scholarly journals Cost of Living Indexes for Rural Labourers in Pakistan

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
M. Ghaffar Chaudhry ◽  
M. Anwar Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Real Income ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Urban Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Price Indexes ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of this paper is to provide estimates of the changes in the cost of living for rural labourers during the period 1966/67 to 1973. It is well known that throughout this period, and particularly in the recent years, prices have been rising. The Central Statistical Office (CSO) publishes consumer price indices for urban workers, but no index for rural workers is available. Thus, it is not known whether inflation has affected rural and urban workers uniformly. If changes in the cost of living have been different, then separate price indexes must be used in estimating the real income levels of the two groups. As development policies in Pakistan are increasingly aimed at alleviating poverty in the rural sector, the need for a separate price index applicable to rural labourers becomes obvious.

scholarly journals Getting Prices Right: What Should Be Done?

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Deaton
Keyword(s):  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Identification Problems ◽  
Single Index ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Price Indexes ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Heterogeneous Consumers

Much of the profession accepts that the CPI likely overstates the rate of increase of the cost-of-living. It is less clear that there are sound and feasible steps that the BLS can adopt to improve matters in the short run. There are unresolved conceptual and identification problems in the measurement of quality. Superlative price indexes are not feasible, and feasible approximations are not superlative, and may not even be better. The need for a single index that aggregates over heterogeneous consumers with different incomes, tastes, and needs casts serious doubt on the cost-of-living approach.

The behavior of the cost of living at different levels of real income

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate Finke ◽  
Wen-he Lu
Keyword(s):  
Real Income ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Different Levels

scholarly journals Are Poor Cities Cheap for Everyone? Non‐Homotheticity and the Cost of Living Across U.S. Cities

Econometrica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 2679-2715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie Handbury
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Relative Prices ◽  
Welfare Impact ◽  
Product Assortment ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Price Indexes ◽  
Choice Sets ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Grocery Products

This paper shows that the products and prices offered in markets are correlated with local income‐specific tastes. To quantify the welfare impact of this variation, I calculate local price indexes micro‐founded by a model of non‐homothetic demand over thousands of grocery products. These indexes reveal large differences in how wealthy and poor households perceive the choice sets available in wealthy and poor cities. Relative to low‐income households, high‐income households enjoy 40 percent higher utility per dollar expenditure in wealthy cities, relative to poor cities. Similar patterns are observed across stores in different neighborhoods. Most of this variation is explained by differences in the product assortment offered, rather than the relative prices charged, by chains that operate in different markets.

scholarly journals Spatial Autocorrelation of Communes’ Income Potential in Selected Metropolitan Areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (330) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bernadetta Kozera ◽  
Romana Głowicka-Wołoszyn
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Local Growth ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Economic Capacity

A commune’s own income potential, indicative of financial self‑sufficiency, underpins the ability of its government to foster local growth. Accurate recognition of the potential levels necessary for improvement of development policies requires that, apart from considering communes’ own potential, neighbouring communes’ potential should be taken into account, especially if the neighbours are large urban centres of substantial demographic and economic capacity. This article aims to examine spatial autocorrelation of income potential of metropolitan communes of Warsaw, Poznań, Wrocław, and Cracow metro areas in 2014. The study draws on data published by the Central Statistical Office in the Local Data Bank and uses the R programme packages, such as spdep, maptools, and shapefiles for calculations.

INCOME POTENTIAL OF RURAL COMMUNES OF WIELKOPOLSKA PROVINCE IN 2005-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol XX (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romana Głowicka-Wołoszyn ◽  
Feliks Wysocki ◽  
Agata Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Per Capita

The aim of the study was to assess the income potential of rural communes and to compare it to other administrative types in Wielkopolska province in 2005-2016, with particular emphasis on the Metropolitan Area of Poznań (POM). The research drew on data from the Central Statistical Office (Local Data Bank) and found income potential of rural communes of the province to be the lowest of all types of communes, with low values of own income per capita and financial self-sufficiency index. On the other hand, POM rural communes had higher own income potential compared to rural communes outside of POM or to other types of communes inside POM. The analyzed period saw increased shares of PIT revenues in the budgets of rural and urban-rural communes, which by 2016 were the most important source of own income in all groups of surveyed communes.

Migration of labor: differential of income between rural and urban trade union workers in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-966
Author(s):  
Cicero Francisco De Lima ◽  
Edward Martins Costa ◽  
Francisca Zilania Mariano ◽  
Wellington Ribeiro Justo ◽  
Pablo Urano de Carvalho Castelar
Keyword(s):  
Influence Function ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Income Differentials ◽  
Urban Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rif Regression ◽  
Urban Worker

PurposeThe objective of this work was to analyze the income differential of the rural–urban worker in relation to the rural–rural worker and in relation to the urban–urban worker in the Brazilian labor market. Two databases were used, the 2005 and 2015 PNADs (Pesquisa Nacional Por Amostra de Domicílios).Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is the decomposition approach proposed by Firpo et al. (2007, 2009). This method adopts estimates of unconditional quantile regressions, based on the concepts of influence function and recentered influence function (RIF).FindingsAmong the main results, income differentials were shown to benefit the urban–urban worker when compared to the rural–urban worker, and income differences to the benefit of the rural–urban workers, when these were compared to the rural–rural workers. The educational variable was relevant in explaining the income disparity and expressing increasing effects in the higher quantiles.Originality/valueThe methodology used in this work is considered recent in the literature as it is based on the RIF regression (Firpo et al., 2007, 2009). The main advantage of this method is the possibility of assigning a “composition effect” and a “wage structure effect” for each variable that determines the level of income at different points of the income distribution.

scholarly journals MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING CONDITIONS OF THE POPULATION IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF THE WIELKOPOLSKIE VOIVODESHIP

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (2) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romana Głowicka-Wołoszyn ◽  
Joanna Stanisławska ◽  
Andrzej Wołoszyn
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Central Statistical Office

The aim of the study was to compare the housing conditions of the population living in rural and urban areas of Wielkopolska province communes. The multidimensional assessment of housing conditions was carried out using the TOPSIS method. The research drew on 2016 data published by the Central Statistical Office in the Local Data Bank. The housing conditions in rural areas of the Wielkopolska province were found to be significantly worse than in urban areas. Over 38% of all examined urban areas and only 5% of rural areas (mainly located in the Poznań Metropolitan Area) were classified as Class I with the highest level of housing conditions. Class IV – with the lowest level of housing conditions – included as many as 25% of rural areas and only one urban area located in a mixed, urban-rural commune. In many of the studies, dynamic, beneficial changes in housing conditions in rural areas are emphasized despite the continuous worse situation of rural areas compared to cities. However, due to the observed suburbanisation processes in rural areas in the vicinity of large urban agglomerations, it would be necessary to distinguish living transformations in these rural areas, from changes in housing conditions in rural areas that perform typical agricultural functions.

scholarly journals Stability and Social Sustainability of Farm Household Income in Poland in 2003–2020

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1296
Author(s):  
Ryszard Kata ◽  
Małgorzata Leszczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
The Stability

This article analyses the available income of farmer households in Poland in 2003–2020 in the context of their level, variability, and differentiation. The income situation of farmers was analysed from the intra-sectoral perspective and the inter-sectoral perspective by comparing the average monthly available income per capita of farmer households to the income of employees and total households. The research aimed to assess the stability of farmers’ incomes against the background of comparative groups and to assess their social sustainability. We understand farmers’ income parity relative to other socio-professional groups and a similar level of intra-sectoral differentiation. The source of empirical materials was the cyclical statistics of the Central Statistical Office prepared as part of the Household Budget Surveys, published in the years 2004–2021. It was found that despite a significant increase in the real income of farmers’ households in Poland over the studied years, the income disparity of farmers relative to other socio-occupational groups persisted. However, the income gap of farmers in relation to workers from the non-agricultural sector decreased from 35.1% in 2003 to an average of 15.7% in 2004–2020, which is largely due to the support for agriculture from the CAP funds. Compared to the analysed groups, the income of farmers’ households is characterised by the most significant instability and greater diversification. These results indicate a persistent deficit in the social sustainability of farmers’ household income in Poland.

scholarly journals SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION OF RURAL AND URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-144
Author(s):  
Monika Utzig
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Sustainable Consumption ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office

Sustainable consumption is the consumption of goods and services satisfying fundamental needs, increasing life quality, reducing resource use, degradation and pollution along the whole lifecycle of product or service. The aim of the study is to examine whether the consumption of urban households is more sustainable compared to rural ones and to identify directions of changes in this regard. The analysis was realised on the basis of Household Budget Survey conducted by the Central Statistical Office of Poland (CSO) in the span of 2006–2015. The results show that urban and rural households in Poland shift their consumption patterns towards less sustainable as well as urban households’ consumption pattern in some areas is less sustainable that urban ones.

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