Form and Function in Information for Visual Perception

Visual perception involves spatially and temporally coordinated variations in diverse physical systems: environmental surfaces and symbols, optical images, electro-chemical activity in neural networks, muscles, and bodily movements—each with a distinctly different material structure and energy. The fundamental problem in the theory of perception is to characterize the information that enables both perceptual awareness and real-time dynamic coordination of these diverse physical systems. Gibson's psychophysical and ecological conception of this problem differed from that of mainstream science both then and now. The present article aims to incorporate Gibson's ideas within a general conception of information for visual perception. We emphasize the essential role of spatiotemporal form, in contrast with symbolic information. We consider contemporary understanding of surface structure, optical images, and optic flow. Finally, we consider recent evidence about capacity limitations on the rate of visual perception and implications for the ecology of vision.

Fabric semantics as a basis of Mordovian embroidery

Introduction. The semantics of the fabric of the traditional costume is one of the underdeveloped topics in modern humanitarian studies. Meanwhile, the fabric can be interpreted as a chronicle of the history of culture. Being a man-made and material on which embroidery arose and developed, it was used in the customs and rituals of many peoples, including the Mordovians. The article deals with the semantics of the fabric of traditional Mordovian clothing, decorated with embroidery. Materials and Methods. The work investigates the museum collections of the Republic of Mordovia, the data from written sources of the Russian Geographical Society, archaeological research of Mordovian artefacts. The methodological basis is the comparative-historical, structural-semiotic and phenomenological approaches to the material. Results and Discussion. The analysis of the semantics of the fabric, decorated with the embroidery, and the conditions in which it was formed, makes it possible to reveal the intention of the master, the creator of the ethnoculture. It defined the various utilitarian, magical functions performed by canvas (hemp) and linen fabrics of traditional Mordovian clothing in the culture of the people, the economic, moral meanings of the fabric used in oral folk art. The Mordovians had woolen fabric as the most important material that replaced leather and fur in the manufacture of clothing and changed the appearance of the person wearing the costume. Its importance was recorded in many concepts of the Mordovian language, in folk ideas about wool as a source of magical properties. Conclusion. The semantics of the fabric of a traditional Mordovian costume reflects a person’s ideas about harsh natural conditions, the real world and the need to master it through creative activity in accordance with the laws of the traditional worldview. Fabric is also capable of transferring updated and relevant symbolic information about diligence, accuracy, moral qualities of a person, which could also be a means of regulating norms of behavior in society.

Complexity-Entropy Causality Plane Analysis of Air Pollution Series

In this study, we explore the subtle temporal structure of environmental data using symbolic information-theory approach. The newly developed multivariate multiscale permutation entropy and complexity-entropy causality plane methodology are applied to the six pollutants data recorded in Beijing during 2013–2016, which is a powerful tool to discriminate nonlinear deterministic and stochastic dynamics. The obtained results showed that pollutant series exhibit significant randomness and a lower level of predictability in spring and summer, and more temporal correlations in winter and fall. In addition, surrogate analysis is implemented to avoid biased conclusion. We also define the relative complexity measure of multivariate series to reflect the complexity of a system. The highest relative complexity in winter is in line with the physical behavior of the pollution phenomenon.

Development and research of software and methods for constructing quantum algorithms for solving NP class problems

В современных науке и технике постоянно возникает необходимость в решении таких стратегически важных задач, как предсказание погоды и расчет климатических изменений, создание онкологических препаратов, обработка сигналов из Вселенной для поиска внеземных цивилизаций, обработка символьной информации, криптоанализ, опережающий расчет траекторий движущихся воздушных и космических объектов и другие задачи. Практическая реализация перечисленных задач на современных, даже суперкомпьютерных, системах требует недопустимо большого промежутка времени или вообще невозможна. Научная новизна данного направления выражается в разработке методики построения модульной моделирующей системы квантовых вычислений с открытой архитектурой, а также моделирующей системы выполнения квантовых алгоритмов. Целью работы является рассмотрение приемов моделирования квантовых вычислений и реализации алгоритмов решения задач NP класса. In modern science and technology, there is a constant need to solve such strategically important tasks as predicting the weather and calculating climatic changes, creating cancer drugs, processing signals from the Universe to search for extraterrestrial civilizations, processing symbolic information, cryptanalysis, and anticipatory calculation of the trajectories of moving air and space objects, etc. The practical implementation of the listed tasks on modern, even supercomputer systems requires an unacceptably long period of time or is impossible at all. The scientific novelty of this direction is expressed in the development of a methodology for constructing a modular modeling system of quantum computing with an open architecture, as well as a modeling system for executing quantum algorithms. The aim of the work is to consider techniques for modeling quantum computations and implementing algorithms for solving NP class problems.

Analysis of Ligeti’s Atmosphères by Means of Computational and Symbolic Resources

We report a music analysis study of Atmosphères (1961) from György Ligeti, combining symbolic information retrieved from the musical score and audio descriptors extracted from the audio recording. The piece was elected according to the following criteria: (a) it is a music composition based on sound transformations associated to motions on the global timbre; (b) its conceptual creative intercourse makes direct references to electronic music and sound/timbre techniques from the ancient Renaissance Music; and (c) its sonorities are explored by means of variations on the timbre contrast. From the symbolic analysis perspective, Atmosphères’ timbre content can be discussed considering the entanglement of individual characteristics of musical instruments. The computational method approaches the musical structure from an empirical perspective and is based on clustering techniques. We depart from previous studies, and this time we focus on the novelty curve calculated from the spectral content extracted from the piece recording. Our findings indicate that novelty curve can be associate with five specific clusters, and regarding the symbolic music analysis, three leading music features can be argued: (a) instrumentation changes; (b) distinct pitch chromatic set locations and (c) intensity dynamic fluctuations.

Computer Vision Used to Monitor The Youth during The Pandemic Covid-19

Computer Vision is a field that studies methods for capturing numerical or symbolic information. Some of the computer vision processes are image capture, image enhancement, segmentation, feature extraction, and clarification. AI-based Computer Vision technology allows the public to carry out more optimal surveillance to deal with Covid-19. During the Covid-19 pandemic, many people have adopted new normal habits by implementing health protocols. But not a few of our people do not understand the importance of implementing health protocols. Where after this year's Eid homecoming, not a few of our people have made trips to their hometown villages. In this case, there is already a prohibition from the Government not to make the Eid homecoming trip. These communities can be at risk of transmitting the Covid-19 virus to their families in their hometowns. This study describes how Computer Vision works in helping the community to monitor travelers from the city to minimize the spread of Covid-19. The paper wa presented using the literature review method. From the description result using the literature review, it has result that computer vision technology has enormous potential in spreading countermeasures Covid-19.

Recognition of character information for automation of production processes

Purpose of research. Nowadays optical character recognition systems have a high level of dependence on the specific type of marking that is to be recognized, and therefore, the creation of a universal solution is an important and difficult task. The paper considers the issue of creating a system for recognizing symbolic information that can be used at various stages of production to automate processes in control systems, in particular, to analyze the labeling of circuit breakers.Methods. Binarization, filtering, and boundary detection are digital image processing techniques. Line search method, baseline search method, word splitting algorithms, image enhancement methods by segmentation, damaged characters recognition method, an algorithm for increasing the final recognition quality are character recognition methods.Results. The analysis of algorithms used for preprocessing and subsequent recognition of images containing marking of circuit breakers is carried out. The mathematical model of image processing for subsequent recognition has been created. We have described methods used to define marking symbols. Illustrative examples of the operation of the algorithms on which the system is built are given. The obtained solution was tested. The ways of system development are described here, they can lead to improved results, for particular use cases.Conclusion. It is proposed a solution that recognizes symbolic information on the labeling of circuit breakers, which can be the basis for the development and description of systems serving for the automation of production, by transferring information read from the product during the production process. This system, by its example, describes the components of character recognition systems, and for direct use, it needs to be refined in accordance with the technical requirements and the specifics of the conditions in which it will be used.

The Indexical Voice: Communication of Personal States and Traits in Humans and Other Primates

Many studies of primate vocalization have been undertaken to improve our understanding of the evolution of language. Perhaps, for this reason, investigators have focused on calls that were thought to carry symbolic information about the environment. Here I suggest that even if these calls were in fact symbolic, there were independent reasons to question this approach in the first place. I begin by asking what kind of communication system would satisfy a species’ biological needs. For example, where animals benefit from living in large groups, I ask how members would need to communicate to keep their groups from fragmenting. In this context, I discuss the role of social grooming and “close calls,” including lip-smacking and grunting. Parallels exist in human societies, where information is exchanged about all kinds of things, often less about the nominal topic than the communicants themselves. This sort of indexical (or personal) information is vital to group living, which presupposes the ability to tolerate, relate to, and interact constructively with other individuals. Making indexical communication the focus of comparative research encourages consideration of somatic and behavioral cues that facilitate relationships and social benefits, including cooperation and collaboration. There is ample room here for a different and potentially more fruitful approach to communication in humans and other primates, one that focuses on personal appraisals, based on cues originating with individuals, rather than signals excited by environmental events.

Brain networks underlying the processing of sound symbolism related to softness perception

Unlike the assumption of modern linguistics, there is non-arbitrary association between sound and meaning in sound symbolic words. Neuroimaging studies have suggested the unique contribution of the superior temporal sulcus to the processing of sound symbolism. However, because these findings are limited to the mapping between sound symbolism and visually presented objects, the processing of sound symbolic information may also involve the sensory-modality dependent mechanisms. Here, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment to test whether the brain regions engaged in the tactile processing of object properties are also involved in mapping sound symbolic information with tactually perceived object properties. Thirty-two healthy subjects conducted a matching task in which they judged the congruency between softness perceived by touch and softness associated with sound symbolic words. Congruency effect was observed in the orbitofrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, insula, medial superior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and cerebellum. This effect in the insula and medial superior frontal gyri was overlapped with softness-related activity that was separately measured in the same subjects in the tactile experiment. These results indicate that the insula and medial superior frontal gyrus play a role in processing sound symbolic information and relating it to the tactile softness information.