scholarly journals The Long Road Toward COVID-19 Herd Immunity: Vaccine Platform Technologies and Mass Immunization Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Skak Filtenborg Frederiksen ◽  
Yibang Zhang ◽  
Camilla Foged ◽  
Aneesh Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Mass Immunization

scholarly journals Efficacy of the CoronaVac® Vaccine in a Region of the Colombian Amazon, Was Herd Immunity Achieved?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim Mattar ◽  
Héctor Serrano-Coll ◽  
Hollman Miller ◽  
Camilo Guzmán ◽  
Ricardo Rivero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
Colombian Amazon

Abstract Introduction. Currently, more than 1.8 billion doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been applied worldwide. However, some developing countries are still a long way from achieving herd immunity through vaccination. In some territories, such as the Colombian Amazon, mass immunization strategies have been implemented with the CoronaVac® vaccine. Due to its proximity to Brazil, where one of the variants of interest of SARS-CoV-2 circulates. Objective. To determine the efficacy of the CoronaVac® vaccine in a population of the Colombian Amazon. Methods. Between February 24, 2021, and May 19, 2021, a descriptive observational study was carried out in which a population of individuals over 18 years of age immunized with two doses of the CoronaVac® vaccine was evaluated. The study site was in the municipality of Mitú, Vaupés, in southeastern Colombia, a region located in the Amazon bordering Brazil. Results. 87% of the urban population of the Mitú municipality were vaccinated with CoronaVac®. To date, 2.1% of vaccinated individuals have become ill, and only 0.1% of these require hospitalization. No deaths attributable to COVID-19 have been reported among vaccinated individuals, and the vaccine has shown 97% efficacy against mild disease and 100% against severe infection. Conclusions. The herd immunity achieved through mass vaccination in this population has made it possible to reduce the rate of complicated cases and mortality from COVID-19 in this region of the Colombian Amazon.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of the CoronaVac® vaccine in a region of the Colombian Amazon, was herd immunity achieved?

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Serrano-Coll ◽  
Hollman Miller ◽  
Camilo Guzmán ◽  
Ricardo Rivero ◽  
Bertha Gastelbondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
List Type ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
Colombian Amazon

Abstract Introduction Currently, more than 4.5 billion doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been applied worldwide. However, some developing countries are still a long way from achieving herd immunity through vaccination. In some territories, such as the Colombian Amazon, mass immunization strategies have been implemented with the CoronaVac® vaccine. Due to its proximity to Brazil, where one of the variants of interest of SARS-CoV-2 circulates. Objective To determine the effectiveness of the CoronaVac® vaccine in a population of the Colombian Amazon. Methods Between February 24, 2021, and August 10, 2021, a descriptive observational study was carried out in which a population of individuals over 18 years of age immunized with two doses of the CoronaVac® vaccine was evaluated. The study site was in the municipality of Mitú, Vaupés, in southeastern Colombia, a region located in the Amazon bordering Brazil. Results. 99% of the urban population of the Mitú municipality were vaccinated with CoronaVac®. To date, 5.7% of vaccinated individuals have become ill, and only 0.1% of these require hospitalization. One death was attributable to COVID-19 has been reported among vaccinated individuals, and the vaccine has shown 94.3% effectiveness against mild disease and 99.9% against severe infection. Conclusions The herd immunity achieved through mass vaccination in this population has made it possible to reduce the rate of complicated cases and mortality from COVID-19 in this region of the Colombian Amazon. Highlights CoronaVac® has shown 94.3% effectiveness against mild disease and 99.9% against severe infection in this indigenous population. CoronaVac® reduces the mortality rate from 2.2% in 2020 to 0.22% in 2021. The herd immunity was achieved through mass vaccination in this region of the Colombian Amazon.

Vaccination Against COVID-19: Emerging Issues and Future Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 652-660
Author(s):  
Gennadiy G. Onischenko ◽  
Tatiana E. Sizikova ◽  
Vitaliy N. Lebedev ◽  
Sergey V. Borisevich
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Actual Duration ◽  
Entire Duration ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
First Time

The most effective means of combating the COVID-19 pandemic s the formation of herd immunity, with the formation of an immune population to infection. Vaccination rates are continuously increasing. In early February 2021, WHO announced that the number of people vaccinated against the disease for the first time exceeded the number of infected. In early June 2021 the vaccinated number exceeded 2 billion which is more than 12 times the total number infected for the entire duration of the pandemic. The high rate of vaccination leads to the formulation of a number of questions concerning the effectiveness of vaccines currently used for mass immunization the level of herd immunity, necessary to stop the spread of the disease, the actual duration of the vaccination carried out, long-term prospects of the platforms, used in the creation of vaccines. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate reasoned answers to the questions posed.

scholarly journals Review the safety of Covid-19 mRNA vaccines: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratibha Anand ◽  
Vincent P. Stahel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Safety And Efficacy

AbstractThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected more than 100 million people globally within the first year of the pandemic. With a death toll surpassing 500,000 in the United States alone, containing the pandemic is predicated on achieving herd immunity on a global scale. This implies that at least 70-80 % of the population must achieve active immunity against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), either as a result of a previous COVID-19 infection or by vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. In December 2020, the first two vaccines were approved by the FDA through emergency use authorization in the United States. These vaccines are based on the mRNA vaccine platform and were developed by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna. Published safety and efficacy trials reported high efficacy rates of 94-95 % after two interval doses, in conjunction with limited side effects and a low rate of adverse reactions. The rapid pace of vaccine development and the uncertainty of potential long-term adverse effects raised some level of hesitation against mRNA vaccines in the global community. A successful vaccination campaign is contingent on widespread access to the vaccine under appropriate storage conditions, deployment of a sufficient number of vaccinators, and the willingness of the population to be vaccinated. Thus, it is important to clarify the objective data related to vaccine safety, including known side effects and potential adverse reactions. The present review was designed to provide an update on the current state of science related to the safety and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.

scholarly journals Mandatory Immunization Policy by Rulers from Islamic Perspective

2019 ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Ahmad Faidhi MZ ◽  
Basri I
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Immunization Policy ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
Life Threatening

Introduction: Islam views life as a sacred entity that sanctioned utmost protection according to the Objective of Syariah (Maqasid Syariah). Immunization has historically and epidemiologically proven to safeguard human life (hifzun nafs) from life threatening communicable disease. Recent development witnesses increasing vaccine refusal and hesitancy (VHR) which would jeopardize global immunization effort and its desired noble outcome. Hence there is proposal from various party for the Ministry of Health to enact a mandatory immunization policy. This study aims to analyze mandatory immunization policy by governing rulers from Islamic perspective.Methods: This is a qualitative study. Document analysis from Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) references including some literature on Maqasid Syariah, Qawaid Fiqhiyyah and Siayah Syariah perspective. Interviews with expert from both Islamic scholars and clinicians was conducted.Results: The study recognizes that mass immunization to achieve herd immunity is considered communal obligation (fardhu kifayah). Islamic legal principles such as consideration of public interest (Masalih Mursalah) and blocking evil means (Sadd -az-Zaraie) as well as legal maxim (Qawaid Fiqhiyyah) to prevent harm (darar) would serve as basis to support this policy. The contemporary Islamic jurisprudence approach such as weighting preference (fiqh muwazanat) and considering implications (fiqh ma’alat) may justify the ruler’s action to enact mandatory immunization as in accordance with the principle of Siyasah Syariyyah that the rulers must safeguard the wellbeing of whole community.Conclusion: This study may serve as preliminary paper and reference to respective authorit y and policy makers on Islamic perspective towards mandatory immunization policy.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Supplementary Issue: 2019 Page: 34

Herd Immunity and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44
Author(s):  
Indira S. Laishram
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
The World ◽  
Mass Immunization

Herd immunity provided by vaccines holds immense power to stop the spread of a pandemic, and to possibly eradicate it. The world continues to lose precious lives to the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. An end to the pandemic can be brought about by acquisition of herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 through mass immunization campaigns. This article discusses the concept of herd immunity and its potential contribution to ending the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prevalence of Antibodies Associated with Herd Immunity: A New Indicator to Evaluate the Establishment of Herd Immunity and to Decide Immunization Strategies

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Plans
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Serological Result

Objective. To develop a method to estimate the critical prevalence of antibodies associated with herd immunity (pc) and to assess the establishment of herd immunity against measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and pertussis in Catalonia (Spain) using this method. Methods. The herd immunity is established when the prevalence of antibodies (positive serological results) is higher than pc = Ic Se/PV, where Ic is the prevalence of protected individuals necessary to block the transmission of an infection in the population, Se is the sensitivity of the serological test, and PV is the predictive value of a positive serological result. The establishment of herd immunity was assessed comparing the age-group specific pc with the prevalence of antibodies (p) observed in Catalonia in 2002 in schoolchildren (6—9 years) and individuals aged 14 to 29 years and 45 to 54 years. Results. The herd immunity was not established (p < pc) against measles, mumps, and varicella in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years, against measles in individuals aged 15 to 24 years, and against pertussis in all age groups. Based on these results, the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine should be given to schoolchildren and individuals aged 15 to 24 years, the varicella vaccine to schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years, and the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP/dTaP) vaccine to all age groups in order to establish the necessary herd immunity in the population. Conclusion. Serological surveys and the critical prevalence of antibodies can be used to assess the establishment of herd immunity for vaccine-preventable diseases in different population groups, indicating to which of them immunization activities should be prioritized.

scholarly journals Preventive Efficacy of Pneumococcal Conjugated Vaccine (Population Aspects)

2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 37-55
Author(s):  
I. N. Protasova ◽  
I. V. Feldblium ◽  
N. V. Bakhareva ◽  
O. P. Ovchinnikova ◽  
S. V. Domracheva
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Clinical Forms ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Relevance. Pneumococcal disease remains an urgent public health problem, despite mass immunization of infants and young children. The impact of children’s universal vaccination on the morbidity and etiological structure in various clinical forms of infection remains unclear in children and adults. Аim. Тo evaluate the herd effect of children’s mass immunization with a 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine. Materials and Methods. The prophylactic efficacy of mass vaccination is studied within comparative retrospective epidemiological analysis of incidence rates and etiological structure of bacterial meningitis, ear diseases and mastoiditis, and community-acquired pneumonia in children and adults of Krasnoyarsk region in the pre- and post-vaccination periods, according to the official statistics and microbiological monitoring. Results. The changes in decrease of incidence rates with all clinical forms of pneumococcal infection except community-acquired pneumonia are revealed both in children and adults during mass immunization. Etiological structure changes and also changes of S. pneumoniae serotype distribution are detected in major clinical forms of infection. Conclusion. Reducing the incidence rates in children is determined predominantly by vaccinal prevention. The observed decrease of incidence rates in adults is the result of reducing the number of pneumococcal infection sources among children (herd immunity).

Mass Immunization Strategies

Vaccinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 465-479
Author(s):  
David L. Heymann ◽  
R. Bruce Aylward ◽  
Rudolf H. Tangermann
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Mass Immunization
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