How Has the Current Curative Expenditure of Noncommunicable Diseases Changed? Evidence From China in 2017-2019

Abstract Background: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the distribution of diseases can provide a basis for policy formulation and intervention. This study analyses the current curative expenditure (CCE) of NCDs in China to provide health policy advice.Methods: Data were collected by multi-stage stratified random sampling from 2017-2019. The medical expenses of patients with NCDs were calculated based on “System of Health Accounts 2011”(SHA 2011), Analyze from funding sources, dimensions of institutional flow, and financing scheme. Linear regression analysis was conducted by controlling factors influencing hospitalization expenses. All analyses were performed by STATA 15.0.Results: 408 institutions and 8,104,233 valid items were included in the study. The CCE of NCDs was 14.205 billion China Yuan (CNY) in 2017, 15.914 billion CNY in 2018, and 18.055 billion CNY in 2019. More than 60% came from public financing. The proportion of family health financing continued to decline, reaching 31.16% in 2019. The expenditures were mainly in general hospitals, above 70%. Elderly patients account for the majority. Diseases of the circulatory system, Diseases of the digestive system, and Neoplasms were the main NCDs. Year, age, gender, length of stay, surgery, insurance, and institution level were the factors affecting hospitalization expenses.Conclusions: NCDs are the main CCE of diseases in China, and their resources are not allocated reasonably. To reduce the CCE of NCDs, the government needs to optimize resource allocation and rationalize institutional flows and functions.

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Inequality in Financing and Distribution of Noncommunicable Diseases in China: Evidence From 2017-2019

10.21203/rs.3.rs-774879/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Quan Fang ◽

Guoliang Ma ◽

Shunli Zhang ◽

Qin Zhang ◽

Xinzhou Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Burden ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Family Health ◽

Health Financing ◽

Policy Formulation ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Circulatory System Diseases ◽

The Government

Abstract Background: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the financing and distribution of diseases can provide a basis for policy formulation and intervention. This study analyses the expenditure of NCDs in China to provide health policy advice.Methods: Data were collected by multi-stage stratified random sampling from 2017-2019. The medical expenses of patients with NCDs were calculated based on “System of Health Accounts 2011”(SHA 2011), Analyze from funding sources, dimensions of institutional flow, and financing scheme. Linear regression analysis was conducted by controlling factors influencing hospitalization expenses. All analyses were performed by STATA 15.0.Results: 408 institutions and 8,104,233 valid items were included in the study. The current curative expenditure (CCE) of NCDs was 14.205 billion China Yuan (CNY) in 2017, 15.914 billion CNY in 2018, and 18.055 billion CNY in 2019. More than 60% came from public financing. The proportion of family health financing continued to decline, reaching 31.16% in 2019. The expenditures were mainly in general hospitals, above 70%. Elderly patients account for the majority. Diseases of the circulatory system, Diseases of the digestive system, and Neoplasms were the main NCDs. Year, age, gender, length of stay, surgery, insurance, and institution level were the factors affecting hospitalization expenses.Conclusions: NCDs are the main economic burden of diseases in China, and their financing and distribution are inequality. To reduce the economic burden of NCDs, the government needs to optimize resource allocation and rationalize institutional flows and functions.

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Analysis of the Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases in Dalian City of China, Based on the “System of Health Accounts 2011”

10.21203/rs.3.rs-223078/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Quan Fang ◽

Shunli Zhang ◽

Shuang Zang ◽

Huan Zhan ◽

Boxi Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Burden ◽

Family Health ◽

Health Financing ◽

Policy Formulation ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Health Accounts ◽

The Government ◽

System Of Health Accounts

Abstract Objectives: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the distribution of diseases can provide a basis for policy formulation and intervention. This study analyses the status of the NCDs spending based on “System of Health Accounts 2011” (SHA 2011), to provide health policy advice to China, and give guidance for other areas in the world.Methods: Data were collected by multi-stage stratified random sampling in 2018. The medical expenses of patients with NCDs were calculated based on SHA 2011, Analyze from funding sources, dimensions of institutional flow, and financing scheme. The factors influencing the cost of hospitalization were analyzed by linear regression. All analyses were conducted by software SPSS 25.0 and STATA 15.0.Results: A total of 392 institutions and 2,478,359 valid items were included for study. The current curative expenditure (CCE) of NCDs was 15.914 billion CNY. 61.78% of NCDs financing came from public financing scheme. The proportion of family health financing (32.56%) was higher. The expenditures were mainly in general hospitals (74.95%). Elderly patients account for the majority (76.35%). Drug expenses, length of stay, and institution level were the major factors affecting hospitalization expenses.Conclusions: NCDs are the main economic burden of diseases in Dalian, and its resources are not allocated reasonably. To reduce the economic burden of NCDs, the government needs to optimize resource allocation, and rationalize institutional flows and functions.

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Effect of Beneficiary Participation on the Implementation of Sand Dam Drift Projects in Kaiti Sub-County

Journal of Entrepreneurship and Project Management ◽

10.47941/jepm.13 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Benson Muteti Masila ◽

Dr. Mike Iravo

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Target Population ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Policy Formulation ◽

Primary Data ◽

Analysis Model ◽

Descriptive Research ◽

Community Project ◽

The Government

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of beneficiary participation on the implementation of sand dam drift projects in Kaiti Sub-County.Methodology: The study used descriptive research design. The target population for the study was all 19, 656 households in Kaiti Sub-County. The sample size was 150 household. The study used simple random sampling to select the household. The households’ heads were the respondents. The study used primary data gathered by use of a structured and semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as, mean and frequencies and inferential statistics, regression and correlation analysis, were used to perform data analysis. A multiple linear regression analysis model was used to test the hypotheses and link the variables. Results: The findings indicated that there was a positive and a significant relationship between Beneficiaries’ participation in identification of project activities, Beneficiary Commitment, Beneficiary knowledge and Capacity building and the implementation of sand dam drift projects.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The findings of this study are useful to the government in policy formulation on community project involvement.

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ANALISIS DETERMINAN TINGKAT PENGELUARAN KONSUMSI PANGAN DI JAWA TIMUR

JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics) ◽

10.19184/jsep.v13i1.17091 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 92

Author(s):

Ahmad Zainuddin ◽

Ratih Apri Utami ◽

Nurul Dwi Novikarumsari

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Household Consumption ◽

Consumption Expenditure ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Food Expenditure ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Government

East Java is a province that has a high population, household consumption expenditure is an important thing to consider. The implication is that there will be an increase in production and investment in East Java. Therefore, household consumption expenditure is one of the determinants of community welfare. This study aims to analyze the structure of household consumption expenditure and the factors that influence food expenditure in East Java. The data used were secondary data from East Java in Figures 2019. This study was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The analysis showed that there has been an increase in the welfare of the people of East Java. This is indicated by an increase in the amount of non-food expenditure is higher than food expenditure. Factors affecting household food expenditure in East Java are GRDP per capita, inflation rate, rice prices, and non-food expenditure. Based on these results it is suggested that the government needs to maintain the stability of prices of goods and services to avoid inflation because inflation will reduce public consumption and have implications for the economy of East Java. Keywords: food expenditure, GDRP per capita, inflation

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Factors Affecting the Income of Rural Women: An Evidence from District Faisalabad, Pakistan

Journal of Economic Impact ◽

10.52223/jei0301211 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 80-85

Author(s):

Rubina Akhtar ◽

Muhammad Amjed Iqbal ◽

Allah Bakhsh

Keyword(s):

Rural Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Total Sample ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

The Government ◽

One Year ◽

The Impact

The fundamental point of the investigation was to assess the effect of various components on the pay of rural women in the region Faisalabad. For this, a stratified sampling procedure was utilized. At the first stage, the Faisalabad district was chosen purposively. In the second stage, five regions of each class were chosen through a simple random sampling technique. The total sample size was comprised of 150 respondents. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to gather the information from chosen respondents through the personal interview technique. Descriptive Statistics were used to explore the socio-economic characteristics of rural women. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the impact of different factors affecting the income of rural women. According to the estimated results, the age of the respondents has a positive and highly significant impact. This indicates that one year increase in the age of women would increase her income by 0.314 units. The estimated result of education described that for every one year in an increase in schooling year of women will increase the income by 0.191 unit. The variable of family sizes of the respondents has a significant and positive effect on the respondent’s income. Working hours of the respondents have a positive and significant effect on respondent’s income. The satisfaction of the respondents has a positive and significant effect on the respondent’s income. Female participation in the market increases with the growing levels of higher education. It is recommended that the government should provide education to the females especially in rural areas.

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Factors affecting the marketing of livestock in South Omo Zone: The case of Hammer woreda

Global Journal of Business Economics and Management Current Issues ◽

10.18844/gjbem.v11i2.5083 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 119-131

Author(s):

Getachew Alene Chekol

Keyword(s):

Poverty Alleviation ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Sales Volume ◽

African Countries ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Livestock Marketing ◽

South Omo ◽

The Government

Pastoralism is important to the society for poverty alleviation, food security and economic growth. It is the backbone of many African countries’ economy, particularly Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to investigate factors affecting the marketing of livestock in terms of sales volume in South Omo Zone: the case of Hammer woreda. From 35 potential pastoralist kebeles in the woreda, 3 kebeles were selected purposively. The multi-stage sampling technique and the proportional stratified sampling technique were used to select sample pastoralists from each stratum. A total of 388 pastoralists were selected by using the systematic sampling technique. The study identified that price, infrastructure, middlemen and promotional factors significantly affect livestock marketing. The findings of this study recommend that the government should formulate and implement appropriate market and pricing policies, disseminate market information in proper media and improve road networks to enhance the effectiveness of livestock marketing in the woreda. Keywords: Infrastructure, livestock, marketing, price, promotion.

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The Determinants of Public Education Expenditures: An Empirical Analysis of Changing Patterns and Growth of Public Expenditure on Education in Kenya

Journal of Public Administration and Governance ◽

10.5296/jpag.v7i4.11972 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

David Kamar Imana

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

General Education ◽

Public Expenditure ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Education Sector ◽

University Education ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Changing Patterns ◽

The Government

This paper examined several factors that affect growth of public expenditure on education sector using reputable theories of public policy analysis, economics, and public finance. These theories were used to test and examine these factors mainly for the purposes of providing public policy recommendations. Standard multiple linear regression analysis method was used to analyze factors affecting growth of public expenditure on education using the four formulated models and equations representing; general education sector, primary, secondary and university education. The results in general showed that majority of the factors tested were positively significant and caused an increase of public expenditure on education. The paper found noticeably increase in public expenditure on education sector in Kenya since 1980 from the results, but still the actual amount of money spend on education sector is less than what is required. Therefore, the government should not only increase financial allocation but should also find reliable sources of funding education sector. In addition, the government should carry out reviews in all schools syllabuses in order to meet current changing jobs demands and maintaining quality education.

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MOBILE H EALTH TECHNOLOGY: ORGANIZATIONAL, MEDICAL AND PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR CSD PREVENTION IN PRE-PRIMARY CARE

The Russian Archives of Internal Medicine ◽

10.20514/2226-6704-2019-9-5-382-390 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 382-390

Author(s):

N. P. Kirilenko ◽

V. L. Krasnenkov ◽

A. V. Solov’eva ◽

O. M. Korolyova ◽

T. Y. Bucanova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Rural Health ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

Noncommunicable Diseases ◽

Shopping Centers ◽

Health Technologies ◽

Circulatory System Diseases

Objective: to evaluate the innovative organizational, medical and pharmacoepidemiological approaches for the prevention of circulatory system diseases in pre-primary care using mobile health technologies.Materials and methods: 3,694 people went through preventive consultation (questionnaires, anthropometry, body fat and blood pressure evaluation, electrocardiography, glucose and blood cholesterol) at equipped medical sites in shopping centers and rural health posts.Results. Among the surveyed, there were both healthy people and patients cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Behavioral (insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables, adding more salt without trying food, physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol abuse) and nutritional (obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and glycaemia) risk factors of chronic noncommunicable diseases were detected that contribute to high mortality from circulatory system diseases in the Tver region. This is associated with low adherence to drug therapy and its lack of efficacy in patients with hypertension, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases.Conclusion: to assess the effectiveness of CSD prevention in pre-primary care, it is possible to use mobile medical sites in shopping centers and rural health posts.

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Factors Affecting Farmer’s Exchange Rate of Sugar Cane Farmer Plasma in PTPN XI

Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.22146/ae.36525 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 323 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Zul Mazwan ◽

Masyhuri Masyhuri

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Affecting Factors ◽

Land Area ◽

Government Programs ◽

Dry Land ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

The Exchange Rate ◽

The Government

This study aimed to determine the exchange rate and its affecting factors of plasma cane farmers in PTPN XI. This research involved 95 farming land cane farmers and 95 moor land cane farmers. The concept on this research are the concept of subsistence and multiple linear regression analysis method. The result showed, the exchange rate of plasma cane farmers of PTPN XI is 90.87% while that of moor land plasma cane farmers is 90.01%. This means that the average welfare status of cane farmers can be said to be not prosperous. Factors increasing the plasma cane farmers’ exchange rate on farming land are cane farm productivity, land area and rendement of cane, while on dry land are land area and the yield of sugarcane. On the other hand, factors descreasing the plasma cane farmers’ exchange rate on farming land are farmer’s experience, price of seed, price of inorganic fertilizer and price of labor, while on dry land are number of family members and cost of labor. The government needs to raise the Highest Retail Price of sugar. Government programs to support the production facility incentive in sugarcane farming activities are required, intended to decrease the production cost of sugarcane and provide motivation to improve the FER of plasma sugarcane. Agricultural intensification efforts are conducted by adding the inputs that are able to increase the FER.

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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI SUB SEKTOR KEHUTANAN KABUPATEN/KOTA DI KALIMANTAN BARAT

JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI ◽

10.26418/jhl.v8i4.44326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 782

Author(s):

Rezki Difan Arshaf ◽

Emi Roslinda ◽

Lolyta Sisillia

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Private Investment ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

West Kalimantan ◽

Development Indicators ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Forestry Sector ◽

The Government

The economic development indicators of a region observed in economic growth. This growth was seen in the value of production of goods and services of forestry products known as Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). Forest management economically not separated from the government and private investment, forest areas, and labor. This research aims to analyze the factors affecting the economic growth of the forestry sector, regencies/cities, in West Kalimantan, in the years 2011 to 2016. The method used is multiple linear regression analysis, by data panel, in the years 2011 to 2016. Estimated results from 11 regencies/cities, the forestry labor has a positive and significant effect, the investment has a negative and significant effect, and the production forest areas has a positive and significant effect to GRDP growth of forestry sector.Keyword: Economic Growth, GRDP, Investment, Labor, Production Forest Areas.

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