was evaluated. The study site was in the municipality of Mitú, Vaupés, in southeastern Colombia, a region located in the Amazon bordering Brazil. Results. 99% of the urban population of the Mitú municipality were vaccinated with CoronaVac®. To date, 5.7% of vaccinated individuals have become ill, and only 0.1% of these require hospitalization. One death was attributable to COVID-19 has been reported among vaccinated individuals, and the vaccine has shown 94.3% effectiveness against mild disease and 99.9% against severe infection. Conclusions The herd immunity achieved through mass vaccination in this population has made it possible to reduce the rate of complicated cases and mortality from COVID-19 in this region of the Colombian Amazon. Highlights CoronaVac® has shown 94.3% effectiveness against mild disease and 99.9% against severe infection in this indigenous population. CoronaVac® reduces the mortality rate from 2.2% in 2020 to 0.22% in 2021. The herd immunity was achieved through mass vaccination in this region of the Colombian Amazon.

scholarly journals The Long Road Toward COVID-19 Herd Immunity: Vaccine Platform Technologies and Mass Immunization Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Skak Filtenborg Frederiksen ◽  
Yibang Zhang ◽  
Camilla Foged ◽  
Aneesh Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Mass Immunization

scholarly journals Urgent call for mass immunization against coronavirus in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 003685042110585
Author(s):  
Md. Rabiul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
The Government ◽  
Mass Inoculation ◽  
Roll Out

Bangladesh showed initial success in the mass inoculation drive. However, the program was going through an alarming situation when the serum institute of India halted the shipments. Now the authority is administering US Moderna vaccines, Chinese Sinopharm vaccines, and Pfizer vaccines. Mass immunization is the only way for Bangladesh besides the present COVID-19 responses. Therefore, Bangladesh can utilize its previous experience in the roll-out of mass vaccination. The country can search for all available alternatives of COVID-19 vaccines besides maintaining diplomatic consistency with the existing sources for early vaccination of its population. The authority can try to get the committed vaccines from the COVAX program. Also, the country needs to maintain diplomatic relations with other global alliances that are promising support to poor and developing countries for the COVID-19 vaccine. The government can also consider direct purchases from vaccine manufacturers.

Urban Population Knowledge of Climate Change in Costa Rica and Nicaragua

2013 ◽  
pp. 55-76
Author(s):  
Sergio A. Molina Murillo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
International Policies ◽  
General Concern

Most scenarios indicate that people in developing countries are more vulnerable and less capable of adapting to climate change. Since our public understanding of risk toward climate change in developing countries is limited, this article presents results from Costa Rica and Nicaragua, two countries which are socio-economically distinct, but which are expected to suffer similar extreme weather events. From October of 2008 until May 2010, a total of 1,047 respondents were surveyed in cities of both countries. The main results indicate that climate change is a widely known concept but other notions such as “carbon footprint” are foreign to most respondents. Despite the general concern with its negative consequences, respondents’ foremost concern is linked to their socioeconomic situation, and how it will be impacted by climate change in such aspects as poverty and social security. The results presented here contribute to advance national and international policies aiming to support mitigation or adaptation strategies in developing countries.

scholarly journals The Sierra Leone Ultrasound Rainbow4Africa Project (SLURP): an observational study of ultrasound effectiveness in developing countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Lamorte ◽  
Enrico Boero ◽  
Paola Crida ◽  
Abdul R. Conteh ◽  
Marco Foletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Sierra Leone

scholarly journals Ensuring Sustainable Urban Transformation in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-224
Author(s):  
B. Setiawan ◽  
Tri Mulyani Sunarharum
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Third World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Third World

Of the many important events that occurred in the two decades of the 21st century, the process of accelerating urbanization—especially in third-world countries—became something quite phenomenal. It's never even happened before. In the early 2000s, only about 45 percent of the population in the third world lived in urban areas, by 2020 the number had reached about 55 percent. Between now and 2035 the percentage of the population living in urban areas will reach about 85 percent in developed countries. Meanwhile, in developing countries will reach about 65 percent. By 2035, it is also projected that about 80 percent of the world's urban population will live in developing countries' cities.

Vaccination Against COVID-19: Emerging Issues and Future Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 652-660
Author(s):  
Gennadiy G. Onischenko ◽  
Tatiana E. Sizikova ◽  
Vitaliy N. Lebedev ◽  
Sergey V. Borisevich
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Actual Duration ◽  
Entire Duration ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
First Time

The most effective means of combating the COVID-19 pandemic s the formation of herd immunity, with the formation of an immune population to infection. Vaccination rates are continuously increasing. In early February 2021, WHO announced that the number of people vaccinated against the disease for the first time exceeded the number of infected. In early June 2021 the vaccinated number exceeded 2 billion which is more than 12 times the total number infected for the entire duration of the pandemic. The high rate of vaccination leads to the formulation of a number of questions concerning the effectiveness of vaccines currently used for mass immunization the level of herd immunity, necessary to stop the spread of the disease, the actual duration of the vaccination carried out, long-term prospects of the platforms, used in the creation of vaccines. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate reasoned answers to the questions posed.

Introduction to Solid Waste and Its Management

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidi Abdul Aziz ◽  
Salem S. Abu Amr
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Proper Management ◽  
The World ◽  
Msw Composition

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal has become an increasingly serious problem in many parts of the world. In general, greater economic prosperity and a higher percentage of urban population correspond to a greater amount of solid waste produced. However, less effort has been exerted in the proper management of solid wastes produced by urban dwellers, particularly in developing countries. This chapter introduces the basic MSW rules. MSW composition, production, and collection are also highlighted. Furthermore, the concept of landfilling and waste decomposition is discussed in this chapter.

scholarly journals Current Practice and Barriers to an Early Antimicrobial Conversion from Intravenous to Oral among Hospitalized Patients at Jimma University Specialized Hospital: Prospective Observational Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Alemseged Beyene Berha ◽  
Gizat Molla Kassie
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
P Values ◽  
Specialized Hospital ◽  
Jimma University ◽  
Clinical Stability

Objective. The aim of the present study was to explore the current practice and its barriers to an early antimicrobial conversion from intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) therapy among hospitalized patients.Method. Hospital based prospective observational study was conducted to assess the practice of an early antimicrobial IV to PO conversion and its barriers using medical chart and case-specific physicians’ interviews, respectively, from February to September, 2014. Patient charts and medication records were reviewed for appropriateness of IV to PO conversion program every 24hrs using a pretested data collection abstraction format. Independent samplest-test was used to compare the duration of therapy and time to clinical stability between converted and nonconverted patients. Two-tailed P values of < 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.Results. One hundred forty-two patients were included in the study, of whom two-thirds (67.6%) of the patients were eligible for IV to PO antimicrobial conversion. However, only 20.9% of patients’ timely conversion was made. A shorter duration of IV therapy was recorded for converted (2.80±1.87) versus nonconverted patients (8.50±6.32), (P=0.009). The most important barriers of not converting IV to PO in clinically stable patients were presence of comorbidity; clinicians perceived that the patient should always complete IV course of antimicrobials as a standard practice.Conclusion. Conversion from IV to PO antimicrobials was found to be unnecessarily delayed in a significant proportion of patients hospitalized with moderate to severe infection due to a range of different barriers. Addressing these issues has the potential to reduce inappropriate antimicrobial use and resistance.

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