Productivity and Profitability of Mechanized Deep Nitrogen Fertilization in Mechanical Pot-Seedling Transplanting Rice in South China

Abstract Background: The deep nitrogen (N) fertilization coupled with mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice (DNF-MPT) is an effective alternative to traditional transplanted rice with broadcasting fertilizer, however, little is known about its effects on grain yield, nutrient accumulation, and economic profitability. In present study, a two-year field experiment was conducted in early seasons (March-July) of 2019 and 2020. All seedlings were transplanted by DNF-MPT, whereas four treatments were designed as: MD: mechanized deep placement of all fertilizers as base fertilizer; MDB: mechanized deep placement of 70% fertilizers as basal fertilizer, 30% broadcasting fertilizers at panicle initiation stage; MB: manual broadcasting of 40%, 30% and 30% fertilizers at the transplanting, tillering and panicle initiation stages, respectively; and CK: no fertilizer was applied during entire growth stages. Results: The results indicated that MD treatment substantially improved the grain yield by 33.48-36.35%, total nitrogen accumulation (TNA) by 26.38-44.15%, total phosphorus accumulation (TPA) by 28.72-30.23%, and total potassium accumulation (TKA) by 25.61-37.33%, respectively, compared with MB treatment. Deep placement of N fertilization treatments i.e., MD and MDB remarkably promoted root morphological indexes and total root dry weight. Furthermore, nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) activities and total chlorophyll content (total Chl) of leaves were also enhanced under deep placement of N fertilizer. Overall, the MD treatment had the highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) owing to high gross returns and low input costs. Conclusions: Deep placement of N fertilizer coupled with mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice could be better alternative to conventional rice production system with more economic benefits.

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Roles of Nitrogen Deep Placement on Grain Yield, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Mechanical Pot-Seedling Transplanting Rice

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10091252 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1252

Author(s):

Lin Li ◽

Zheng Zhang ◽

Hua Tian ◽

Zhaowen Mo ◽

Umair Ashraf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme ◽

Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

Nitrogen Use ◽

Deep Placement ◽

Use Efficiency

Mechanical pot-seedling transplanting (PST) is an efficient transplanting method and deep nitrogen fertilization has the advantage of increasing nitrogen use efficiency. However, little information is available about the effect of PST when coupled with mechanized deep nitrogen (N) fertilization on grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and antioxidant enzyme activities in rice. A two-year field experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of PST coupled with deep N fertilization in both early seasons (March–July) of 2018 and 2019. All seedlings were transplanted by PST and three treatments were designed as follows. There was a mechanized deep placement of all fertilizer (MAF), broadcasting fertilizer (BF), no fertilizer (N0). MAF significantly increased grain yield by 52.7%. Total nitrogen accumulation (TNA) was enhanced by 27.7%, nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) was enhanced by 51.4%. nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) by 123.7%, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) was enhanced by 104.3%, compared with BF treatment. Moreover, MAF significantly improved peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and notably reduced the malonic dialdehyde (MDA) content for both rice cultivars, compared to BF. Hence, the result shows that mechanical pot-seedling transplanting coupled with nitrogen deep placement is an efficient method with the increase of grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice cultivation in South China.

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Deep Placement of Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Grain Yield, Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency, and Root Characteristics in Direct-seeded Rice

10.21203/rs.2.13307/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yunyan Chen ◽

Pingshan Fan ◽

Hua Tian ◽

Umair Ashraf ◽

Zhaowen Mo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glutamine Synthetase ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Management Practices ◽

N Fertilization ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

N Recovery ◽

Recovery Efficiency ◽

Root Characteristics ◽

Deep Placement ◽

Direct Seeded

Abstract Background Deep placement of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has become one of the effective management practices for increasing crop yield and improving N recovery efficiency (NRE). However, the effects of N fertilization depth on direct-seeded rice are not well understood. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of N fertilization depth at four fertilization depths (0, 4, 8, and 12 cm, D0, D4, D8 and D12, respectively) with a conventional ammonium bicarbonate fertilizer (TN=17.7%) (150 kg N ha-1) and a control (no N fertilizer applied, CK) on grain yield, NRE and root characteristics of direct-seeded rice. Results The results indicated that both D8 and D12 increased grain yields by 72.91 and 81.84%, respectively, compared with CK. The main reason was ascribed to the increases of productive panicle and spikelet number. The highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) and NRE were found under D12 treatment, which were increased by 165.42 and 129.45% compared to D0, respectively. We also found that deep placement of N fertilizer (both D8 and D12) could also promote rice root growth such as larger root length, root superficial area, and heavier root diameter, increase nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GOGAT), and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities at the heading stage. Conclusions The results show that 8 cm is relatively proper fertilizer placement depth when ammonia bicarbonate fertilizer is used in direct-seeded rice production because of requiring less mechanical power input.

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Impact of Different Water Management Regimes on the Growth, Productivity, and Resource Use Efficiency of Dry Direct Seeded Rice in Central Punjab-Pakistan

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11061151 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1151

Author(s):

Sadam Hussain ◽

Saddam Hussain ◽

Zubair Aslam ◽

Muhammad Rafiq ◽

Adeel Abbas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Hybrid Rice ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Benefit Cost Ratio ◽

Direct Seeded ◽

Total Dry Weight ◽

Benefit Cost

Dry direct-seeded rice has been shown to save irrigation water and labor. Nonetheless, irrigation management in dry direct-seeded rice has received very little attention. Here, we examined the potential of different irrigation regimes: aerobic rice (AR), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and continuous flooding (CF) in dry direct-seeded rice cultivation on two rice cultivars (Pride-1 (hybrid indica) and NB-1 (inbred indica)). Growth, yield attributes, grain yield, total water input, water productivity and benefit cost ratio were measured. Our results showed that AR saved 11.22 and 28.40%, and 5.72 and 32.98% water compared with AWD and CF during 2018 and 2020, respectively. There was a significant difference in grain yield among treatments and cultivars. AWD and CF produced statistically same total dry weight and grain yield, while AR reduced the total dry weight by 31.34% and 38.04% and grain yield by 34.82% and 38.16% in comparison to AWD and CF, respectively, across the years. Except for 1000-grain weight and harvest index in AWD and CF, further differences in total dry weight and grain yield among irrigation treatments were primarily correlated with variations in yield attributes. Among the cultivars, hybrid rice performed better than inbred rice. Over the two-year period, hybrid rice increased total dry weight, grain yield, and water productivity by 9.28%, 13.05%, and 14.28%, respectively, as compared to inbred rice. Regarding water productivity (WP), the maximum percentage (40.90 and 26.53%) was recorded for AWD compared to AR and CF. Among cultivars, more water productivity (14.28%) was calculated for hybrid rice than inbred one. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, leaf area index and crop growth rate contributed to higher grain yield of hybrid rice under AWD and CF. In contrast to WP, the maximum benefit cost ratio was estimated to be higher for CF than that of AR and AWD. For the cultivars, the maximum value (2.26 in 2018 and 2.32 in 2020) was calculated for hybrid rice compared with the inbred one. In conclusion, these results suggests that AWD with maximum WP and CF with maximum BCR could be more efficient approaches than AR. Under CF, hybrid rice cultivars with higher yield and yield-related attributes, WP and BCR performed better.

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Nitrogen fertilizer programs following rice exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of paraquat

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2020.62 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 807-813

Author(s):

Benjamin H. Lawrence ◽

Jason A. Bond ◽

Bobby R. Golden ◽

Thomas W. Allen ◽

Daniel B. Reynolds ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rice Yield ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Dry Weight ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Lethal Concentration ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Fertilizer Management ◽

Starter Fertilizer ◽

Rough Rice ◽

Reduced Height

AbstractOff-target paraquat movement to rice has become a major problem in recent years for rice producers in the midsouthern United States. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is applied to rice in greater quantity and frequency than all other nutrients to optimize rice yield. Two separate field studies were conducted from 2015 to 2018 in Stoneville, MS, to assess whether starter N fertilizer can aid rice recovery from exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of paraquat and to evaluate rice response to different N fertilizer management strategies following exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of paraquat. In both studies, paraquat treatments consisted of paraquat at 0 and 84 g ai ha–1 applied to rice in the two- to three-leaf (EPOST) growth stage. In the starter fertilizer study, N fertilizer at 24 kg ha–1 as ammonium sulfate (AMS) was applied to rice at spiking- to one-leaf (VEPOST), two- to three-leaf (EPOST), or three- to four-leaf (MPOST) growth stages before and after paraquat treatment. In the N fertilizer timing study, N fertilizer at 168 kg N ha–1 was applied in a single four-leaf to one-tiller (LPOST) application or two-, three-, and two four-way split applications. Despite starter N fertilizer applications, paraquat injured rice ≥41%, reduced height 57%, reduced dry weight prior to flooding 77%, delayed maturity 10 d, reduced dry weight at maturity 33%, and reduced rough rice yield 35% in the starter fertilizer study. Similarly, in the N fertilizer timing study, paraquat injured rice ≥45%, reduced height 14%, delayed maturity 10 d, reduced dry weight at maturity 44%, and reduced rough rice yield 50% for all N fertilizer management strategies. Both studies indicate that severe complications in growth and development can occur from rice exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of paraquat. In both studies, manipulation of N fertilizer management did not facilitate rice recovery from early-season exposure to paraquat.

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The Economic Feasibility of Sweet Potatos Farming by Using Selected N Fertilization

Journal of Socioeconomics and Development ◽

10.31328/jsed.v1i2.603 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 100

Author(s):

Dian Adi Anggraeni Elisabeth ◽

Erliana Ginting ◽

Joko Restuono

Keyword(s):

Sweet Potato ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Selling Price ◽

Dry Land ◽

Benefit Cost Ratio ◽

Beta 2 ◽

Benefit Cost

Sweet potato is normally cultivated in wet land after rice or in dry land during rainy season. N fertilization is commonly applied to increase sweet potato yield. Therefore, the economic feasibility of using selected N fertilizer in sweet potato farming in dry land was studied. Three improved varieties, namely Jago (white-fleshed), Beta 2 (orange-fleshed), and Antin 2 (purple-fleshed) were grown at the Experimental Station of Muneng, East Java and treated with six N fertilization as follows: F1= 0 N fertilization as a check; F2= 50 kg/ha of Urea; F3= 100 kg/ha of Urea; F4= 100 kg/ha of ZA; F5= 200 kg/ha of ZA; and F6= 5,000 kg/ha of manure. The treatment is assumed to be economically viable if the value of Marginal Benefit Cost Ratio (MBCR) is greater than 1. The results showed that the combination of F2 with Beta 2, F3 with Antin 2, and F5 with Beta 2 were viable with the MBCR value of 17.13, 25.85, and 11.61, respectively. Although the data was limited, the study tentatively concludes that profitable N fertilization for sweet potato farming considerably depends on differences in yield, N fertilizer source and dose, as well as selling price of particular variety.JEL Classification: C93, D24, Q12

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Influence of tillage systems and nitrogen management on grain yield, grain protein and nitrogen-use efficiency in UK spring wheat

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859616000058 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 154 (8) ◽

pp. 1437-1452 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

K. RIAL-LOVERA ◽

W. P. DAVIES ◽

N. D. CANNON ◽

J. S. CONWAY

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

N Fertilization ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Grain Protein ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Nitrogen Use ◽

Use Efficiency

SUMMARYEffects of soil tillage systems and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management on spring wheat yield components, grain yield and N-use efficiency (NUE) were evaluated in contrasting weather of 2013 and 2014 on a clay soil at the Royal Agricultural University's Harnhill Manor Farm, Cirencester, UK. Three tillage systems – conventional plough tillage (CT), high intensity non-inversion tillage (HINiT) and low intensity non-inversion tillage (LINiT) for seedbed preparation – were compared at four rates of N fertilizer (0, 70, 140 and 210 kg N/ha). Responses to the effects of the management practices were strongly influenced by weather conditions and varied across seasons. Grain yields were similar between LINiT and CT in 2013, while CT produced higher yields in 2014. Nitrogen fertilization effects also varied across the years with no significant effects observed on grain yield in 2013, while in 2014 applications up to 140 kg N/ha increased yield. Grain protein ranged from 10·1 to 14·5% and increased with N rate in both years. Nitrogen-use efficiency ranged from 12·6 to 49·1 kg grain per kg N fertilizer and decreased as N fertilization rate increased in both years. There was no tillage effect on NUE in 2013, while in 2014 NUE under CT was similar to LINiT and higher than HINiT. The effect of tillage and N fertilization on soil moisture and soil mineral N (SMN) fluctuated across years. In 2013, LINiT showed significantly higher soil moisture than CT, while soil moisture did not differ between tillage systems in 2014. Conventional tillage had significantly higher SMN at harvest time in 2014, while no significant differences on SMN were observed between tillage systems in 2013. These results indicate that LINiT can be used to produce similar spring wheat yield to CT on this particular soil type, if a dry cropping season is expected. Crop response to N fertilization is limited when soil residual N is higher, while in conditions of lower residual SMN, a higher N supply is needed to increase yield and improve grain protein content.

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Genotypic variation for potassium accumulation and utilization efficiency in barley under rainfed potassium stress conditions

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.51.2003.3.4 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 267-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Y. S. Shivay ◽

J. H. Chen ◽

S. R. Ding

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Genotypic Variation ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Potassium Accumulation ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Plant Parts ◽

K Concentration

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of K nutrition and genotypic variation on the dry matter (DM) accumulation, and the K concentration, accumulation, uptake and utilization efficiency in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Successive increases in potassium nutrition had a significant effect on the dry matter and K accumulation either in the total or in various plant parts of barley at the tillering, stem elongation, heading and maturity growth stages. K nutrition also led to significantly higher grain yield with each unit K application than without K application. The yield increase due to K application was mainly due to the improvement in spike development from tillers. Dry matter and K accumulation in various plant parts varied significantly between genotypes at the main growth stages. Among the various plant parts, the stem contained the highest K concentration, had the highest K accumulation at maturity and changed considerably with the K level, while other plant parts remained relatively unchanged. Among the eleven genotypes, genotype 98-6 had the highest grain yield and the K use efficiency of this genotype was 10.4 kg grain per kg K applied. It could thus be used as a breeding line to breed barley varieties for higher productivity under rainfed conditions with low available soil potassium.

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Assessment of productivity, nutrient uptake and economic benefits of rice under different nitrogen management strategies

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.9596 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e9596

Author(s):

Guoying Yang ◽

Hongting Ji ◽

Hongjiang Liu ◽

Yuefang Zhang ◽

Liugen Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Inorganic Compound ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Compound Fertilizer ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Management

Background Integrating a chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer with an organic fertilizer and using slow-release mechanism are important N management strategies to increase the N utilization efficiency (NUE) and grain yield of rice. However, the performances of both N management strategies on the productivity, the nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency, and the economic benefits of rice have not yet been comprehensively evaluated. Methods A 2-year field experiment was conducted with seven N management strategies without fertilizer (control), 100% conventional N fertilizer (conventional compound fertilizer and urea) (N100), 75% conventional N fertilizer with 25% organic–inorganic compound fertilizer (N75+OICF25), 50% conventional N fertilizer with 50% organic–inorganic compound fertilizer (N50+OICF50), 100% organic–inorganic compound fertilizer (OICF100), slow-release compound fertilizer with urea (SRCF+U), compound fertilizer with sulfur-coated urea (CF+SCU). The responses of the productivity, the nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency, and the economic benefits of rice to the different N management strategies were evaluated. Results CF+SCU performed comparably or better than N100, judging by the grain yield (GY), the N, phosphate (P) and potassium (K) agronomic efficiency (NAE, PAE and KAE), and the apparent N, P and K recovery efficiency (ANRE, APRE and AKRE). SRCF+U significantly increased the GY by an average of 7.7%, the NAE and the ANRE by 23.8 and 26.7%, the PAE and the APRE by 90.6 and 109.3%, and the KAE and the AKRE by 74.2 and 57.7%. The higher GY and nutrient utilization efficiency when using SRCF+U were attributed to the higher total biomass and total nutrient absorption. N75+OICF25 and N50+OICF50 produced a comparable grain yield than N100, whereas a significant yield reduction was observed when using OICF100. Compared with N100, N75+OICF25 resulted in a comparable or higher fertilizer use efficiency (0.3 and 4.7% for NAE and ANRE, 0.3 and 3.2% for PAE and APRE, 0.3 and −2.8% for KAE and AKRE). However, the fertilizer use efficiency when using N50+OICF50 and OICF100 were lower than with N100. The highest net return (NR) (5,845.03 yuan ha−1) and benefit to cost (B:C) ratio (0.34) were obtained when using SRCF+U. The NR and the B:C ratio when using N75+OICF25 were slightly higher than when using N100. However, N50+OICF50 and OICF100 significantly decreased the NR and the B:C ratio compared with N100 by 14.5 and 12.1% and by 35.1 and 29.0%, respectively. Conclusions SRCF+U and CF+SCU enhanced the crop productivity, the nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency, and the economic benefits compared with N100. The comprehensive performance of SRCF+U was better than that of CF+SCU. N75+OICF25 produced almost similar productivity, nutrient uptake and use efficiency compared with N100. It demonstrated that N75+OICF25 stabilized the grain yield production of rice and reduced the input of chemical N fertilizer.

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Effect of Long-Term Nitrogen Addition on Wheat Yield, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Residual Soil Nitrate in a Semiarid Area of the Loess Plateau of China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12051735 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1735 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Aixia Xu ◽

Lingling Li ◽

Junhong Xie ◽

Xingzheng Wang ◽

Jeffrey A. Coulter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Loess Plateau ◽

Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

N Fertilization ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Residual Soil ◽

Nitrogen Use ◽

N Application ◽

Use Efficiency

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer plays an important role in wheat yield, but N application rates vary greatly, and there is a lack of data to quantify the residual effects of N fertilization on soil N availability. A 17-yr experiment was conducted in a semiarid area of the Loess Plateau of China to assess the effects of N fertilization on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield, N uptake, N utilization efficiency, and residual soil nitrate. Treatments included a non-N-fertilized control and annual application of 52.5, 105.0, 157.5, and 210.0 kg N ha−1 in the first two years (2003 and 2004). In the third year (2005), the four main plots with N fertilizer application were split. In one subplot, N fertilization was continued as mentioned previously, while in the other subplot, N fertilization was stopped. The concentration of NO3-N in the 0–110 cm depth soil layers was significantly affected by N application, with higher N rates associated with greater soil NO3-N concentration. With the annual application of N over 17 years, residual soil NO3-N concentration in the 100–200 cm soil layer in the last study year was significantly greater than that in the non-N-fertilized control and was increased with rate of N application. There was a significant positive relationship of soil NO3-N in the 0–50 cm and 50–110 cm soil layers at wheat sowing with wheat grain N content and yield. Wheat grain yield in the third year (2005) was significantly, i.e., 22.57–59.53%, greater than the unfertilized treatment after the N application was stopped. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased in response to each increment of added N fertilizer, and was directly related to N harvest index and grain yield. Therefore, greater utilization of residual soil N through appropriate N fertilizer rates could enhance nitrogen use efficiency while reducing the cost of crop production and risk of N losses to the environment. For these concerns, optimum N fertilizer application rate for spring wheat in semiarid Loess Plateau is about 105 kg N ha−1, which is below the threshold value of 170 kg N ha−1 per year as defined by most EU countries.

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Crop response to organic fertilization with supplementary mineral nitrogen

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832014000300023 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 912-922 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nathalia Riveros Ciancio ◽

Carlos Alberto Ceretta ◽

Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi ◽

Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira ◽

Gustavo Trentin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Common Bean ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Animal Manure ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

Pig Slurry ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Application Rates

Animal manure is applied to the soil as a nutrient source, especially of nitrogen, to plants. However, manure application rates can be reduced with the use of N fertilizer in topdressing. The aim of this study was to evaluate crop responses to different application rates of animal manure sources, used alone and supplemented with mineral N topdressing, in a no-tillage system. The study was carried out from 2005 to 2008 on a Hapludalf soil. The treatments consisted of rates of 10, 20 and 30 m³ ha-1 of pig slurry (PS), and of 1 and 2 t ha-1 of turkey manure (TM), applied alone and supplemented with topdressed N fertilizer (TNF), as well as two controls, mineral fertilization (NPK) and one control without fertilizer application. Grain yield in common bean and maize, and dry matter yield and nutrient accumulation in common bean, maize and black oat crops were evaluated. Nitrogen application in topdressing in maize and common bean, especially when PS was used at rates of 20 and 30 m³ ha-1, and TM, at 2 t ha-1, proved effective in increasing the crop grain yields, showing the viability of the combined use of organic and industrialized mineral sources. Nitrogen accumulation in maize and common bean tissues was the indicator most strongly related to grain yield, in contrast with the apparent nutrient recovery, which was not related to the N, P and K quantities applied in the organic sources. No clear residual effect of N topdressing of maize and common bean was observed on the dry matter yield of black oat grown in succession to the main crops with PS and TM applications.

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