scholarly journals Increased Cerebrovascular Reactivity In Selected Brain Regions After Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Improves The Speed of Visual Cancellation In Patients With Severe Steno-Occlusive Disease: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Shimonaga ◽  
Seiji Hama ◽  
Akira Furui ◽  
Akiko Yanagawa ◽  
Akihiko Kandori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Occlusive Disease ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Accuracy Score ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Abstract The effect of the change in cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in each brain area on cognitive function after extracranial-intracranial bypass was examined as a preliminary study in 20 patients with severe steno-occlusive disease. CVR studies and the visual cancellation task (VC) were performed before and after surgery. The Speed and Accuracy scores of the VC, which increased with improvement after the operation, were evaluated. CVR increased postoperatively both ipsilaterally and contralaterally to the surgery. Before surgery VC completion time was delayed, but accuracy was relatively maintained. In stepwise and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models, two regions (right inferior frontal gyrus and right uncus) for the Speed score and one region (right superior occipital gyrus) for the Accuracy score were common brain regions associated with CVR change after surgery. The Speed and Accuracy scores of brain regions of the right cerebral hemisphere, which may be anatomically distant from the blood vessel anastomosis, were related to CVR change. Moreover, in the ischemic stage, with reduced CVR but no cerebral infarction, processing speed might decrease to maintain accuracy, and revascularization might increase the processing speed. In revascularization, the relationship between CVR change and the speed-accuracy trade-off in each brain region should be considered.

scholarly journals Brain Activation of College Students in China With Premenstrual Syndrome Localized by BOLD-fMRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Gao ◽  
Mingzhou Gao ◽  
Li An ◽  
Yanhong Yu ◽  
Jieqiong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Cerebellar Tonsil ◽  
Bold Fmri ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background: Most studies on the mechanism behind premenstrual syndrome (PMS) have focused on fluctuating hormones, but little evidence exists regarding functional abnormalities in the affected brain regions of college students. Thus, the aim of this study is to localize PMS's abnormal brain regions by BOLD-fMRI in college students.Methods: Thirteen PMS patients and fifteen healthy control (HC) subjects underwent a BOLD-fMRI scan during the luteal phase induced by depressive emotion pictures. The BOLD-fMRI data were processed by SPM 8 software and rest software based on MATLAB platform. Each cluster volume threshold (cluster) was greater than 389 continuous voxels, and the brain area with single voxel threshold P < 0.05 (after correction) was defined as the area with a significant difference. The emotion report form and the instruction implementation checklist were used to evaluate the emotion induced by picture.Results: Compared to the HC, right inferior occipital gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, right lingual gyrus, right fusiform gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, cerebelum_crus1_R，cerebelum_6_R, culmen, the cerebellum anterior lobe, tuber, cerebellar tonsil of PMS patients were enhanced activation. Sub-lobar，sub-gyral，extra-nuclear，right orbit part of superior frontal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, right Orbit part of inferior frontal gyrus, limbic lobe, right insula, bilateral anterior and adjacent cingulate gyrus, bilateral caudate, caudate head, bilateral putamen, left globus pallidus were decreased activation.Conclusion: Our findings may improve our understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in PMS.

scholarly journals Studying the Influence of Illumination Design in Quality Inspection on Vaccine Vials Production Line Using Computer Vision

10.29007/qz2g ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sy Hieu Dau ◽  
Quang My Han Doan ◽  
Chiu Hy Ta ◽  
Nguyen An Khang Le ◽  
Nguyen Thanh Dat Khau
Keyword(s):  
Machine Vision ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Assembly Line ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Quality Inspection ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Illumination System ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Industrial Context ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

In the industrial context, there are key factors that directly affect the system’s efficiency. Higher demands for both quantity and quality in today’s market call for constant research and development of technologies for automating production and quality control. Machine vision is a solution to increase speed and accuracy in defect detection. However, applications from machine vision are only effective if there is good data input. This is the reason why a machine vision system, needs high-quality input images from a well-designed illumination system. These illumination systems are designed to highlight faults in products. Therefore, the images obtained will provide optimized data for easier image processing thus directly increase the processing speed, accuracy, and overall system performance. To achieve this goal, this paper presents a few approaches to enhance and optimize images by implements illumination techniques into a miniature model of pharmaceutical bottle assembly line using machine vision as the inspector block. In this paper, we will evaluate the critical needs of using customize illumination system for quality inspection on an assembly line.

scholarly journals Differential effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on the performance of mental rotation

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
TARA T. LINEWEAVER ◽  
DAVID P. SALMON ◽  
MARK W. BONDI ◽  
JODY COREY-BLOOM
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Visuospatial Processing ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

The ability to spatially rotate a mental image was compared in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 18) and patients with Huntington's disease (HD; n = 18). Compared to their respective age-matched normal control (NC) group, the speed, but not the accuracy, of mental rotation abnormally decreased with increasing angle of orientation for patients with HD. In contrast, the accuracy, but not the speed, of rotation abnormally decreased with increasing angle of orientation for patients with AD. Additional analyses showed that these unique patterns of performance were not attributable to different speed/accuracy trade-off sensitivities. This double dissociation suggests that the distinct brain regions affected in the two diseases differentially contribute to speed and accuracy of mental rotation. Specifically, the slowing exhibited by HD patients may be mediated by damage to the basal ganglia, whereas the spatial manipulation deficit of AD patients may reflect pathology in parietal and temporal lobe association cortices important for visuospatial processing. (JINS, 2005, 11, 30–39.)

Dual Goals for Speed and Accuracy on the Same Performance Task

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olive Emil Wetter ◽  
Jürgen Wegge ◽  
Klaus Jonas ◽  
Klaus-Helmut Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Performance Tasks ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

In most work contexts, several performance goals coexist, and conflicts between them and trade-offs can occur. Our paper is the first to contrast a dual goal for speed and accuracy with a single goal for speed on the same task. The Sternberg paradigm (Experiment 1, n = 57) and the d2 test (Experiment 2, n = 19) were used as performance tasks. Speed measures and errors revealed in both experiments that dual as well as single goals increase performance by enhancing memory scanning. However, the single speed goal triggered a speed-accuracy trade-off, favoring speed over accuracy, whereas this was not the case with the dual goal. In difficult trials, dual goals slowed down scanning processes again so that errors could be prevented. This new finding is particularly relevant for security domains, where both aspects have to be managed simultaneously.

Bimodal word processing: Speed, accuracy, and memory.

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Lewandowski ◽  
David A. Kobus ◽  
Malia M. Flood
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Speed Accuracy

scholarly journals Brain networks underlying the processing of sound symbolism related to softness perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Kitada ◽  
Jinhwan Kwon ◽  
Ryuichi Doizaki ◽  
Eri Nakagawa ◽  
Tsubasa Tanigawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Superior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Symbolic Information ◽  
Object Properties ◽  
Imaging Experiment

AbstractUnlike the assumption of modern linguistics, there is non-arbitrary association between sound and meaning in sound symbolic words. Neuroimaging studies have suggested the unique contribution of the superior temporal sulcus to the processing of sound symbolism. However, because these findings are limited to the mapping between sound symbolism and visually presented objects, the processing of sound symbolic information may also involve the sensory-modality dependent mechanisms. Here, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment to test whether the brain regions engaged in the tactile processing of object properties are also involved in mapping sound symbolic information with tactually perceived object properties. Thirty-two healthy subjects conducted a matching task in which they judged the congruency between softness perceived by touch and softness associated with sound symbolic words. Congruency effect was observed in the orbitofrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, insula, medial superior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and cerebellum. This effect in the insula and medial superior frontal gyri was overlapped with softness-related activity that was separately measured in the same subjects in the tactile experiment. These results indicate that the insula and medial superior frontal gyrus play a role in processing sound symbolic information and relating it to the tactile softness information.

scholarly journals Distress Regulates Different Pathways in the Brain of Common Carp: A Preliminary Study

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 585
Author(s):  
Alexander Burren ◽  
Constanze Pietsch
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Point Estimation ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Brain

In this study, a stress trial was conducted with common carp, one of the most important species in aquaculture worldwide, to identify relevant gene regulation pathways in different areas of the brain. Acute distress due to exposure to air significantly activated the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in the telencephalon. In addition, evidence for regulation of the two corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) genes in relation to their binding protein (corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein, crh-bp) is presented in this preliminary study. Inferences on the effects of due to exposure to air were obtained by using point estimation, which allows the prediction of a single value. This constitutes the best description to date of the previously generally unknown effects of stress in different brain regions in carp. Furthermore, principal component analyses were performed to reveal possible regulation patterns in the different regions of the fish brain. In conclusion, these preliminary studies on gene regulation in the carp brain that has been influenced by exposure to a stressor reveal that a number of genes may be successfully used as markers for exposure to unfavourable conditions.

scholarly journals Quantitative RT-PCR analyses of five evolutionary conserved genes in Alligator brains during development

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Wilson ◽  
Tianli Zhu ◽  
Rajesh Khanna ◽  
Michael Pritz
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
Mrna Gene ◽  
Alligator Mississipiensis ◽  
Mrna Gene Expression ◽  
Present Gene

AbstractGene expression was investigated in the major brain subdivisions (telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain and hindbrain) in a representative reptile, Alligator mississipiensis, during the later stages of embryonic development. The following genes were examined: voltage-gated sodium channel isoforms: NaV1.1 and NaV1.2; synaptic vesicle 2a (SV2a); synaptophysin; and calbindin 2. With the exception of synaptophysin, which was only expressed in the telencephalon, all genes were expressed in all brain regions sampled at the time periods examined. For NaV1.1, gene expression varied according to brain area sampled. When compared with NaV1.1, the pattern of NaV1.2 gene expression differed appreciably. The gene expression of SV2a was the most robust of any of the genes examined. Of the other genes examined, although differences were noted, no statistically significant changes were found either between brain part or time interval. Although limited, the present analysis is the first quantitative mRNA gene expression study in any reptile during development. Together with future experiments of a similar nature, the present gene expression results should determine which genes are expressed in major brain areas at which times during development in Alligator. When compared with other amniotes, these results will prove useful for determining how gene expression during development influences adult brain structure.

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