scholarly journals Forward Osmosis: An Approach to Reclaim Dairy Waste Stream Whey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibha Agrawal ◽  
Dilip Sarode ◽  
Saransh Mogha ◽  
Bharat Honmane
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Hollow Fibre ◽  
Waste Stream ◽  
Back Diffusion ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Membrane Technique ◽  
Treatment Technologies

Abstract Recognizing the issues with conventional water resources and stricter wastewater effluent disposal standards, the treatment and recovery from wastewater are gaining impetus. The dairy industry consumes a substantial amount of water and generates a massive quantity of wastewater annually. Whey, which is about 94% water, is a waste stream produced in the dairy industry during the manufacture of cheese, paneer, yogurt, etc. Although various wastewater treatment technologies are available in the market, membrane technologies are considered the most advanced and reliable ones, but they are expensive. In recent years, Forward Osmosis (FO) is looked upon as a potential alternative to these costly and energy intensive pressure driven membrane processes. FO works on the principle of natural osmotic pressure where energy is just required to lift the solutions. The present lab-scale study investigates the partial reclamation of water from whey using FO technology. The Continuous Single Pass (CSP) and Recirculation mode (RC) study is conducted using high osmotic pressure (π = 375 bar at 298K) saturated aqueous(aq.) NaCl as the draw solution. The aq. NaCl solution is a potential brine stream in the dairy industry and finds applications in the manufacture of paneer, butter, cheese and ice cream eliminating the need for draw regeneration. The back diffusion study of the Hollow Fibre Forward Osmosis (HFFO) membrane revealed about 0.82% back diffusion of solute. The maximum water recovery of ~ 56% is achieved in CSP mode while 57.6% is achieved for RC mode with Feed/Draw ratio of 4.5:1. For F/D of 10:1, the maximum permeate flux of ~ 8.7 kg m− 2 h− 1 is observed for the CSP mode of operation for 10 minutes of study. Thus, FO is an efficient membrane technique that eliminates the need for draw regeneration and can be applied in the dairy industry.

scholarly journals Using Reverse Osmosis Membrane at High Temperature for Water Recovery and Regeneration from Thermo-Responsive Ionic Liquid-Based Draw Solution for Efficient Forward Osmosis

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Eiji Kamio ◽  
Hiroki Kurisu ◽  
Tomoki Takahashi ◽  
Atsushi Matsuoka ◽  
Tomohisa Yoshioka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Draw Solution

Forward osmosis (FO) membrane process is expected to realize energy-saving seawater desalination. To this end, energy-saving water recovery from a draw solution (DS) and effective DS regeneration are essential. Recently, thermo-responsive DSs have been developed to realize energy-saving water recovery and DS regeneration. We previously reported that high-temperature reverse osmosis (RO) treatment was effective in recovering water from a thermo-responsive ionic liquid (IL)-based DS. In this study, to confirm the advantages of the high-temperature RO operation, thermo-sensitive IL-based DS was treated by an RO membrane at temperatures higher than the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the DS. Tetrabutylammonium 2,4,6-trimethylbenznenesulfonate ([N4444][TMBS]) with an LCST of 58 °C was used as the DS. The high-temperature RO treatment was conducted at 60 °C above the LCST using the [N4444][TMBS]-based DS-lean phase after phase separation. Because the [N4444][TMBS]-based DS has a significantly temperature-dependent osmotic pressure, the DS-lean phase can be concentrated to an osmotic pressure higher than that of seawater at room temperature (20 °C). In addition, water can be effectively recovered from the DS-lean phase until the DS concentration increased to 40 wt%, and the final DS concentration reached 70 wt%. From the results, the advantages of RO treatment of the thermo-responsive DS at temperatures higher than the LCST were confirmed.

scholarly journals Research on Forward Osmosis Membrane Technology Still Needs Improvement in Water Recovery and Wastewater Treatment

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Wenxin Shi ◽  
Shuili Yu
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Membrane Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Hotspots

Forward osmosis (FO) has become an evolving membrane separation technology to recover water due to its strong retention capacity, sustainable membrane fouling, etc. Although a good deal of research has been extensively investigated in the past decades, major challenges still remain as follows: (1) the novel FO membrane material properties, which significantly influence the fouling of the FO membranes, the intolerance reverse solute flux (RSF), the high concentration polarization (CP), and the low permeate flux; (2) novel draw solution preparation and utilization; (3) salinity build-up in the FO system; (4) the successful implementation of the FO process. This work critically reviews the last five years’ literature in development of the novel FO membrane material, structure in modification, and preparation, including comparison and analysis on the traditional and novel draw solutes coupled with their effects on FO performance; application in wastewater treatment, especially hybrid system and integrated FO system; fouling mechanism; and cleaning strategy as discussed in the literature. The current barriers of the research results in each hotspot and the areas that can be improved are also analyzed in detail. The research hotspots in the research and development of the novel membrane materials in various countries and regions have been compared in recent years, and the work of variation in pop research hotspots in the past 10 years has been analyzed and the ideas that fill the blank gaps also have been proposed.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Feasibility of Forward Osmosis in Diluting RO Concentrate Using Pretreatment Backwash Water

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Susanthi Liyanaarachchi ◽  
Veeriah Jegatheesan ◽  
Li Shu ◽  
Ho Kyong Shon ◽  
Shobha Muthukumaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Ferric Hydroxide ◽  
Cellulose Triacetate ◽  
Hollow Fibre ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Flat Sheet ◽  
Ro Concentrate

Forward osmosis (FO) is an excellent membrane process to dilute seawater (SW) reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate for either to increase the water recovery or for safe disposal. However, the low fluxes through FO membranes as well the biofouling/scaling of FO membranes are bottlenecks of this process requiring larger membrane area and membranes with anti-fouling properties. This study evaluates the performance of hollow fibre and flat sheet membranes with respect to flux and biofouling. Ferric hydroxide sludge was used as impaired water mimicking the backwash water of a filter that is generally employed as pretreatment in a SWRO plant and RO concentrate was used as draw solution for the studies. Synthetic salts are also used as draw solutions to compare the flux produced. The study found that cellulose triacetate (CTA) flat sheet FO membrane produced higher flux (3–6 L m−2 h−1) compared to that produced by polyamide (PA) hollow fibre FO membrane (less than 2.5 L m−2 h−1) under the same experimental conditions. Therefore, long-term studies conducted on the flat sheet FO membranes showed that fouling due to ferric hydroxide sludge did not allow the water flux to increase more than 3.15 L m−2 h−1.

Anaerobic treatment of soil wash fluids from a wood preserving site

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Miller ◽  
M. T. Suidan ◽  
G. A. Sorial ◽  
A. P. Khodadoust ◽  
C. M. Acheson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Washing ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Waste Stream ◽  
Adsorptive Capacity ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Washing Process ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Solvent Washing

An integrated system has been developed to remediate soils contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This system involves the coupling of two treatment technologies, soil solvent washing and anaerobic biotreatment of the extract. Specifically, this study evaluated the effectiveness of the granular activated carbon (GAC) fluidized-bed reactor to treat a synthetic waste stream of PCP and four PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthene, pyrene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene) under anaerobic conditions. This waste stream was intended to simulate the wash fluids from a soil washing process treating soils from a wood preserving site. The reactor achieved a removal efficiency of greater than 99.8% for PCP with conversion to its dechlorination intermediates ranging from 47% to 77%. Effluent, carbon extraction, and isotherm data also indicate that naphthalene and acenaphthene were removed from the liquid phase with efficiencies of 86% and 93%, respectively. Effluent levels of pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were extremely low due to the adsorptive capacity of GAC for these compounds. Experimental evidence does not suggest that these compounds were chemically transformed within the reactor.

scholarly journals Membrane condenser as emerging technology for water recovery and gas pre-treatment: current status and perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Brunetti ◽  
Francesca Macedonio ◽  
Giuseppe Barbieri ◽  
Enrico Drioli
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
And Control

Abstract The recent roadmap of SPIRE initiative includes the development of “new separation, extraction and pre-treatment technologies” as one of the “key actions” for boosting sustainability, enhancing the availability and quality of existing resources. Membrane condenser is an innovative technology that was recently investigated for the recovery of water vapor for waste gaseous streams, such as flue gas, biogas, cooling tower plumes, etc. Recently, it has been also proposed as pre-treatment unit for the reduction and control of contaminants in waste gaseous streams (SOx and NOx, VOCs, H2S, NH3, siloxanes, halides, particulates, organic pollutants). This perspective article reports recent progresses in the applications of the membrane condenser in the treatment of various gaseous streams for water recovery and contaminant control. After an overview of the operating principle, the membranes used, and the main results achieved, the work also proposes the role of this technology as pre-treatment stage to other separation technologies. The potentialities of the technology are also discussed aspiring to pave the way towards the development of an innovative technology where membrane condenser can cover a key role in redesigning the whole upgrading process.

scholarly journals Evaluating Fertilizer-Drawn Forward Osmosis Performance in Treating Anaerobic Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
Ruwaida Abdul Wahid ◽  
Wei Lun Ang ◽  
Abdul Wahab Mohammad ◽  
Daniel James Johnson ◽  
Nidal Hilal
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Flux Decline ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) is a potential alternative to recover and reuse water and nutrients from agricultural wastewater, such as palm oil mill effluent that consists of 95% water and is rich in nutrients. This study investigated the potential of commercial fertilizers as draw solution (DS) in FDFO to treat anaerobic palm oil mill effluent (An-POME). The process parameters affecting FO were studied and optimized, which were then applied to fertilizer selection based on FO performance and fouling propensity. Six commonly used fertilizers were screened and assessed in terms of pure water flux (Jw) and reverse salt flux (JS). Ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), and potassium chloride (KCl) were further evaluated with An-POME. MAP showed the best performance against An-POME, with a high average water flux, low flux decline, the highest performance ratio (PR), and highest water recovery of 5.9% for a 4-h operation. In a 24-h fouling run, the average flux decline and water recovered were 84% and 15%, respectively. Both hydraulic flushing and osmotic backwashing cleaning were able to effectively restore the water flux. The results demonstrated that FDFO using commercial fertilizers has the potential for the treatment of An-POME for water recovery. Nevertheless, further investigation is needed to address challenges such as JS and the dilution factor of DS for direct use of fertigation.

Enhancing Water Permeability with Super-hydrophilic Metal-Organic Frameworks and Hydrophobic Straight Pores

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Habibollahzadeh ◽  
Juran Noh ◽  
Liang Feng ◽  
Hong-Cai Zhou ◽  
Ahmed Abdel-Wahab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Metal Organic Frameworks ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
High Water ◽  
Metal Organic

High water flux and salt selectivity have been the most demanding goals for osmosis-based membranes. Osmotic pressure differences across membranes are particularly important in emerging forward osmosis and pressure retarded...

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE-SODIUM ALGINATE FORWARD OSMOSIS MEMBRANE FOR WATER RECOVERY

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (3-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngan T. B. Dang ◽  
Liza B. Patacsil ◽  
Aileen H. Orbecido ◽  
Ramon Christian P. Eusebio ◽  
Arnel B. Beltran
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Composite Membranes ◽  
Membrane Thickness ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Salt Rejection

Water resources are very important to sustain life. However, these resources have been subjected to stress due to population growth, economic and industrial growth, pollution and climate change. With these, the recovery of water from sources such as wastewater, dirty water, floodwater and seawater is a sustainable alternative. The potential of recovering water from these sources could be done by utilizing forward osmosis, a membrane process that exploits the natural osmotic pressure gradient between solutions which requires low energy operation. This study evaluated the potential of forward osmosis (FO) composite membranes fabricated from bacterial cellulose (BC) and modified with sodium alginate. The membranes were evaluated for water flux and salt rejection. The effect of alginate concentrations and impregnation temperatures were evaluated using 0.6 M sodium chloride solution as feed and 2 M glucose solution as the draw solution. The membranes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Contact Angle Meter (CAM). The use of sodium alginate in BC membrane showed a thicker membrane (38.3 μm to 67.6 μm), denser structure (shown in the SEM images), and more hydrophilic (contact angle ranges from 28.39° to 32.97°) compared to the pristine BC membrane (thickness = 12.8 μm and contact angle = 66.13°). Furthermore, the alginate modification lowered the water flux of the BC membrane from 9.283 L/m2-h (LMH) to value ranging from 2.314 to 4.797 LMH but the improvement in salt rejection was prominent (up to 98.57%).

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