scholarly journals Prussian lieges in the State of Teutonic Order in the Period of Great Uprising (1242–1283)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-151
Author(s):  
Denisov Sergey A. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Main Part ◽  
The State ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Historical Methods

Article is devoted to the contidition (obligations and functions) of Prussians, who defected to the Order and church in the period of Great uprising and received the land estates for their service. The data about this category contained in acts and chronicle of Peter of Dusburg has been researched with prosopographical, typological and comparative-historical methods that allowed to form the conclusion about the condition of 245 lieges. The main part of lieges formed by persons, who were obliged to participate in the campaigns of brothers and defend lands from invasion, to build and restore fortifications and additionally to pay natural- money and natural taxes (groups 1 and 2). This situation was caused by necessity of brothers in military resource for the suppression of the uprising and further expansion in the Baltic region. In turn, persons, who were relieved from military service, performed civil duties and/or pay taxes (group 3), formed less part of lieges. Attracting Prussians on the side of Order and church was carried out by giving them rights and obligations, fixed in Culm’s charter and specified in accordance with local legal features, and also by distribution of social guarantee in the case of devastation of their estates by rebels. In this situation nobles and free tribal members perceived service to the Order and church as opportunity to improve their own condition by receiving of guarantee for property and power over other tribesmen. Keywords: Prussians, lieges, Teutonic order, Great uprising, military service, tax

scholarly journals Pogezanian lieges in the State of Teutonic Order in 1261–1370

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.А. Денисов
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Group 1

Статья посвящена инкорпорированию жителей Погезании, одной из за- падных прусских земель, в орденскую систему ленного землевладения в 1261–1370 гг. Основную часть ленников (173 из 176 персон) составили лица, обязанные нести во- енную службу и платить налог (группа 1) или освобожденные от податей (группа 2). Рост их численности был связан с потребностями Ордена в военной силе и доходах от земельной собственности для борьбы с Великим Литовским княжеством за поли- тическое лидерство в Юго-Восточной Прибалтике. The article deals with the incorporation of inhabitants of Pogezania one of the western Prussian lands, into the Order’s system of fi ef land ownership in 1261–1370. The main part of lieges (173 from 176 persons) consisted of individuals, who were obliged to keep military service and to pay taxes (group 1) or free from any payment (group 2). The growth of their number was caused by needs of Order in military force and incomes from the land estates for the struggle with Grand Duchy of Lithuania for the leadership in South-East of Baltic region.

scholarly journals Smoking Pipes from the Excavations of the City of Nien

2021 ◽  
pp. 468-484
Author(s):  
П. Е. Сорокин ◽  
О. В. Андреева
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
General Picture ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The City ◽  
White Clay ◽  
Remote Part ◽  
Made In

Белоглиняные курительные трубки на территории г. Ниена и крепости Ниеншанц отражают общую картину распространения этих изделий в городах Балтийского региона. Их количественный и качественный состав менялся на протяжении XVII столетия, и в слоях второй его половины трубки становятся массовыми находками. Значительная часть трубок, особенно первой половины XVII в., не имеет клейм и может датироваться только по форме. По имеющимся признакам, основная их часть изготавливалась в Голландии. Узкие датировки клейм, наряду с монетными находками, позволяют уточнить датировку отдельных комплексов на изученной территории и динамику поступления трубок в эту удаленную часть Прибалтики. White clay smoking pipes found on the territory of the city of Nien and the fortress of Nienschanz reflect the general picture of the distribution of the objects in the cities of the Baltic region. The quantitative and qualitative composition of the pipes was changing throughout the 17 century and in the layers of the second half of the 17century, the pipes become mass finds. A significant part of the pipes, especially of the first half of the 17 century, does not have stamps and can only be dated according to the form. The available features testify to the fact that the main part of them was made in Holland. The narrow dating of the stamps, alongside with the finds of coins, allow us to clarify the dating of separate complexes of the studied area and the dynamics of the pipe arrival in this remote part of the Baltic States.

scholarly journals Unknown sources of Tikhomirov collection of the State Public Scientific-Technological Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Bibliosphere ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
A. A. Yudin
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
The State ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Siberian Branch ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article discusses the problem of the sources of M. N. Tikhomirov’s book collection kept at the State Public Scientific Technological Library of SB RAS in Novosibirsk. Based on a codicological approach in studying the manuscript collection it is possible to conclude that a part of the collection was purchased by M. N. Tikhomirov from M. S. Sevastyanov, a book salesman, who was well received by the Old Believer communities of the Baltic Region, Ukraine, Caucasus. On the basis of owner records, pookplates and stamps a part of the book collection is attributed to the archive of Uglich merchants Serebrennikovs, which is already known source of replenishing Tikhomirov’s collection in scientific literature.

scholarly journals Baltic studies in Romania: sources, beginnings and perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-70
Author(s):  
Silviu-Marian Miloiu
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Area

This article analyses the beginnings, development and prospect of Baltic studies in Romania. The article stands on three pillars. It starts with an investigation on the main sources of Romanian knowledge of the Baltic region and sorts out the way they have been represented in the Romanian mental images. Throughout the analysis, knowledge of each other is bonded to the concepts of memory and history based on the assumption that the largest part of our knowledge derives from remembering, this being applicable even in the high sphere of international relations. This theoretical framework is sampled to the case-study of Romania’s knowledge of Baltic area assessing the medieval, modern and 20th century legacy of the Romanian encounters with the Baltic States discovering that, although the distance between Suceava, the medieval capital of Moldova, and Vilnius is less than 1,000 km. (or 600 miles) and the Principality of Moldova of Stephen the Great neighbored the state of Jagiellonians, in most cases, the legacy of the relations between Romanians and Baltic nations played little role in feeding a sense of solidarity or complementarity between these nations. This pattern is now challenged by courses on Baltic and Nordic studies taught at Valahia University of Târgoviște and the activity of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies, which joins the efforts of scholars from various Romanian institutes and universities, especially from Iași, Cluj-Napoca, Bucharest, Constanța and Târgoviște. The analysis of these endeavors, the other two pillars of this article, brings forth educational, scholarly, editorial and dissemination efforts designed to change the perspective of the Romanian public in this respect.

Associations of Sphagnum rubellum Wils. on the bogs of the south-east part of Baltic region

2003 ◽  
pp. 50-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Smagin ◽  
M. G. Napreenko
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Karelian Isthmus ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
The South ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Kaliningrad Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Typical Habitat ◽  
New Syntaxa

The paper characterizes the 3 associations comprising plant communities with Sphagnum rubellum in the south-eastern part of the Baltic region. The new syntaxa differ from each other both in their floristic characters and the pronounced affinity to definite regional mire types and particular habitats. The ass. Drosero-Sphagnetum rubelli is typical of the relatively most thorough ranges. It is observed from the Kaliningrad region to the Karelian Isthmus and, according to the published reference, occurs even throughout the whole area around the Baltic Sea. Its most typical habitat is that of margins of mire lakes and pools. The ass. Eriophoro-Sphagnetum rubelli occurs in central plateaus of convex plateau-like bogs, typical of the areas adjacent to the Baltic Sea coast. It occupies extended flat mire ecotopes with the water level 0.2–0.25 m deep. The ass. Empetro-Sphagnetum rubelli is characteristic of the retrogressive complex in the convex bogs of the East-Baltic Province. It is mostly observed along the coast of the Gulf of Finland. Its stands are rather dynamic and unstable in both space and time. The presence of communities comprised by these 3 associations is an important vegetation character of the series of regional mire types. Assuming an association level of the respective syntaxa seems rational for the purposes of adequate reflection of plant cover diversity.

Rosyjskie piśmiennictwo naukowe z zakresu przekładoznawstwa. Rzecz o monografii bibliograficznej Ewy Konefał pt. Przekładoznawstwo rosyjskie. T. 1: Autoreferaty dysertacji 1937–2015 (Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 2016)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (XXII) ◽  
pp. 147-160
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wojan
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
The State ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Academic Literature

The article focuses on the state of academic literature in the field of Russian translation studies based on Ewa Konefał’s latest bibliographic monograph entitled Russian translation studies. Volume 1: Abstracts of dissertations 1937–2015 (Publishing house of Gdansk University, Gdansk 2016). The first part of the article justifies the need to create bibliographic monographs, and briefly presents Polish bibliographic research in Russian studies, with 169 publications from the years 1883–2016. In the main part of the article, the author discusses Konefał’s work and presents statistical data of documents from the field of Russian translation studies available in libraries in Russia and Post-Soviet countries based on Konefał’s research results. The total number of the excerpted titles of dissertations (PhD and postdoctoral) in the years 1937–2015 is 2202, with 87.5% belonging to the field of philology (1927 positions).

FEATURES OF DESIGNING BIKE PATHS IN ST.PETERSBURG BASED ON ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENCE OF THE BALTIC REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (26) ◽  
pp. 122-130
Author(s):  
A. A. Dobrovolskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Analytical Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Lane Width ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Specific Section

The article deals with statistics on the development of Bicycle roads in Russia and in the world, as well as design methods for a specific section of the connection of Bicycle routes in St. Petersburg. The article discusses the experience of using and entering bike paths based on the experience of Finland, as well as the types of bike paths and infrastructure features for metropolises. A model for creating a bike path by partially narrowing the roadway, graphical functions, and analytical information are provided. Practical examples of changing the infrastructure for bike paths are given. Keywords: bike path, traffic volume, design the roadway, lane width.

Variability of radiosonde-observed precipitable water in the Baltic region*

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 423-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jakobson ◽  
H. Ohvril ◽  
O. Okulov ◽  
N. Laulainen
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Geographical Latitude ◽  
Linear Formula ◽  
Annual Means ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Two Parameters

The total mass of columnar water vapour (precipitable water, W) is an important parameter of atmospheric thermodynamic and radiative models. In this work more than 60 000 radiosonde observations from 17 aerological stations in the Baltic region over 14 years, 1989–2002, were used to examine the variability of precipitable water. A table of monthly and annual means of W for the stations is given. Seasonal means of W are expressed as linear functions of the geographical latitude degree. A linear formula is also derived for parametrisation of precipitable water as a function of two parameters – geographical latitude and surface water vapour pressure.

scholarly journals Jan Sobieski’s latifundium and the soldiers (1652-1696)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
Magdalena Ujma
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Military Service ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The State ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Economic Market ◽  
The People ◽  
Actual Strength ◽  
The Military

Abstract An analysis of the relationship between Jan III Sobieski and the people he distinguished shows that there were many mutual benefits. Social promotion was more difficult if the candidate for the office did not come from a senatorial family34. It can be assumed that, especially in the case of Atanazy Walenty Miączyński, the economic activity in the Sobieski family was conducive to career development. However, the function of the plenipotentiary was not a necessary condition for this. Not all the people distinguished by Jan III Sobieski achieved the same. More important offices were entrusted primarily to Marek Matczyński. Stanisław Zygmunt Druszkiewicz’s career was definitely less brilliant. Druszkiewicz joined the group of senators thanks to Jan III, and Matczyński and Szczuka received ministerial offices only during the reign of Sobieski. Jan III certainly counted on the ability to manage a team of people acquired by his comrades-in-arms in the course of his military service. However, their other advantage was also important - good orientation in political matters and exerting an appropriate influence on the nobility. The economic basis of the magnate’s power is an issue that requires more extensive research. This issue was primarily of interest to historians dealing with latifundia in the 18th century. This was mainly due to the source material. Latifundial documentation was kept much more regularly in the 18th century than before and is well-organized. The economic activity of the magnate was related not only to the internal organization of landed estates. It cannot be separated from the military, because the goal of the magnate’s life was politics and, very often, also war. Despite its autonomy, the latifundium wasn’t isolated. Despite the existence of the decentralization process of the state, the magnate families remained in contact with the weakening center of the state and influenced changes in its social structure. The actual strength of the magnate family was determined not only by the area of land goods, but above all by their profitability, which depended on several factors: geographic location and natural conditions, the current situation on the economic market, and the management method adopted by the magnate. In the 17th century, crisis phenomena, visible in demography, agricultural and crafts production, money and trade, intensified. In these realities, attempts by Jan III Sobieski to reconstruct the lands destroyed by the war and to introduce military rigor in the management center did not bring the expected results. Sobieski, however, introduced “new people” to the group of senators, who implemented his policy at the sejmiks and the Parliament, participated in military expeditions and managed his property.

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