scholarly journals Fifth fundamental force and formulation to determine it

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghvendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Surface Force ◽  
Vacuum Field ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Fifth Force ◽  
Fundamental Forces ◽  
The Universe

Abstract There are four known fundamental forces of nature and there is a need to combine them into a unified theory. Progress has been made toward this goal but gravity remains an issue. However, the four forces are body forces that act on points. They together do not make the universe a closed system. Here, I identify a surface force, which acts outward normal to the surface of the universe. Further, using water drop hanging in a vacuum as a model, I provide a formula to find the magnitude of this force. The fifth force may be generated by surface tension, a property of the quantum vacuum field.

scholarly journals Fifth fundamental force and unification of fundamental forces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghvendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Water Drop ◽  
Surface Force ◽  
Adhesive Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Fifth Force ◽  
Functional Forms ◽  
Fundamental Forces ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Adhesive Forces

Abstract There are four known fundamental forces of nature and there is a need to combine them into a unified theory. Progress has been made toward this goal but gravity remains an issue. However, the four forces are body forces that act on points. They together do not make the universe a closed system. Here, I identify a surface force, which acts outward normal to the surface of the universe. Further, using water drop hanging in a vacuum as a model, I provide a formula to find the magnitude of this force. The fifth force is generated by the surface tension, a property of dark energy. On the other hand, matter particles interact with each other through a cohesive force and with dark matter through an adhesive force. I give a range of the functional forms of all cohesive and adhesive forces and present an equation that unifies all the forces of nature.

scholarly journals Fifth fundamental force and unification of fundamental forces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghvendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Water Drop ◽  
Surface Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Fifth Force ◽  
Cohesive Forces ◽  
Functional Forms ◽  
Fundamental Forces ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Adhesive Forces

Abstract There are four known fundamental forces of nature and there is a need to combine them into a unified theory. Progress has been made toward this goal but gravity remains an issue. However, the four forces are body forces that act on points. They together do not make the universe a closed system. Here, I identify a surface force, which acts outward normal to the surface of the universe. Further, using water drop hanging in a vacuum as a model, I provide a formula to find the magnitude of this force. The fifth force is generated by surface tension, a property of dark energy. On the other hand, matter particles interact with each other through cohesive forces and with dark matter through adhesive forces. I give a range of functional forms of all cohesive and adhesive forces and present an equation that unifies all the forces of nature.

scholarly journals Superfluid Quantum Space as the Unified Field Theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srečko Šorli
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Quantum Space ◽  
Unified Field Theory ◽  
Fundamental Field ◽  
Unified Field ◽  
Fundamental Forces ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
The Universe

The novelty of 21st-century physics is the development of the “superfluid quantum vacuum” model, also named “superfluid quantum space” SQS. This SQS is replacing space-time as the fundamental arena of the universe. It also represents the model that has the potential of unifying four fundamental forces of the universe. SQS in this article is represented as the time-invariant fundamental field of the universe where time is merely the duration of material changes.

scholarly journals Superfluid Quantum Space as the Unified Field Theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrit S. Sorli
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Quantum Space ◽  
Unified Field Theory ◽  
Vacuum Model ◽  
Fundamental Field ◽  
Unified Field ◽  
Fundamental Forces ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
The Universe

The novelty of 21st-century physics is the development of the “superfluid quantum vacuum” model, also named “superfluid quantum space” SQS. This SQS is replacing space-time as the fundamental arena of the universe. It also represents the model that has the potential of unifying four fundamental forces of the universe. SQS in this article is represented as the time-invariant fundamental field of the universe where time is merely the duration of material changes.

ON SOME PROPERTIES OF THE VACUUM ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (37) ◽  
pp. 2827-2831
Author(s):  
A. BHATTACHARYA ◽  
S. N. BANERJEE ◽  
B. CHAKRABARTI ◽  
S. BANERJEE ◽  
S. MANI
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Vacuum Energy ◽  
State Energy ◽  
Casimir Energy ◽  
Vacuum Field ◽  
Energy Calculation ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Regularization Scheme ◽  
The Universe

The contribution of the cosmological constant to the ground state energy of the quantum vacuum field has been investigated in the framework of the Casimir energy calculation. A regularization scheme is suggested. The equation of state and the nature of the corresponding medium has been studied with some interesting observations.

scholarly journals Time-Invariant Superfluid Quantum Space as the Unified Field Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 2050007
Author(s):  
Amrit S. Šorli ◽  
Štefan Čelan
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Quantum Space ◽  
Unified Field Theory ◽  
Vacuum Model ◽  
Fundamental Field ◽  
Unified Field ◽  
Fundamental Forces ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
The Universe

The novelty of 21st-century physics is the development of the “superfluid quantum vacuum” model, also named “superfluid quantum space” that is replacing space-time as the fundamental arena of the universe. It also represents the model that has the potential of unifying four fundamental forces of the universe. Superfluid quantum space is represented as the time-invariant fundamental field of the universe where time is merely the duration of material changes.

scholarly journals Gravitational polarization of the quantum vacuum caused by two point-like bodies

2021 ◽  
Vol 503 (4) ◽  
pp. 5091-5099
Author(s):  
Dragan Slavkov Hajdukovic ◽  
Sergej Walter
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Numerical Method ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Body System ◽  
Complex Fluid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Gravitational Charge

ABSTRACT In a recent paper, quantum vacuum was considered as a source of gravity, and the simplest, phenomenon, the gravitational polarization of the quantum vacuum by an immersed point-like body, was studied. In this paper, we have derived the effective gravitational charge density of the quantum vacuum, caused by two immersed point-like bodies. Among others, the obtained result proves that quantum vacuum can have regions with a negative effective gravitational charge density. Hence, quantum vacuum, the ‘ocean’ in which all matter of the Universe is immersed, acts as a complex fluid with a very variable gravitational charge density that might include both positive and negative densities; a crucial prediction that can be tested within the Solar system. In the general case of ${N \ge {\rm{3}}}$ point-like bodies, immersed in the quantum vacuum, the analytical solutions are not possible, and the use of numerical methods is inevitable. The key point is that an appropriate numerical method, for the calculation of the effective gravitational charge density of the quantum vacuum induced by N immersed bodies, might be crucial in description of galaxies, without the involvement of dark matter or a modification of gravity. The development of such a valuable numerical method, is not possible, without a previous (and in this study achieved) understanding of the impact of a two-body system.

scholarly journals Comparison of Surface Tension Models for the Volume of Fluid Method

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurian J. Vachaparambil ◽  
Kristian Etienne Einarsrud
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Surface Tension Force ◽  
Surface Force ◽  
Parallel Plates ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Mesh Resolution ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Spurious Currents

With the increasing use of Computational Fluid Dynamics to investigate multiphase flow scenarios, modelling surface tension effects has been a topic of active research. A well known associated problem is the generation of spurious velocities (or currents), arising due to inaccuracies in calculations of the surface tension force. These spurious currents cause nonphysical flows which can adversely affect the predictive capability of these simulations. In this paper, we implement the Continuum Surface Force (CSF), Smoothed CSF and Sharp Surface Force (SSF) models in OpenFOAM. The models were validated for various multiphase flow scenarios for Capillary numbers of 10 − 3 –10. All the surface tension models provide reasonable agreement with benchmarking data for rising bubble simulations. Both CSF and SSF models successfully predicted the capillary rise between two parallel plates, but Smoothed CSF could not provide reliable results. The evolution of spurious current were studied for millimetre-sized stationary bubbles. The results shows that SSF and CSF models generate the least and most spurious currents, respectively. We also show that maximum time step, mesh resolution and the under-relaxation factor used in the simulations affect the magnitude of spurious currents.

scholarly journals A New Inflationary Universe Scenario with Inhomogeneous Quantum Vacuum

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yilin Chen ◽  
Jin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Green’S Function ◽  
Potential Barrier ◽  
Green's Function ◽  
Inflationary Universe ◽  
Quantum Vacuum ◽  
Vacuum Fluctuations ◽  
Inflationary Scenario ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Inhomogeneous Quantum

We investigate the quantum vacuum and find that the fluctuations can lead to the inhomogeneous quantum vacuum. We find that the vacuum fluctuations can significantly influence the cosmological inhomogeneity, which is different from what was previously expected. By introducing the modified Green’s function, we reach a new inflationary scenario which can explain why the Universe is still expanding without slowing down. We also calculate the tunneling amplitude of the Universe based on the inhomogeneous vacuum. We find that the inhomogeneity can lead to the penetration of the Universe over the potential barrier faster than previously thought.

IRREVERSIBILITY OF THE COSMOLOGICAL EXPANSION

1987 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 133-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORGE MARX ◽  
HUMITAKA SATO
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Mechanical Instability ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cosmological Expansion ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Gravitational Equations

The spectrum and isotropy of the relic microwave radiation indicates that the universe was in a state of thermal equilibrium in the past. The question arises: how could it happen that a closed system dropped out of its equilibrium? According to the models presented here this was the outcome of an interplay between the mechanical instability in the gravitational equations and the different scaling behaviors of differentiated materials.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document