scholarly journals MODEL PERHITUNGAN PENDAPATAN NASIONAL DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

Jurnal CMES ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Dumairy, Syamsul Hadi, Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
National Income ◽  
Macroeconomic Model ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Investment Spending

In conventional economics one will find a basic macroeconomic model formulated as Y=C+I+G. This basic model is a formulae for counting national income with expenditure approach. Economists and economic students are quite familiar with it. According to conventional economists, in any economy there are three sectors that spend expenditures and earn income; those are household, business, and the government sectors. Economic actors or agents in household sector are individuals or families. Actors in business sector consist of firms, companies, or corporations. The actor in the government sector is the central government as an institutional entity. In the aforementioned model C symbolizes expenditures spent by household sector, I reflects investment spending by business sector, while G represents the government expenditure. This article is the product of a research which reveals that the basic macroeconomic model Y=C+I+G is less realistic. National income figures resulted from applying that model have been underestimated. Not only the model less realistic, underlying assumptions in building the model also are not Islamic. It is even worse that those assumptions have also been proven unfitted to the real world.Endowed with concepts in Islamic economics, this article provides a new model, a model that is not merely Islamic but more realistic as well. In the model being proposed here an additional economic sector is introduced, namely, social sector. Economic actors or agents in this sector consist of social organizations and non-profit institutions, a segment of community whose role and economic contributions have so far been neglected in conventional economics. Now in our presently proposed model, by recognizing them as a specific economic entity the new basic macroeconomic model is to be Y=”C”+”I”+G+A.

scholarly journals The Impact of Tourism Development on Economic Development: The Case of Zanzibar

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Hafidh Ali Hafidh ◽  
Zulekha Ayoub Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
National Income ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Stable Relationship ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Tourism is perceived as one of the world’s fastest growing service sectors and a major source of economic development for many, if not all, developing countries. Zanzibar as a developing country and also is a small island which have small economy, its national income depend much on tourism contribution, Therefore this paper aim to examine the impact of tourisms development to the economic development of Zanzibar, using the data based on annual time series from the period 1989–2019 and also employing Vector Error Correlation Model (VECM) to arrive at conclusions from the data in the study area. The study results found a long-run stable relationship among tourism development and economic development of Zanzibar, there is a positive and significant impact that exists between GDP and international tourism arrivals, inflation and government expenditure respectively while only inflation results show positive but insignificant impact. In order to increase the economic development in Zanzibar through the tourism sector, there is a need for the government and other stakeholders of tourism to put much consideration on this sector so as to improve overall development of Zanzibar economy.

scholarly journals Factor Analysis for Slow Budget Realization

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-50
Author(s):  
Abdurrohman Maman ◽  
Marsus Soffan
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Organizational Culture ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Quality Of Work ◽  
Small Absorption ◽  
The Government ◽  
Culture Competence

The government of Indonesia has long experienced an uneven pattern of budget realization. Our budget realization is characterized by small absorption in the first three-quarters and then piled up in the last quarter. An increase in spending at the end of the year eventually led to the quality of work on the national economy, which is not considered optimal. Through factor analysis, the researchers reviewed what factors are causing slow realization of the budget, especially for spending unit in the working area of KPPN Jakarta II. Several studies have been conducted to determine the problem, including Herriyanto (2012), BKF, LPEM-UI and IBRD (2012), Siswanto and Rahayu (2010), Miliasih (2012), Widjanarko (2013), and Fitriany (2015). Based on the factor analysis that has been conducted, it was found six factors that often slow down the realization of central government expenditure, especially for spending unit in working area of KPPN Jakarta II. The six factors include coordination, organizational culture, competence, technical constraints, administrative, and document. These six factors are derived from 27 indicators that were processed through the standard factor analysis, i.e. correlation between variables Kaiser Mayer Olkin (KMO), variables distribution and rotation of factors.

scholarly journals Fiscal Deficit of the Public Sector in India: Issues on Data Reliability, Accounting Flaws and Missing Variables

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
K. A. Aneesh
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
National Income ◽  
Fiscal Deficit ◽  
Data Reliability ◽  
The Public ◽  
Black Economy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Missing Variables ◽  
Definition Of

Fiscal deficit, one of the widely acclaimed and internationally accepted measures of fiscal imbalance, is faced with a lot of conceptual and accounting issues in India. The definition of deficit has been changing and therefore there is no consistency in the official series of deficits published by the government of India. Since 1991, budgets were being framed in the context of the New Economic Policies (NEP) consisting of the Stabilization Policies and the Structural Adjustment Policies (SAP). While, the fiscal austerity in the form of expenditure reduction and revenue enhancement as a corollary to NEP has hardly worked out in India. However, the Central government has undertaken several measures to show a reduced fiscal deficit in India. One of the ways practiced was to implement some changes in the accounting practices over the years. This was by including some additional elements in the definition of deficit and excluding some other items. The second practice was to transfer the deficit of the Centre to other layers of the government. In a broad fiscal policy regime framework following Prof. Arun Kumar’s modified National Income Identity (1988), a total government or public sector comprising of the Centre, State/UTs and local-self-governments as well as the Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs) at the Centre and State levels. The problem of deficit shifting can be automatically avoided by taking the whole public sector into the analysis, which makes the empirical results on interrelationship between fiscal deficit and various macroeconomic variables more realistic and convincing. Still, there is a paucity of white economy data, because of the existence of substantial black economy in India. Its non-inclusion in analysis results in a partial understanding of the economy and often incorrect policy pronouncements. The need to incorporate the black economy is not simply an empirical matter, but a theoretical necessity. This paper in general tries to bring the aforementioned issues on data reliability, accounting flaws and missing variables into the discussion and attempt to correct the fudges in the official deficit series published by the government and also tries construct a compiled series of deficit for the public sector in India. The empirical section of the paper explains the significance of black economy as a variable to be included in the analysis to get better understanding of the economy.

scholarly journals Determinants of Indonesia’s National Income: An Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-218
Author(s):  
Prihartini Budi Astuti ◽  
Nur Khasanah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
National Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Auto Regressive ◽  
The Government

At the end of 2019, most countries experienced an economic slowdown due to a trade war between the United States and China. According to macroeconomic theory, aggregate demand is one of the factors that influence economic growth. This study aims to add the debate and fill the gap by studying the relationship between aggregate demand and economic growth in the case of Indonesia. Using an Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag analysis, the results indicate that in the long-run, household consumption and investment had a positive effect on Indonesia's national income in 2010-2019. It means that the government must continue to make policies to maintain the purchasing power of Indonesian consumers, so that public consumption remains high, and maintaining the investment climate to be more conducive. On the other hand, government expenditure and net exports variables have no impact on Indonesia's national income in 2010-2019.JEL Classification: E01, E12, O47How to Cite:Astuti, P. B., & Khasanah, N. (2020). Determinants of Indonesia’s National Income: An Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Analysis. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 9(2), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i2.14469.

scholarly journals Consumption-Based CO2 Emissions Accounting And Scenario Simulation In Asia And Pacific Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mazibar Rahman ◽  
Nishat Anan ◽  
Abu Hashan Md Mas ◽  
Mahmudul Hasan ◽  
Ming-Lang Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Scenario Simulation ◽  
Carbon Mitigation ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Technique ◽  
Final Consumption ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
Dynamic Scenario ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Government

Abstract This study uses a consumer-based accounting approach to evaluate CO2 emission factors of 17 major Asia and Pacific countries that distribute all emissions in the supply chain to the commodity up to the final consumption location due to the influence of a country's consumption patterns. In addition, the number of emissions connected with each country's consumption of products and services, mainly in Asia and the Pacific countries, has received little attention. This study contributes to understand the effects of the country's consumption of products and services on carbon emission peaks and formulate efficient carbon-mitigation plans for governments and decision-makers. The accelerating economic growth and industrialization have posed significant challenges to global carbon-mitigation efforts and climate change response; as a result, each country has been provided a higher emphasis on CO2 emission. The Monte Carlo simulation technique has been used to create a dynamic scenario simulation model to investigate possible future peaks of Asia and Pacific countries' carbon emissions, considering the uncertainties of factors. The result shows that total consumption-based CO2 emissions are remarkable in the three Asian countries, including China (387451.95 metric tons (Mt) CO2), Japan (185259.60 Mt CO2), and India (100720.46 Mt CO2). In South Korea, Brunei, and Taiwan, annual consumption emissions are 1.77, 1.62, and 1.49 tons of CO2 per person. In terms of final consumption, the household sector is the supreme noteworthy donor to consumption-based emissions, accounting for 27–56%. The household sector probably peak at 19.7 Gt CO2 as per the dynamic scenario simulation. As for three other types of final demand, the government expenditure will possibly reach at highest 44.0 Gt CO2 by the next 30 years while the capital formation will probably hit its highest emissions at 149.5 Gt CO2.

scholarly journals Penerapan Best Practice Pengendalian pada Siklus Pengeluaran Pemerintah

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Iskandar Kais
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
The Government ◽  
Budget Execution

This study analyzes the implementation of control policies and procedures in the government expenditure cycle, particularly at the central government, starting from control at the phase of commitment, goods/services received, before payment and at the time of payment. The research was conducted by analyzing the content of the regulations in the implementation of state budget expenditures.The results show that the implementation of controls in the government expenditure cycle has been fulfilled according to international practice. The application of this control is important for financial managers to ensure that the budget execution process is carried out properly.

scholarly journals The effects of government expenditure on sustainable economic growth in India: assessment of the circular economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (01) ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
SMITHA NAYAK ◽  
VARUN S.G. KUMAR ◽  
SUHAN MENDON ◽  
RAMONA BIRAU ◽  
CRISTI SPULBAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Online Data ◽  
The Government

Government expenditure is linked to the economic growth and is the driving force of the every country. In the post liberalization era, India has been exposed to the dynamics of the world economy due to which India has witnessed a significant impact of Government spending on its economic growth. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of the Central Government spending on the growth of the Indian economy over a period, from 2006 to 2016. The online data disclosures of the various ministries have been the major source of secondary data. Co-integration analysis is adopted to evaluate the effect of individual sectorial spending on the economic growth and gross domestic product. The economic spending is classified into 5 sectors namely: General Services, Social Services, Economic Services, Grants in Aid & Contribution and Public debt & Loans for analysis, as disclosed by the sources. The analysis gives us an idea of the various sectors which have a positive impact and the sectors which have a negative impact. The results would play an instrumental role in exploring the sectors in which the government should invest more, thereby contributing to an enhancement in the country’s growth.

scholarly journals Deficit Financing’ or ‘Deficit-Reduction Financing?’ Debates in Contemporary Economics: Origins, Confusions and Clarity

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
Ann Pettifor Ann Pettifor
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
National Income ◽  
Spare Capacity ◽  
Government Deficits ◽  
Deficit Reduction ◽  
The Government ◽  
Public Sector Deficit

The analysis of government deficits and public debt points to a fundamental error in contemporary economic discussions. It is not possible to assess the stance of fiscal policy from estimates of the public sector deficit. John Maynard Keynes’s macroeconomics and the empirical evidence discussed in this paper indicate that expansionary fiscal policy financed by loan issues will lead to growth in economic activity and employment. In an economy with spare capacity and idle resources, high government expenditure generates income, including tax revenues and thereby reduces the government deficit, and cuts public debt. The main purpose of increased loanfinanced government spending at times of private economic weakness is to increase the nation’s income. Keynes argued that any such government spending was not deficit spending, because he understood the spending as the most sensible means to cut the deficit. Deficit-reduction spending might be a more appropriate definition, because as he argued with Josiah Stamp: “You will never balance the budget through measures which reduce national income” (Keynes, 1978, vol. 21, p. 149).

scholarly journals The Weight of Tax Revenue in the Pakistan Economy

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H.M. Nuruddin Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
National Income ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Net Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
State Of Affairs

This paper provides a general review of taxes in Pakistan with special reference to central government tax efforts. The weight of central taxes in national income and in the central budget is analysed using the tax data for the period 1948-62. Some suggestions are made about mobilizing more savings by raising tax revenues. The Case for Raising the Weight of Tax Revenue In the developing countries, we usually find a fiscal system where the relative weight of the public revenues in the total economy is meagre and limited to certain sectors. This state of affairs tends to make fiscal policy weak as well as blunt. As increasing the effectiveness of monetary policy in underdeveloped countries presupposes organization and wide dissemination of monetary institutions, so a prerequisite for an efficacious fiscal policy is enhancement of the influence of taxes in the economy1. Enhancement of the relative importance of taxation in the economy is essential for a number of reasons. First, the governments of the developing countries have to finance increasingly larger development programmes. The safe way to acquire the necessary resources is through taxes, as supply rigidities make flirtation with inflationary finance a dangerous game8. Second, power to tax brings with it the power to regulate. The government can perform its function of guiding the economy along the planned course without excessive reliance on direct controls only if it is adequately armed with effective tax powers which can touch any part of the economy accord¬ing to the need of circumstances. Third, built-in stabilizers and counter¬cyclical tax adjustments can successfully offset fluctuations in income and employment "where the ratio of taxes to national income is high, a large proportion of revenue is from net income taxes and there is a large foreign

scholarly journals Analysis of the Effect of Government Expenditures on School Enrollment in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Muhammad Idrees ◽  
Farah Khan ◽  
Muhammad Sufian Bin Omar Fauzee
Keyword(s):  
Government Expenditure ◽  
National Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Government Expenditures ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
School Enrolment ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Government

Purpose: No one can deny the importance of education as it not only improves living standard but also promotes self-esteem as well as improves social development. The role of the government cannot be overlooked in the development of education. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyses the role of government through national income and government expenditure on education through school enrolment in Pakistan. Design/Methodology/Approach: We have used secondary data over the period of 2000 to 2017 for empirical analysis.  We used descriptive statistics analysis, and the method of least squares is used to obtain empirical results.  Findings: The result shows that national income and government expenditures have positive effects on school enrollment, indicating when national and government expenditures increase, ultimately school enrolment also increases in the country. Implications/Originality/Value: Our results of this study suggest that national income needs to be increases and government spending also needs to be increases in order to improve education in the country.

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