scholarly journals The Role of Community Factors in Predicting Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Workforce: A Longitudinal study in Rural and Urban Settings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanlian Li ◽  
Guanghan Gao ◽  
Fei Sun ◽  
Lin Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Urban Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Medical Benefits

Abstract Background: The dual urban-rural division system in China has led to distinguishes in economic development, medical services, and education as well as in mental health disparities. This study examined whether community factors (community cohesion, supportive network size, foreseeable community threat, and medical benefits coverage) predict the depressive symptoms of Chinese workers and how community factors may work differently in rural and urban settings. Methods: This secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the 2014 and 2016 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS). The sample includes 6157 rural workers and 2983 urban workers. Results: The results indicate that rural workers have higher levels of depressive symptoms than urban workers. Medical benefits coverage predicts depressive symptoms of rural workforces (B = -.326, p <. 10), and community supportive network size predicts depressive symptoms of urban workforces (B = -.531, p <. 01). Conclusions: Policymakers may reduce depressive symptoms of rural labor through improved coverage of medical benefits. In urban areas, efforts can be made to strengthen community supportive network for the urban labor force.

Differences in depressive symptoms between rural and urban Chinese labor force: The mediating effects of community factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-325
Author(s):  
Wanlian Li ◽  
Fei Sun ◽  
Steven Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Community Cohesion ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Medical Benefit

Purpose: This study aimed to examine differences in depressive symptoms between urban and rural workers in mainland China and to identify community factors that could contribute to such residential differences. Methods: This study used nationally representative data from the 2014 China’s Labor Force Dynamic Survey. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews on a sample of 22,073 participants from 29 provinces of China, including 15,098 rural workers (Mage = 44.92, standard deviation ( SD) = 14.85) and 6,975 urban workers (Mage = 43.28, SD = 13.62). Mediators included community cohesion, foreseeable community threat, supportive network size and medical benefit coverage. Mediation analyses were conducted using Hayes’ SPSS Macro Process for multiple mediators. Results: Urban participants reported fewer depressive symptoms than their rural counterparts. Lower levels of community cohesion, higher community foreseeable threat and poorer medical coverage were related to fewer depressive symptoms. Rural–urban differences were mediated by community cohesion ( B = −0.12, p < .01), foreseeable community threat ( B = −0.08, p < .01) and medical benefit coverage ( B = 0.25, p < .01). Conclusion: This study sheds light on distinctive roles of community factors in explaining rural–urban differences in depressive symptoms. Policies or programs should be designed to promote strengths and address weaknesses in rural communities.

scholarly journals Rural-urban differences in the labor-force impacts of COVID-19 in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M Brooks ◽  
Tom Mueller ◽  
Brian C. Thiede
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Urban America ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Using Data

COVID-19 has had dramatic impacts on economic outcomes across the United States, yet most research on the pandemic has had a national or urban focus. We overcome this limitation using data from the U.S. Current Population Survey’s COVID-19 supplement to study pandemic-related labor force outcomes from May through December of 2020 in rural and urban areas. We find the pandemic has generally had a more severe labor force impact on urban residents than their rural counterparts. Urban adults were more likely to be unable to work, not paid for missed hours, and be unable to look for work due to COVID-19. However, rural workers were less likely to be able to work remotely than urban workers. These differences persist even when adjusting estimates for demographic composition and state-level policies, suggesting rural-urban differences in the COVID-19 experience cannot be explained by well-known demographic and political differences between rural and urban America.

scholarly journals Rural-Urban Differences in the Labor-Force Impacts of COVID-19 in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110220
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Brooks ◽  
J. Tom Mueller ◽  
Brian C. Thiede
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Adults ◽  
Using Data

COVID-19 has had dramatic impacts on economic outcomes across the United States, yet most research on the pandemic’s labor-market impacts has had a national or urban focus. We overcome this limitation using data from the U.S. Current Population Survey’s COVID-19 supplement to study pandemic-related labor-force outcomes in rural and urban areas from May 2020 through February 2021. We find the pandemic has generally had more severe labor-force impacts on urban adults than their rural counterparts. Urban adults were more often to go unpaid for missed hours, to be unable to work, and to be unable to look for work due to COVID-19. However, rural workers were less likely to work remotely than urban workers. These differences persist even when adjusting for adults’ socioeconomic characteristics and state-level factors. Our results suggest that rural-urban differences in the nature of work during the pandemic cannot be explained by well-known demographic and political differences between rural and urban America.

scholarly journals Administrative incidence of psychosis assessed in an early intervention service in England: first epidemiological evidence from a diverse, rural and urban setting

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 949-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Cheng ◽  
J. B. Kirkbride ◽  
B. R. Lennox ◽  
J. Perez ◽  
K. Masson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Clinical Epidemiology ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Early Intervention In Psychosis

BackgroundEarly Intervention in Psychosis Services (EIS) for young people in England experiencing first-episode psychosis (FEP) were commissioned in 2002, based on an expected incidence of 15 cases per 100 000 person-years, as reported by schizophrenia epidemiology in highly urban settings. Unconfirmed reports from EIS thereafter have suggested higher than anticipated rates. The aim of this study was to compare the observed with the expected incidence and delineate the clinical epidemiology of FEP using epidemiologically complete data from the CAMEO EIS, over a 6-year period in Cambridgeshire, for a mixed rural–urban population.MethodA population-based study of FEP (ICD-10, F10–39) in people aged 17–35 years referred between 2002 and 2007; the denominator was estimated from mid-year census statistics. Sociodemographic variation was explored by Poisson regression. Crude and directly standardized rates (for age, sex and ethnicity) were compared with pre-EIS rates from two major epidemiological FEP studies conducted in urban English settings.ResultsA total of 285 cases met FEP diagnoses in CAMEO, yielding a crude incidence of 50 per 100 000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 44.5–56.2]. Age- and sex-adjusted rates were raised for people from black ethnic groups compared with the white British [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–3.8]. Rates in our EIS were comparable with pre-EIS rates observed in more urban areas after age, sex and ethnicity standardization.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the incidence observed in EIS is far higher than originally anticipated and is comparable to rates observed in more urban settings prior to the advent of EIS. Sociodemographic variation due to ethnicity and other factors extend beyond urban populations. Our results have implications for psychosis aetiology and service planning.

Gender and sexual minorities

2019 ◽  
pp. 258-268
Author(s):  
Richard Bradlow ◽  
Neha Singh ◽  
Suraj Beloskar ◽  
Gurvinder Kalra
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Push And Pull

A person’s living environment can have substantial impact on his/her mental health due to a range of factors related to the environment. It has often been argued that urban settings are a hotpot of sociocultural evolutions that attract individuals from the gender and sexual minority (GSM) groups. This has led to migration from rural to urban areas and also from one urban area to another urban area. Various push and pull factors in both the rural and urban areas help GSM individuals decide in which direction to move. While rural areas present with challenges such as social isolation within a homophobic/transphobic environment, urban areas also have their own unique set of challenges for the GSM population. In this chapter, we focus on various factors in both rural and urban settings that impact on the mental health of GSM population.

scholarly journals Needs and rights awareness of stroke survivors and caregivers in urban and rural China: a cross-sectional, multiple-centre questionnaire survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e021820
Author(s):  
Xiaoshuang Xia ◽  
Xiaolin Tian ◽  
Tianli Zhang ◽  
Peilu Wang ◽  
Yanfen Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Psychological Support ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Rural And Urban

ObjectivesStroke survivors require assistance and support in their daily lives. This survey aims to investigate the needs and rights awareness in Chinese stroke survivors and caregivers in rural and urban settings.SettingThis survey was adapted from the one created by the World Stroke Organization. The questionnaire included demands for psychological support, treatment and care, social support and information. From January 2015 to January 2016, the survey was pilot tested with urban and rural-dwelling stroke survivors and caregivers from 12 hospitals. Stroke survivors were invited to participate if they were over 18 years old and had experienced a stroke. Exclusion criteria were patients who had disorders of consciousness, significant cognitive impairment, aphasia, communication difficulties or psychiatric disorders. Only caregivers who were family members of the patients were chosen. Paid caregivers were excluded.ParticipantsOne thousand, one hundred and sixty-seven stroke survivors and 1119 caregivers were enrolled.Primary outcome measuresThe needs of stroke survivors and caregivers in rural and urban areas were compared. The correlations between needs of rural and urban stroke survivors and caregivers and potential effect factors were analysed, respectively.ResultsAmong the cohort, 93.5% reported the need for psychological support, 88.6% for treatment and care, 84.8% for information and 62.7% for social support. The total needs and each aspect of needs of stroke survivors in urban settings were greater than of those in rural settings (p<0.01). In rural areas, total needs and each aspect of needs were positively correlated with education level (p<0.01).ConclusionsNeeds and rights awareness of stroke survivors should also be recognised in both urban and rural China. According to the different needs of patients and their caregivers, regional and individualised services were needed by stroke survivors and their caregivers.

scholarly journals Cost of Living Indexes for Rural Labourers in Pakistan

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
M. Ghaffar Chaudhry ◽  
M. Anwar Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Real Income ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Urban Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Price Indexes ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of this paper is to provide estimates of the changes in the cost of living for rural labourers during the period 1966/67 to 1973. It is well known that throughout this period, and particularly in the recent years, prices have been rising. The Central Statistical Office (CSO) publishes consumer price indices for urban workers, but no index for rural workers is available. Thus, it is not known whether inflation has affected rural and urban workers uniformly. If changes in the cost of living have been different, then separate price indexes must be used in estimating the real income levels of the two groups. As development policies in Pakistan are increasingly aimed at alleviating poverty in the rural sector, the need for a separate price index applicable to rural labourers becomes obvious.

Migration of labor: differential of income between rural and urban trade union workers in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-966
Author(s):  
Cicero Francisco De Lima ◽  
Edward Martins Costa ◽  
Francisca Zilania Mariano ◽  
Wellington Ribeiro Justo ◽  
Pablo Urano de Carvalho Castelar
Keyword(s):  
Influence Function ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Income Differentials ◽  
Urban Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rif Regression ◽  
Urban Worker

PurposeThe objective of this work was to analyze the income differential of the rural–urban worker in relation to the rural–rural worker and in relation to the urban–urban worker in the Brazilian labor market. Two databases were used, the 2005 and 2015 PNADs (Pesquisa Nacional Por Amostra de Domicílios).Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is the decomposition approach proposed by Firpo et al. (2007, 2009). This method adopts estimates of unconditional quantile regressions, based on the concepts of influence function and recentered influence function (RIF).FindingsAmong the main results, income differentials were shown to benefit the urban–urban worker when compared to the rural–urban worker, and income differences to the benefit of the rural–urban workers, when these were compared to the rural–rural workers. The educational variable was relevant in explaining the income disparity and expressing increasing effects in the higher quantiles.Originality/valueThe methodology used in this work is considered recent in the literature as it is based on the RIF regression (Firpo et al., 2007, 2009). The main advantage of this method is the possibility of assigning a “composition effect” and a “wage structure effect” for each variable that determines the level of income at different points of the income distribution.

scholarly journals EKONOMI RUMAH TANGGA, DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN DAN KEMISKINAN DI DUA DESA DI JAWA TENGAH DAN DIY: Studi Kasus di Batus (Klaten) dan Semanu (Gunung Kidul)

Populasi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadjuddin Noer Effendi ◽  
Wini Tamtiari ◽  
Susi Eja Yuarsi ◽  
Sukamtiningsih Sukamtiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rural Industries

This study examines the household economy, income distribution, extent of poverty, and factors that determine the poverty level of two villages in Central Java and Yogyakarta. By using data from household and industry surveys, this study found that lack of employment opportunities in the agriculturalsector hasforced many rural workers looking for non-farm employment, both in rural and urban areas. Rural non-farm activities, especially rural industries, have a positive impact in reducing poverty both in less developed and indeveloped villages. As can be expected this study also found that poverty is more common in less developed than developed areas. However, inequality in income distribution is more pronounced in developed villages. This means that poverty and income distribution are quite different problems. Accordingly, solutions to these problems have to be different.

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