Reversible Lesion of the Corpus Callosum Associated With COVID-19: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Review Of Literature ◽

Reversible Lesion ◽

Reversible Splenial Lesion Syndrome

Clinical Phenomenon ◽

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may affect the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Major CNS manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 include seizures, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, anosmia, hypogeusia, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy, and nonfocal phenomena including lethargy, agitation, confusion, headache, and ataxia. The reversible splenial lesion syndrome (MERS) was first described in 2004. Although MERS was initially recognized as a benign phenomenon, a second type of MERS was identified in later years, which has a poor prognosis and potentially serious sequela. MERS can be caused by numerous etiologies including viruses. In this report, we present a patient with SARS-CoV-2 who presented with ataxia and dizziness as the clinical symptoms of MERS, which is a rare clinical phenomenon and can be caused by numerous etiologies.

Reversible lesion of the corpus callosum associated with COVID-19: A case report

Neurology Asia ◽

10.54029/2021vmw ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 821-824

Author(s):

Yagmur Inalkac Gemici ◽

Irem Tasci

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Case Report ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Rare Case ◽

Splenial Lesion ◽

Reversible Lesion ◽

Reversible Splenial Lesion Syndrome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may affect the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Major central nervous system manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection include seizures, meningoencephalitis, ischemic stroke, anosmia, and hypogeusia. The reversible splenial lesion syndrome was first described in 2004. Although reversible splenial lesion syndrome was initially recognized as a benign phenomenon, a second type of reversible splenial lesion syndrome was identified in later years, which has a poorer prognosis and potentially serious sequela. Reversible splenial lesion syndrome can be caused by numerous etiologies including viruses. In this report, we present a rare case of COVID-19 with reversible splenial lesion, who presented with ataxia and dizziness.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with peripheral nervous system involvement in an adult following measles: a case report and review of literature

Medical Engineering and Bioinformatics ◽

10.2495/meb140861 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Ying Zhang ◽

Panpan Zhao ◽

Huiyi Jiang ◽

Li Sun

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Case Report ◽

Peripheral Nervous System ◽

Review Of Literature ◽

System Involvement

Neurological and mental health consequences of COVID-19: potential implications for well-being and labor force

Brain Communications ◽

10.1093/braincomms/fcab012 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

I B Meier ◽

C Vieira Ligo Teixeira ◽

I Tarnanas ◽

F Mirza ◽

L Rajendran

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Previous History ◽

Well Being ◽

Neurological Protection

Abstract Recent case studies show that the SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease, COVID-19, is associated with accelerated decline of mental health, in particular, cognition in elderly individuals, but also with neurological and neuropsychiatric illness in young people. Recent studies also show a bidirectional link between COVID-19 and mental health in that people with previous history of psychiatric illness have a higher risk for contracting COVID-19 and that COVID-19 patients display a variety of psychiatric illnesses. Risk factors and the response of the central nervous system to the virus show large overlaps with pathophysiological processes associated with Alzheimer’s disease, delirium, post-operative cognitive dysfunction and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, all characterized by cognitive impairment. These similarities lead to the hypothesis that the neurological symptoms could arise from neuroinflammation and immune cell dysfunction both in the periphery as well as in the central nervous system and the assumption that long-term consequences of COVID-19 may lead to cognitive impairment in the well-being of the patient and thus in today’s workforce, resulting in large loss of productivity. Therefore, particular attention should be paid to neurological protection during treatment and recovery of COVID-19, while cognitive consequences may require monitoring.

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): A Demyelinating Disease with Specific Morphological Features

International Journal of Surgical Pathology ◽

10.1177/1066896921993562 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 106689692199356

Author(s):

Fleur Cordier ◽

Lars Velthof ◽

David Creytens ◽

Jo Van Dorpe

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Clinical Case ◽

Demyelinating Disease ◽

Demyelinating Diseases ◽

Demyelinating Disorder ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare immune-mediated inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Its characteristic perivenular demyelination and inflammation aid in the differential diagnosis with other inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Here, we present a clinical case of ADEM, summarize its histological hallmarks, and discuss pitfalls concerning the most important neuropathological differential diagnoses.

First Presentation of an Acquired Demyelinating Syndrome

Journal of Pediatric Neurology ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1606380 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (03) ◽

pp. 164-170

Author(s):

Rachel Gottlieb-Smith ◽

Amy Waldman

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Optic Neuritis ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Neuromyelitis Optica ◽

Transverse Myelitis ◽

AbstractAcquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) present with acute or subacute monofocal or polyfocal neurologic deficits localizing to the central nervous system. The clinical features of distinct ADS have been carefully characterized including optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. These disorders may all be monophasic disorders. Alternatively, optic neuritis, partial transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis may be first presentations of a relapsing or polyphasic neuroinflammatory disorder, such as multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica. The clinical features of these disorders and the differential diagnosis are discussed in this article.

Primary Leptomeningeal Gliomatosis in Children and Adults: A Morphological and Molecular Comparative Study With Literature Review

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1227/neu.0000000000001028 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 343-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Arnault Tauziede-Espariat ◽

Andre Maues de Paula ◽

Melanie Pages ◽

Annie Laquerriere ◽

Emilie Caietta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Overall Survival ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Malignant Gliomas ◽

Leptomeningeal Gliomatosis ◽

Molecular Features ◽

The Mean

Abstract BACKGROUND: Primary leptomeningeal gliomatosis (PLG) is a poorly recognized tumor of the central nervous system. OBJECTIVE: To describe the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of PLG. METHODS: Results of our multicentric retrospective study of 6 PLG cases (3 pediatric and 3 adult) were compared with literature data. RESULTS: The mean age was 54.7 years for adults and 8.7 years for children, with 3 males and 3 females. Clinical symptoms were nonspecific. Cerebrospinal fluid analyses showed a high protein level often associated with pleocytosis but without neoplastic cells. On neuroimaging, diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement and hydrocephalus were observed, except in 1 case. PLG was mostly misinterpreted as infectious or tumoral meningitis. The first biopsy was negative in 50% of cases. Histopathologically, PLG cases corresponded to 1 oligodendroglioma without 1p19q codeletion and 5 astrocytomas without expression of p53. No immunostaining for IDH1R132H and no mutations of IDH1/2 and H3F3A genes were found. Overall survival was highly variable (2-82 months) but seems to be increased in children treated with chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: This study shows the difficulties of PLG diagnosis. The challenge is to achieve an early biopsy to establish a diagnosis and to begin a treatment, but the prognosis remains poor. PLG seems to have a different molecular and immunohistochemical pattern compared with intraparenchymal malignant gliomas.

Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system in pineal gland: Report of a rare case with review of literature

Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology ◽

10.4103/0377-4929.162940 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 412 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

RekhaA Nair ◽

SreejithG Nair ◽

Anil Prahlada ◽

JayasudhaArundhathi Vasudevan

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Pineal Gland ◽

Rare Case ◽

Cell Lymphoma ◽

B Cell Lymphoma ◽

Review Of Literature ◽

Large B Cell Lymphoma ◽

Large B Cell

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

Journal of Child Neurology ◽

10.1177/0883073812455104 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (11) ◽

pp. 1408-1425 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Gulay Alper

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Demyelinating Disorder ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Elevated Protein ◽

Demyelinating Lesions ◽

Diagnostic Difficulties ◽

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is an immune-mediated inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, commonly preceded by an infection. It principally involves the white matter tracts of the cerebral hemispheres, brainstem, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis mainly affects children. Clinically, patients present with multifocal neurologic abnormalities reflecting the widespread involvement in central nervous system. Cerebrospinal fluid may be normal or may show a mild pleocytosis with or without elevated protein levels. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) shows multiple demyelinating lesions. The diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis requires both multifocal involvement and encephalopathy by consensus criteria. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis typically has a monophasic course with a favorable prognosis. Multiphasic forms have been reported, resulting in diagnostic difficulties in distinguishing these cases from multiple sclerosis. In addition, many inflammatory disorders may have a similar presentation with frequent occurrence of encephalopathy and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.

Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system

Oxford Textbook of Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.0241002_update_001 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 4948-4963

Author(s):

Siddharthan Chandran ◽

Alastair Compston

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Demyelinating Diseases ◽

Demyelinating Disorder ◽

System P ◽

Demyelinating Disorders ◽

Brain And Spinal Cord

Clinicians suspect demyelination when episodes reflecting damage to white matter tracts within the central nervous system occur in young adults. The paucity of specific biological markers of discrete demyelinating syndromes places an emphasis on clinical phenotype—temporal and spatial patterns—when classifying demyelinating disorders. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, the most common demyelinating disorder, becomes probable when these symptoms and signs recur, involving different parts of the brain and spinal cord. Other important demyelinating diseases include post-infectious neurological disorders (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis), demyelination resulting from metabolic derangements (central pontine myelinosis), and inherited leucodystrophies that may present in children or in adults. Accepting differences in mechanism, presentation, and treatment, two observations can usefully be made when classifying demyelinating disorders. These are the presence or absence of inflammation, and the extent of focal vs. diffuse demyelination. Multiple sclerosis is prototypic for the former, whereas dysmyelinating disorders, such as leucodystrophies are representative of the latter....

The Role of Mast Cells in Stroke

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells8050437 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 437 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Edoardo Parrella ◽

Vanessa Porrini ◽

Marina Benarese ◽

Marina Pizzi

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Immune Response ◽

Nervous System ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Brain Edema ◽

Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Adult Brain ◽

Mast cells (MCs) are densely granulated perivascular resident cells of hematopoietic origin. Through the release of preformed mediators stored in their granules and newly synthesized molecules, they are able to initiate, modulate, and prolong the immune response upon activation. Their presence in the central nervous system (CNS) has been documented for more than a century. Over the years, MCs have been associated with various neuroinflammatory conditions of CNS, including stroke. They can exacerbate CNS damage in models of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke by amplifying the inflammatory responses and promoting brain–blood barrier disruption, brain edema, extravasation, and hemorrhage. Here, we review the role of these peculiar cells in the pathophysiology of stroke, in both immature and adult brain. Further, we discuss the role of MCs as potential targets for the treatment of stroke and the compounds potentially active as MCs modulators.