scholarly journals study of the McGurk effect in 4 and 5-year-old French Canadian children

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Sophie Dupont ◽  
Jérôme Aubin ◽  
Lucie Ménard
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Old French ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mcgurk Effect ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
French Canadian ◽  
Perceptual Test ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Developmental Point

It has been shown that visual cues play a crucial role in the perception of vowels and consonants. Conflicting consonantal stimuli presented in the visual and auditory modalities can even result in the emergence of a third perceptual unit (McGurk effect). From a developmental point of view, several studies report that newborns can associate the image of a face uttering a given vowel to the auditory signal corresponding to this vowel; visual cues are thus used by the newborns. Despite the large number of studies carried out with adult speakers and newborns, very little work has been conducted with preschool-aged children. This contribution is aimed at describing the use of auditory and visual cues by 4 and 5-year-old French Canadian speakers, compared to adult speakers, in the identification of voiced consonants. Audiovisual recordings of a French Canadian speaker uttering the sequences [aba], [ada], [aga], [ava], [ibi], [idi], [igi], [ivi] have been carried out. The acoustic and visual signals have been extracted and analysed so that conflicting and non-conflicting stimuli, between the two modalities, were obtained. The resulting stimuli were presented as a perceptual test to eight 4 and 5-year-old French Canadian speakers and ten adults in three conditions: visual-only, auditory-only, and audiovisual. Results show that, even though the visual cues have a significant effect on the identification of the stimuli for adults and children, children are less sensitive to visual cues in the audiovisual condition. Such results shed light on the role of multimodal perception in the emergence and the refinement of the phonological system in children.  

Sylvain Trudel et le réenchantement du monde

2013 ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
French Canadian

Since the middle of the 1980s French Canadian novelist Sylvain Trudel has constantly put his characters in contentious situations from which they try to escape by way of creating alternative worlds at the same time real and fantastical. This device takes the characters away from their trite everyday life and into a symbolic and mystical universe. The synthème seems to be fit into that symbolic frame. Through the child’s point of view – which seems then to become some sort of secret language – each object belonging to the realm of the profane becomes tinted with a sacred meaning. Synthème and symbol would then be considered as vehicles for the sacred, that which shows through Sylvain Trudel’s novels.

scholarly journals Adolesence and Family Crises

1968 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Langsley ◽  
Robert H. Fairbairn ◽  
Carol D. Deyoung
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Tension Reduction ◽  
Therapy Approach ◽  
Family Crisis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Adaptive Solution ◽  
Developmental Point ◽  
The Individual

Like the individual, the family may be better understood from a developmental point of view. It has different tasks and problems at various stages of its existence. The family with adolescent children faces a change in composition (loss of children and the responsibility of helping these children become adults). This threat may produce a family crisis and individual members may react to the specific conflicts in a manner which depends on their previous problems. The family member who becomes a ‘patient’ may be the teenager or a parent. A family crisis therapy approach permits tension reduction within the group, improves functioning on the part of the ‘patient’ and permits the family to work out a more adaptive solution.

EFFECT OF EARLY FEEDING OF SOLID FOODS ON NUTRITIVE INTAKE OF INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 879-885
Author(s):  
Helen A. Guthrie
Keyword(s):  
National Research Council ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Early Feeding ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Early Introduction ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Developmental Point ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Current Emphasis

The early introduction of solid foods to the diet of bottle-fed infants living in a college town causes some significant changes in the nutritive content of the diet but does not increase the adequacy of the diet before 3 months as evaluated by allowances recommended for infants by the National Research Council. Diets containing solid foods provide significantly more iron and thiamine, two of the nutrients used to enrich infant cereal products. Most of the infants were receiving nutritional supplements of vitamin A and D in spite of the fact that their diets were adequate in these nutrients. The need for a supplement of ascorbic acid was evident for some infants. The feeding of solid foods apparently had no effect on the sleeping pattern of the infants as evidenced by the number of feedings, nor did it increase the cost of the food itself. It did, however, increase the time and effort involved for the mother. Since there was no increase in the caloric content of the diet, the solid foods must have replaced milk rather then to have supplemented it, a fact confirmed by the observations of many mothers. At least 10% of the infants experienced some form of allergic reaction to solid foods. All of the infants in the study had been introduced to solid foods by 9 weeks, 2 to 4 weeks prior to the age at which the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that there is a rational basis from a nutritional and developmental point of view to begin supplementing the diet. Although there was no evidence of adverse reactions other then allergies to the pattern of early feeding observed in this group, there was no evidence to indicate that the infant benefitted from a nutritional standpoint. Lack of evidence of benefits and an accumulating body of information on hazards from the early introduction of solid foods suggest a re-examination of current emphasis on the early supplementation of the milk diet in infants.

scholarly journals Mechanics unlocks the morphogenetic puzzle of interlocking bivalved shells

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek E. Moulton ◽  
Alain Goriely ◽  
Régis Chirat
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Bivalve Mollusks ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Developmental Point ◽  
Rigid Shell

Brachiopods and mollusks are 2 shell-bearing phyla that diverged from a common shell-less ancestor more than 540 million years ago. Brachiopods and bivalve mollusks have also convergently evolved a bivalved shell that displays an apparently mundane, yet striking feature from a developmental point of view: When the shell is closed, the 2 valve edges meet each other in a commissure that forms a continuum with no gaps or overlaps despite the fact that each valve, secreted by 2 mantle lobes, may present antisymmetric ornamental patterns of varying regularity and size. Interlocking is maintained throughout the entirety of development, even when the shell edge exhibits significant irregularity due to injury or other environmental influences, which suggests a dynamic physical process of pattern formation that cannot be genetically specified. Here, we derive a mathematical framework, based on the physics of shell growth, to explain how this interlocking pattern is created and regulated by mechanical instabilities. By close consideration of the geometry and mechanics of 2 lobes of the mantle, constrained both by the rigid shell that they secrete and by each other, we uncover the mechanistic basis for the interlocking pattern. Our modeling framework recovers and explains a large diversity of shell forms and highlights how parametric variations in the growth process result in morphological variation. Beyond the basic interlocking mechanism, we also consider the intricate and striking multiscale-patterned edge in certain brachiopods. We show that this pattern can be explained as a secondary instability that matches morphological trends and data.

scholarly journals Use of head camera-cued recall and debrief to externalise expertise: a systematic review of literature from multiple fields of practice

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Vivienne Isabella Blackhall ◽  
Kenneth Grant Walker ◽  
Iya Whiteley ◽  
Philip Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
High Level

BackgroundThe study of decision making in complex naturalistic environments poses several challenges. In response to these, video-stimulated cued-recall-debrief was developed. It involves an individual wearing a head-mounted camera which records a task from their point of view. Afterwards, footage captured is reviewed along with a facilitated debrief to help externalise cognitive processes. In theory, motion, audio and visual cues generate a high level of experiential immersion which helps the expert to articulate previously hidden thoughts and actions.ObjectiveTo examine the current evidence for video-stimulated cued-recall-debrief as a means of explicating expert thoughts and feelings in complex tasks in a range of environments.Study selectionMEDLINE, EMBASE, Education Resources Information Center, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and Google Scholar were searched for articles containing the key terms ‘cued-recall (debrief)’, ‘decision making’, ‘skills’ and ‘video recording’. Studies were included if they examined the following outcomes: (1) feasibility, (2) extent of experiential immersion, (3) ability to generate unique insight into decision-making processes and (4) current applications. 1831 articles were identified initially, and 9 studies were included in the final review.FindingsVideo-stimulated cued-recall-debrief is associated with a high level of experiential immersion and generates between two and four times the number of recollections compared with free recall. It can be used to build models of cognitive activity and to characterise the way in which more and less skilled individuals tend to think and feel.ConclusionsThe technique could be used to explicate expertise within medicine: these insights into performance could be used as a training tool for other practitioners.Trial registration numberCRD42017057484.

scholarly journals Domestic dogs and puppies can use human voice direction referentially

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1785) ◽  
pp. 20133201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Rossano ◽  
Marie Nitzschner ◽  
Michael Tomasello
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Communicative Acts ◽  
Human Voice ◽  
The Right ◽  
Better Than

Domestic dogs are particularly skilled at using human visual signals to locate hidden food. This is, to our knowledge, the first series of studies that investigates the ability of dogs to use only auditory communicative acts to locate hidden food. In a first study, from behind a barrier, a human expressed excitement towards a baited box on either the right or left side, while sitting closer to the unbaited box. Dogs were successful in following the human's voice direction and locating the food. In the two following control studies, we excluded the possibility that dogs could locate the box containing food just by relying on smell, and we showed that they would interpret a human's voice direction in a referential manner only when they could locate a possible referent (i.e. one of the boxes) in the environment. Finally, in a fourth study, we tested 8–14-week-old puppies in the main experimental test and found that those with a reasonable amount of human experience performed overall even better than the adult dogs. These results suggest that domestic dogs’ skills in comprehending human communication are not based on visual cues alone, but are instead multi-modal and highly flexible. Moreover, the similarity between young and adult dogs’ performances has important implications for the domestication hypothesis.

Differential Involvement of Neurons in the Dorsal and Ventral Premotor Cortex During Processing of Visual Signals for Action Planning

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 3596-3616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Hoshi ◽  
Jun Tanji
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Ventral Premotor Cortex ◽  
Neuron Response

We examined neuronal activity in the dorsal and ventral premotor cortex (PMd and PMv, respectively) to explore the role of each motor area in processing visual signals for action planning. We recorded neuronal activity while monkeys performed a behavioral task during which two visual instruction cues were given successively with an intervening delay. One cue instructed the location of the target to be reached, and the other indicated which arm was to be used. We found that the properties of neuronal activity in the PMd and PMv differed in many respects. After the first cue was given, PMv neuron response mostly reflected the spatial position of the visual cue. In contrast, PMd neuron response also reflected what the visual cue instructed, such as which arm to be used or which target to be reached. After the second cue was given, PMv neurons initially responded to the cue's visuospatial features and later reflected what the two visual cues instructed, progressively increasing information about the target location. In contrast, the activity of the majority of PMd neurons responded to the second cue with activity reflecting a combination of information supplied by the first and second cues. Such activity, already reflecting a forthcoming action, appeared with short latencies (<400 ms) and persisted throughout the delay period. In addition, both the PMv and PMd showed bilateral representation on visuospatial information and motor-target or effector information. These results further elucidate the functional specialization of the PMd and PMv during the processing of visual information for action planning.

scholarly journals Successful ageing and development: the contribution of generativity in older age

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1087-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
FELICIANO VILLAR
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Personal Growth ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Successful Ageing ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
The Social ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Developmental Point

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the contributions that generativity in older age may make to the concept of successful ageing. To this end, two perspectives on successful ageing are described: successful ageing as a set of clinical criteria, and successful ageing as the application of adaptive processes aimed at achieving efficient functioning. After showing the limitations of the first perspective, particularly from a developmental point of view, the paper argues that the adaptive version of successful ageing helps to put ageing into a developmental frame, but needs to be complemented by identifying specific content and goals that guide these adaptive processes and establish new feasible gains for older people. Generativity in older age could play that role and provides a conceptual framework that enriches the concept of successful ageing, both by emphasising the social context in which people age and by highlighting a personal growth component.

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