scholarly journals Consumption-Based CO2 Emissions Accounting And Scenario Simulation In Asia And Pacific Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mazibar Rahman ◽  
Nishat Anan ◽  
Abu Hashan Md Mas ◽  
Mahmudul Hasan ◽  
Ming-Lang Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Scenario Simulation ◽  
Carbon Mitigation ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Technique ◽  
Final Consumption ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
Dynamic Scenario ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Government

Abstract This study uses a consumer-based accounting approach to evaluate CO2 emission factors of 17 major Asia and Pacific countries that distribute all emissions in the supply chain to the commodity up to the final consumption location due to the influence of a country's consumption patterns. In addition, the number of emissions connected with each country's consumption of products and services, mainly in Asia and the Pacific countries, has received little attention. This study contributes to understand the effects of the country's consumption of products and services on carbon emission peaks and formulate efficient carbon-mitigation plans for governments and decision-makers. The accelerating economic growth and industrialization have posed significant challenges to global carbon-mitigation efforts and climate change response; as a result, each country has been provided a higher emphasis on CO2 emission. The Monte Carlo simulation technique has been used to create a dynamic scenario simulation model to investigate possible future peaks of Asia and Pacific countries' carbon emissions, considering the uncertainties of factors. The result shows that total consumption-based CO2 emissions are remarkable in the three Asian countries, including China (387451.95 metric tons (Mt) CO2), Japan (185259.60 Mt CO2), and India (100720.46 Mt CO2). In South Korea, Brunei, and Taiwan, annual consumption emissions are 1.77, 1.62, and 1.49 tons of CO2 per person. In terms of final consumption, the household sector is the supreme noteworthy donor to consumption-based emissions, accounting for 27–56%. The household sector probably peak at 19.7 Gt CO2 as per the dynamic scenario simulation. As for three other types of final demand, the government expenditure will possibly reach at highest 44.0 Gt CO2 by the next 30 years while the capital formation will probably hit its highest emissions at 149.5 Gt CO2.

scholarly journals MODEL PERHITUNGAN PENDAPATAN NASIONAL DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

Jurnal CMES ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Dumairy, Syamsul Hadi, Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
National Income ◽  
Macroeconomic Model ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Investment Spending

In conventional economics one will find a basic macroeconomic model formulated as Y=C+I+G. This basic model is a formulae for counting national income with expenditure approach. Economists and economic students are quite familiar with it. According to conventional economists, in any economy there are three sectors that spend expenditures and earn income; those are household, business, and the government sectors. Economic actors or agents in household sector are individuals or families. Actors in business sector consist of firms, companies, or corporations. The actor in the government sector is the central government as an institutional entity. In the aforementioned model C symbolizes expenditures spent by household sector, I reflects investment spending by business sector, while G represents the government expenditure. This article is the product of a research which reveals that the basic macroeconomic model Y=C+I+G is less realistic. National income figures resulted from applying that model have been underestimated. Not only the model less realistic, underlying assumptions in building the model also are not Islamic. It is even worse that those assumptions have also been proven unfitted to the real world.Endowed with concepts in Islamic economics, this article provides a new model, a model that is not merely Islamic but more realistic as well. In the model being proposed here an additional economic sector is introduced, namely, social sector. Economic actors or agents in this sector consist of social organizations and non-profit institutions, a segment of community whose role and economic contributions have so far been neglected in conventional economics. Now in our presently proposed model, by recognizing them as a specific economic entity the new basic macroeconomic model is to be Y=”C”+”I”+G+A.

scholarly journals Educational Level and Tax Compliance: Empirical Evidence From Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Stanley Ogoun ◽  
Godspower Anthony Ekpulu
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Government Investment ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
National Priority ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
The Government

The study interrogates the relationship between educational level and tax compliance in Nigeria. The study employs the ex post facto research design to ascertain how government investment in education enhances tax compliance. The study covers 17 years (2002-2018) for both tax revenue (a surrogate for tax compliance) and education expenditure (a surrogate for educational level). From the empirical results, the study concludes that there is a positive nexus between government expenditure on education and tax revenue. The study, therefore, recommends that as a matter of necessity, the government should invest more in the overall educational demand of her citizens not only from tax revenues but from other oil and non-oil sources. The governments, from the federal and state levels, should act as a matter national priority endeavour to meet up with the international budgetary benchmark allocation for education, as recommended by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in its Education for All (EFA) document 2000-2015. This will give Nigerians more access to quality education that would result in moving up the global ranking in HDI with its resultant benefits.

scholarly journals Government Expenditure and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Oyediran, Leye Sherifdeen ◽  
Sanni, Ibrahim ◽  
Adedoyin, Lukman ◽  
Oyewole Olabode Michael
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Least Square ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Fiscal Discipline ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Economic Development And Growth ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The need to better the lots of citizens through government expenditure has raised questions on the impact of government expenditure on the economic development and growth of nations. It is against this background that this paper examined the antecedent effect of government spending on the Nigerian economic growth. The general objective of the study is to ascertain the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria; specifically, the study examined: (i) the significance influence of government capital expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria and (ii) the significance influence of government recurrent expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria. The study employed ordinary least square (OLS) multiple regression analysis in estimating the specified model, with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the dependent variable, while Capital Expenditure (CAPEXP) and Recurrent Expenditure (REXP) are the independent variables. Data between 1980 – 2013 were collected from secondary sources through the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Results showed that in Nigeria, there exist a significant relationship between the government expenditure and economic growth. The study therefore recommends instilling fiscal discipline in government expenditures, and putting in place structural mechanisms to act as surveillance on capital spending so as to boost the nation’s human and social capital.

scholarly journals PENGARUH BELANJA MODAL, BELANJA SOSIAL, DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI TERHADAP TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DI KOTA MANADO

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustien Sendouw ◽  
Vekie Adolf Rumate ◽  
Debby Ch. Rotinsulu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
City Government ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
Poverty Levels

PENGARUH BELANJA MODAL, BELANJA SOSIAL, DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI TERHADAP TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DI KOTA MANADO Agustien Sendouw, Vekie A.Rumate, Debby Ch. Rotinsulu Ekonomi Pembangunan – Fakultas Ekonomi dan BisnisUniversitas Sam ratulangi  ABSTRAKKemiskinan merupakan masalah klasik disetiap negara. Usaha pengentasan kemiskinan telah lama dilakukan oleh pemerintah. Variabel yang mempengaruhi tingkat kemiskinan antara lain adalah pengeluaran pemerintah dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Pengeluaran pemerintah Kota Manado melalui pos belanja modal, belanja sosial, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi diharapkan juga memberi pengaruh terhadap tingkat kemiskinan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh belanja modal, belanjasosial, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Kota Manado secara parsial maupun secara bersama-sama. Metodeanalisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa belanja modal memiliki pengaruh yang negative dan signifikan secara parsial terhadap tingkat kemiskinan sedangkan belanja social dan pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak memiliki pengaruh secara parsial terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Kota Manado. Secara bersama-sama belanja modal, belanja sosial, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi  tidak  memiliki  pengaruh  terhadap  tingkat  kemiskinan di Kota Manado. Kata Kunci  :   Belanja Modal,  Belanja  Sosial,  Pertumbuhan  Ekonomi, Tingkat  Kemiskinan.  ABSTRACTPoverty is a classic problem in every country. Poverty eradication efforts have been carried out by the government. Variables that affect the level of poverty among other government are government expenditure and economic growth. Manado City Government expenditure through capital expenditure, social expenditure, and economic growth is expected to also make an impact on poverty levels. This research aimed to determine the effect of capital expenditure, social expenditure, and economic growth on poverty levels in Manado partially or jointly. The analytical method used is multiple regression analysis. The results showed that capital expenditure has a negative and significant effect partially to the poverty level while social spending and economic growth do not have a partial effect on poverty levels in the city of Manado. Taken all research variables found that capital expenditures, social expenditure, and economic growth have no effect on the level of poverty in the city of Manado. Key Words : Regional Expenditure, Social Expenditure, Economic Growth, Poverty Level.

scholarly journals The Effects of Government Education Spending on School Enrollment in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Megawati Megawati
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Education Spending ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Education Data ◽  
Government Education ◽  
The Government

Government expenditure for education increases every year for the implementation of education sector including to increase the number of enrollment rate. However, there are some children who do not enroll in school especially senior high school-aged children. This study examines the effects of government spending on education on school enrollment in Indonesia. This research uses cross-sectional data from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) and the government spending on education data for four years. This study uses probit model by employing the government education spending as the main factor. The control variables used in this study consist of parents’ education, household expenditure, male, urban, birth order, the number of siblings, missing parent, GRDP per capita, year dummy, and interaction terms among some variables. The observation is divided into two groups of age: 7-15 and 16-18. The results show that the government education spending has a positive and significant effect on school enrollment in Indonesia. In addition, the interaction terms show that the government education spending is associated with greater probability of school enrollment for poor children and for the girls.

scholarly journals Re-testing Wagner's Law: Structural breaks and disaggregated data for South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4(J)) ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Mthokozisi Mlilo ◽  
Matamela Netshikulwe
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Wagner’S Law ◽  
Education Expenditures ◽  
Wagner's Law ◽  
The Government

Direction of causality between government expenditure and output growth is pertinent for a developing country since a sizeable volume of economic resources is in the hands of the public sector. This paper investigates the Wagner's law in South Africa over the post-apartheid era, 1994-2015. This paper is unique to present studies since it uses disaggregated government expenditure and controls for structural breaks. The Granger non-causality test of Toda & Yamamoto, a superior technique compared to conventional Granger causality testing, is employed and this paper finds no support for Wagner's law. However, there is causality running from total government and education expenditures to output. This finding is in line with the Keynesian framework. It is recommended in the paper that the government should take an active role in promoting output growth through increases in education expenditures in particular.

scholarly journals Economic policy and confidence of economic agents – a causal relationship?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-484
Author(s):  
Silvo Dajčman
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Consumer Confidence ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Business Confidence ◽  
The Government

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to study whether innovations in monetary and fiscal policy are a leading indicator of future business and consumer confidence and reverse applying the panel Granger causality analysis to two periods in the history of the euro area: before and after the start of the Great Recession. The results show that Granger causality interaction between the confidence of economic agents and the stance of monetary policy (measured by the shadow rate) is stronger than between the former and the fiscal policy instruments. The European Central Bank (ECB) shadow rate innovations Granger caused business and consumer confidence in both periods, but also indicators of confidence Granger caused the shadow rate. No such feedback could be established between two fiscal policy instruments (government expenditure and revenue growth) and the indicators of confidence. Government spending and revenues Granger caused business confidence in the first subperiod, but not in the second subperiod when the causality reversed. The government revenues Granger caused consumer confidence in the first subperiod, while government expenditures in the second subperiod. Consumer confidence Granger caused government spending in the first subperiod.

scholarly journals Information Seeking and Information Sharing Behaviour in the Climate Change Community of Practice in the Pacific:  Implications for Models of Library Services in Scientific and Technical Libraries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Peter Warren Murgatroyd
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Library Services ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Government ◽  
Climate Change Community

<p>Focusing on one ‘community of practice’ – climate change – this research examines the extent to which traditional concepts of library services in scientific and technical libraries (and consequently models of library development) in the Pacific region are aligned to the identified information needs and dominant modes of information seeking and information sharing behaviour of stakeholders. A quantitative survey research methodology was utilized to collect primary data from a census of the identified ‘community of practice’ in order to determine dominant behaviours, perceptions and attitudes amongst respondents towards information seeking and information sharing. The prominence of informal networks for communication and information exchange and the value still ascribed to face-to-face encounters and the development of personal relationships was a dominant theme as was the reliance on internet technologies to acquire and share information. Libraries, at both the regional and national level, were viewed as less useful than alternative pathways for both information seeking and information sharing. A detailed literature review of capacity building initiatives in libraries in the region over the preceding two decades confirms that capacity across the region remains low and the perception and status of libraries within the government sector in the region is poor. Acknowledging the rapid shifts in the information landscape towards electronic access to information and the proliferation of web 2.0 pathways for communication and information, it is argued that if capacity in library and information management in the region is to be strengthened there needs to be a re-evaluation of the role of the library not only in relation to the need for alignment with the goals and objectives of the host organisation but also in light of attitudes towards information and information seeking and information sharing behaviour. Consultations within the climate change community during 2011 have highlighted the clear need to improve access to information and data both nationally and regionally in the Pacific and the value of establishing a region-wide portal mechanism for collating and disseminating climate-related information. Within this context Pacific libraries within the government sector and at the regional level must redefine their role and the services that they offer if they are to be valued and seen as useful and relevant to stakeholders.</p>

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