Modeling of the additive biomass structure of Pinus L. stands in climatic gradients of Eurasia

Биомасса лесов является ключевой экосистемной составляющей и важным компонентом глобального углеродного цикла. Разработка моделей биомассы, чувствительных к изменению климата, ведется сегодня на уровнях как древостоев, так и модельных деревьев. Однако все текущие исследования подобного рода выполняются в пределах ограниченных экорегионов. Сформированная авторами база данных о биомассе насаждений подрода Pinus L., произрастающего в Евразии, в количестве 2460 пробных площадей использована в качестве основы для выявления трансконтинентальных закономерностей. Предпринята первая попытка разработать гармонизированную по структуре биомассы модель аддитивной по фракционному составу биомассы насаждений двухвойных сосен, изменяющейся по трансевразийским гидротермическим градиентам, а именно, по среднегодовым осадкам и средней январской температуре воздуха. Гармонизация обеспечена аддитивностью фракционного состава, когда суммарная биомасса стволов, ветвей, хвои и корней, полученная по «фракционным» уравнениям, равняется значению биомассы, полученной по общему уравнению. Показано, что в холодных климатических поясах увеличение осадков приводит к снижению биомассы большинства фракций, а в теплых – к ее увеличению. Соответственно во влагообеспеченных районах повышение температуры вызывает увеличение биомассы, а в засушливых – ее снижение. Геометрическая интерпретация полученной модели представлена «пропеллеро-образной» поверхностью, что согласуется с аналогичными закономерностями, ранее установленными в России на локальном и региональном уровнях. Предложенная модель аддитивной структуры биомассы сосновых древостоев дает возможность прогнозировать изменение структуры биомассы, связанное с одновременным повышением или понижением температуры января и годичных осадков. Forest biomass is a key ecosystem part and an important component of the global carbon cycle. Modelling of biomass, sensitive to climate change, is fulfiled up-to-date at levels as forest stands and sample trees. However, all current studies of this matter are carried out within limited ecoregions. The database on forest biomass of the subgenus Pinus L. in Eurasia in a number of 2460 sample plots compiled by the authors is the basis for revealing transcontinental regularities. The first attempt is made to develop a biomass structure model harmonized by means of additive component composition algorithm describing biomass change in trans-Eurasian hydrothermal gradients, namely, mean annual precipitation and mean January air temperature. Additivity of biomass component composition means that the total of biomass components (stems, branches, foliage, roots) derived from component equations is equal to the result obtained using the common biomass equation. It is stated that in cold climatic zones any increase in precipitation leads to corresponding decrease in the biomass values, but in warm zones – to its increase. In wet areas, the rise in temperature causes an increase of biomass values, but in arid areas – their reductions. Geometric view of this model represented by a «propeller-shaped» surface is consistent with the results, formerly revealed by the other authors in Russia on local and regional levels. The proposed transcontinental model of additive structure of forest biomass gives a possibility to predict the change of biomass structure in relation to simultaneous increase or decrease of January temperature and annual precipitation. The development of such models for basic forest-forming species grown in Eurasia enables to forecast any changes in the biological productivity of forest cover of Eurasia in relation to climate change.

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Forest stand biomass of Picea spp.: an additive model that may be related to climate and civilisational changes

Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series ◽

10.2478/bog-2019-0029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (45) ◽

pp. 133-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vladimir А. Usoltsev ◽

Agnieszka Piernik ◽

Anna A. Osmirko ◽

Ivan S. Tsepordey ◽

Viktor P. Chasovskikh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Forest Cover ◽

General Pattern ◽

Additive Model ◽

Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽

Component Composition ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Additive Component ◽

Biomass Components

AbstractSince ancient times, climate change has largely determined the fate of human civilisation, which was related mainly to changes in the structure and habitats of forest cover. In the context of current climate change, one must know the capabilities of forests to stabilise the climate by increasing biomass and carbon-depositing abilities. For this purpose, the authors compiled a database of harvest biomass (t/ha) in 900 spruce (Picea spp.) sample plots in the Eurasian area and used the methodology of multivariate regression analysis. The first attempt at modelling changes in the biomass additive component composition has been completed, according to the Trans-Eurasian hydrothermal gradients. It is found that the biomass of all components increases with the increase in the mean January temperature, regardless of mean annual precipitation. In warm zonal belts with increasing precipitation, the biomass of most of the components increases. In the process of transitioning from a warm zone to a cold one, the dependence of all biomass components upon precipitation is levelled, and at a mean January temperature of ˗30°C it becomes a weak negative trend. With an increase in temperature of 1°C in different ecoregions characterised by different values of temperature and precipitation, there is a general pattern of decrease in all biomass components. With an increase in precipitation of 100 mm in different ecoregions characterised by different values of temperature and precipitation, most of the components of biomass increase in warm zonal belts, and decrease in cold ones. The development of such models for the main forest-forming species of Eurasia will make it possible to predict changes in the productivity of the forest cover of Eurasia due to climate change.

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MODELING PRECIPITATION DEPENDENT FOREST RESILIENCE IN INDIA

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-263-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol XLII-3 ◽

pp. 263-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Das ◽

M. D. Behera ◽

P. S. Roy

Keyword(s):

Forest Cover ◽

Vegetation Type ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

High Tendency ◽

North East India ◽

North East ◽

Forest Resilience ◽

The Impact

The impact of long term climate change that imparts stress on forest could be perceived by studying the regime shift of forest ecosystem. With the change of significant precipitation, forest may go through density change around globe at different spatial and temporal scale. The 100 class high resolution (60 meter spatial resolution) Indian vegetation type map was used in this study recoded into four broad categories depending on phrenology as (i) forest, (ii) scrubland, (iii) grassland and (iv) treeless area. The percentage occupancy of forest, scrub, grass and treeless were observed as 19.9&thinsp;%, 5.05&thinsp;%, 1.89&thinsp;% and 7.79&thinsp;% respectively. Rest of the 65.37&thinsp;% land area was occupied by the cropland, built-up, water body and snow covers. The majority forest cover were appended into a 5&thinsp;km&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;5&thinsp;km grid, along with the mean annual precipitation taken from Bioclim data. The binary presence and absence of different vegetation categories in relates to the annual precipitation was analyzed to calculate their resilience expressed in probability values ranging from 0 to 1. Forest cover observed having resilience probability (Pr) &lt;&thinsp;0.3 in only 0.3&thinsp;% (200&thinsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of total forest cover in India, which was 4.3&thinsp;% &lt;&thinsp;0.5&thinsp;Pr. Majority of the scrubs and grass (64.92&thinsp;% Pr&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.5) from North East India which were the shifting cultivation lands showing low resilience, having their high tendency to be transform to forest. These results have spatial explicitness to highlight the resilient and non-resilient distribution of forest, scrub and grass, and treeless areas in India.

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Climatic Rather than Edaphic Variables Determine Leaf C, N, P Stoichiometry of Deciduous Quercus Species

10.21203/rs.3.rs-900936/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yutong Lin ◽

Yuan Lai ◽

Songbo Tang ◽

Zhangfen Qin ◽

Jianfeng Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Distribution Range ◽

Climatic Variables ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Elemental Stoichiometry ◽

Quercus Species ◽

Edaphic Variables ◽

Leaf P

Abstract Purpose Leaf elemental stoichiometry is indicative of plant nutrient limitation, community composition, ecosystem function. Understanding the variations of leaf carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry at genus-level across large geographic regions and identifying their driving factors are important to predict species’ distribution range shifts affected by climate change.MethodsHere, we determined the patterns of leaf concentrations ([ ]) and ratios ( / ) of C, N, P of five deciduous oaks species (Quercus) across China covering ~ 20 latitude (~21–41˚ N) and longitude (~99–119˚ E) degrees, and detected their relationships with climatic, edaphic variables. ResultsLeaf [C], [N] and N/P, C/P significantly increased, while leaf [P] and C/N decreased with the increasing latitude. Leaf stoichiometry except for leaf [C] had no significant trends along the longitude. Climatic variables, i.e. mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, the maximum temperature of the warmest month, temperature seasonality, aridity index, and the potential evapo-transpiration were the determinants of the geographic patterns of leaf C, N, P stoichiometry. The mean annual precipitation and the maximum temperature of the warmest month indirectly regulated leaf C/N, C/P and N/P via altering leaf [P]. Edaphic variables had non-significant effects on leaf C, N, and P stoichiometry at the broad geographic range.ConclusionsClimatic variables have more important effects than edaphic properties on leaf C, N, P stoichiometry of the studied deciduous Quercus species, which imply the ongoing climate change will alter nutrient strategies and potentially shift the distribution range of this eurytopic species.

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Feedback Modelling of Natural Stand and Plantation Biomass to Changes in Climatic Factors (Temperatures and Precipitation): A Special Case for Two-needles Pines in Eurasia

Journal of Climate Change ◽

10.3233/jcc200009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 15-32

Author(s):

Vladimir Andreevich Usoltsev ◽

Seyed Omid Reza Shobairi ◽

Ivan Stepanovich Tsepordey

Keyword(s):

Forest Cover ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Natural Forests ◽

Tree Biomass ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

The Matrix ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Special Case

A comparative discussion on advantages and disadvantages of natural stands and plantations, including their productivity and resistance, began from the moment of first forest plantings and continues to this day. In the context, progressive replacement of natural forests by plantations, the question of how that will change the carbon storage capacity of forest cover when replacing natural forests with planted ones in a changing climate becomes extremely relevant. This article presents the first attempt to answer this question at the transcontinental level on a special case for two-needles pine trees (subgenus Pinus L.). The research was carried out using the database compiled by the authors on the tree biomass allocation structure for major tree species of Eurasia, in particular, the 1880 and 1967 data of naturally regenerated and planted sample pine trees, respectively. Multi-factor regression models were calculated after combining the matrix of initial data on the structure of tree biomass with the mean temperature of January and mean annual precipitation; their adequacy indices allow us to consider them reproducible. It is found that the aboveground biomass of equal-sized and equal-aged natural and planted trees increases with the rise in the temperature in the month of January and annual precipitation. This pattern is only partially valid for the branches’ biomass. Iit has a specific character for the foliage one. The biomass of all components of planted trees is higher than that of natural trees, but the percentage excess varies among different components and depends on the level of January’s temperature, but does not depend at all on the level of annual precipitation. The uncertainties of estimations, as well as the nature of the obtained regularities, are discussed in the text.

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Assessing hydrological sensitivity of grassland basins in the Canadian Prairies to climate using a basin classification–based virtual modelling approach

10.5194/hess-2021-186 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christopher Spence ◽

Zhihua He ◽

Kevin R. Shook ◽

Balew A. Mekonnen ◽

John W. Pomeroy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Snow Water Equivalent ◽

Regional Scale ◽

High Elevation ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Modeling Framework ◽

Canadian Prairies ◽

Hydrological Sensitivity ◽

Virtual Modeling

Abstract. Significant challenges from changes in climate and land-use face sustainable water use in the Canadian Prairies ecozone. The region has experienced significant warming since the mid 20th Century, and continued warming of an additional 2 °C by 2050 is expected. This paper aims to enhance understanding of climate controls on Prairie basin hydrology through numerical model experiments. It approaches this by developing a basin classification–based virtual modeling framework for a portion of the Prairie region, and applying the modelling framework to investigate the hydrological sensitivity of one Prairie basin class (High Elevation Grasslands) to changes in climate. High Elevation Grasslands dominate much of central and southern Alberta and parts of southwestern Saskatchewan with outliers in eastern Saskatchewan and western Manitoba. The experiments revealed that High Elevation Grasslands snowpacks are highly sensitive to changes in climate, but that this varies geographically. Spring maximum snow water equivalent in grasslands decreases 8% per degree °C of warming. Climate scenario simulations indicated a 2 °C increase in temperature requires at least an increase of 20% in mean annual precipitation for there to be enough additional snowfall to compensate for enhanced melt losses. The sensitivity in runoff is less linear and varies substantially across the study domain; simulations using 6 °C of warming and a 30% increase in mean annual precipitation yields simulated decreases in annual runoff of 40% in climates of the western Prairie but 55% increases in climates of eastern portions. These results can be used to identify those areas of the region that are most sensitive to climate change, and highlight focus areas for monitoring and adaptation. The results also demonstrate how a basin classification–based virtual modeling framework can be applied to evaluate regional scale impacts of climate change with relatively high spatial resolution, in a robust, effective and efficient manner.

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The Woody Planet: From Past Triumph to Manmade Decline

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9111593 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1593

Author(s):

Laurence Fazan ◽

Yi-Gang Song ◽

Gregor Kozlowski

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Land Use ◽

Plant Species ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Vascular Plant ◽

Forest Biomass ◽

Woody Species ◽

Land Plants ◽

Woody Cover ◽

Plant Families

Woodiness evolved in land plants approximately 400 Mya, and very soon after this evolutionary invention, enormous terrestrial surfaces on Earth were covered by dense and luxurious forests. Forests store close to 80% of the biosphere’s biomass, and more than 60% of the global biomass is made of wood (trunks, branches and roots). Among the total number of ca. 374,000 plant species worldwide, approximately 45% (138,500) are woody species—e.g., trees, shrubs or lianas. Furthermore, among all 453 described vascular plant families, 191 are entirely woody (42%). However, recent estimations demonstrate that the woody domination of our planet was even greater before the development of human civilization: 1.4 trillion trees, comprising more than 45% of forest biomass, and 35% of forest cover disappeared during the last few thousands of years of human dominance on our planet. The decline in the woody cover of Planet Earth did not decelerate during the last few centuries or decades. Ongoing overexploitation, land use and climate change have pushed ten thousand woody species to the brink of extinction. Our review highlights the importance, origin and past triumph of woody species and summarizes the unprecedented recent decline in woody species on our planet.

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Stable isotope ecology of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo16057 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (5) ◽

pp. 353 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. R. G. DeSantis ◽

C. Hedberg

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Oxygen Isotope ◽

Tooth Enamel ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Model Organisms ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Drinking Behaviour ◽

Climate Variables

Australia has undergone significant climate change, both today and in the past. Koalas, due to their restricted diet of predominantly eucalyptus leaves and limited drinking behaviour may serve as model organisms for assessing past climate change via stable isotopes of tooth enamel. Here, we assess whether stable carbon and oxygen isotopes from tooth enamel record known climate variables, including proxies of relative aridity (e.g. mean annual precipitation, mean annual maximum temperature, and relative humidity). The results demonstrate significant negative relationships between oxygen isotope values and both relative humidity and mean annual precipitation, proxies for relative aridity. The best model for predicting enamel oxygen isotope values incorporates mean annual precipitation and modelled oxygen isotope values of local precipitation. These data and the absence of any relationship between modelled oxygen isotope precipitation values, independently, suggest that koalas do not track local precipitation values but instead record relative aridity. The lack of significant relationships between carbon isotopes and climate variables suggests that koalas may instead be tracking the density of forests and/or their location in the canopy. Collectively, these data suggest that koalas are model organisms for assessing relative aridity over time – much like kangaroos.

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Temporal-spatial evolution patterns of the annual precipitation considering the climate change conditions in the Sanjiang Plain

Journal of Water and Climate Change ◽

10.2166/wcc.2015.012 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 198-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qiang Fu ◽

Tianxiao Li ◽

Tienan Li ◽

Heng Li

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Central Area ◽

Periodic Variation ◽

Warming Trend ◽

Sanjiang Plain ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Trend Test ◽

Annual Fluctuation ◽

The Sanjiang Plain

The wavelet theory, Mann-Kendall trend test and ArcGIS spatial analysis theory were used to analyze annual precipitation and mean temperature data that were collected at seven national weather stations in the Sanjiang Plain from 1956 to 2013 to identify the temporal-spatial patterns of annual precipitation changes caused by climate change conditions. The results showed that the climate in the Sanjiang Plain experienced a significant warming trend over the past 50 years, with the temperature increasing by 1.35 °C since the 1960s. Additionally, the precipitation also exhibited certain trend characteristics, which revealed a larger difference in different areas. The annual precipitation exhibited 23-year and 12-year periodic variation characteristics, and the period with above-average annual precipitation levels is expected to continue after 2013. The spatial distributions of the mean annual precipitation for different years were different, whereas the spatial distribution of the multi-year mean precipitation was relatively uniform. The annual variation amplitude of the annual precipitation in the central area was larger than that in the south. The overall inter-annual fluctuation of the annual precipitation was relatively small with a mostly normal distribution. The results can provide guidance for scientific investigations and the reasonable use of rainfall resources in the Sanjiang Plain.

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The link between climate change and biodiversity of lacustrine inhabitants and terrestrial plant communities of the Uvs Nuur Basin (Mongolia) during the last three millennia

The Holocene ◽

10.1177/09596836211019093 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095968362110190

Author(s):

Natalia Rudaya ◽

Larisa Nazarova ◽

Larisa Frolova ◽

Olga Palagushkina ◽

Vasiliy Soenov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Species Turnover ◽

Ice Age ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Terrestrial Plants ◽

Anthropogenic Pressures ◽

Coprophilous Fungi ◽

July Temperature

The paper is focused on changes in biodiversity, the environment, and human activity in the Uvs Nuur Basin during the last three millennia based on biological and geochemical proxies from the lake Bayan Nuur. Regions with high biodiversity and relatively low anthropogenic pressures are typically the most vulnerable to both climate change and human activities. One such area is the Uvs Nuur Basin located on the north of the Great Lake Depression of Mongolia. The main objective of this study is to assess changes in the past biodiversity of the lake’s microflora and microfauna, and surrounding vegetation biodiversity in the Uvs Nuur Basin, and to determine the main drivers of diversity change. Based on the analysis of pollen and chironomids we conclude that the most humid and afforested phase was between 1400 and 1800 CE. We assume that the Little Ice Age in the Uvs Nuur Basin was humid with mean annual precipitation ca. 305 mm/year and mean July temperature about 13°C. Conversely, the warmest and most arid period was between 650 and 1350 CE with mean annual precipitation ca. 280 mm/year and mean July temperature of about 16°C, attributed to the Medieval Warm Period. The biodiversity of terrestrial plants, chironomids, and Cladocera positive react to changes in annual precipitation and July temperature, whereas diatoms do not correlate directly to the climatic factors. The diversity and the evenness of plants are strongly correlated with the change in the leading biomes. The calculated species turnover suggests no significant changes in plant and Cladocera taxa composition, but significant changes in diatom and chironomid communities. This may be explained by the instability of lake ecology due to the fluctuation of the salinity and acidity of the water. An additional aim was to assess if dung fungi in lacustrine sediments reflect changes in human population density around the lake. We found that neither historical sources of human presence nor the influx of coprophilous fungi are correlated with the inferred climate changes. Coprophilous fungi can be used as individual or additional sources of assessment for the peopling and human-related herbivore density including overgrazing of the studied area.

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Patterns and controls of soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity in grassland ecosystems across China

10.5194/bg-2018-83 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jiguang Feng ◽

Jingsheng Wang ◽

Yanjun Song ◽

Biao Zhu

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Soil Respiration ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Spatial Variation ◽

Temperature Sensitivity ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

The Mean ◽

Grassland Types

Abstract. Soil respiration (Rs), a key process in the terrestrial carbon cycle, is very sensitive to climate change. In this study, we synthesized 54 measurements of annual Rs and 171 estimates of Q10 value (the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration) in grasslands across China. We quantitatively analyzed their spatial patterns and controlling factors in five grassland types, including temperate typical steppe, temperate meadow steppe, temperate desert steppe, alpine grassland, and warm-tropical grassland. Results showed that the mean (± SE) annual Rs was 582.0 ± 57.9 g C m−2 yr−1 across Chinese grasslands. Annual Rs significantly differed among grassland types, and positively correlated with mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, soil organic carbon content and aboveground biomass, but negatively correlated with latitude and soil pH (P < 0.05). Among these factors, mean annual precipitation was the primary factor controlling the spatial variation of annual Rs in Chinese grasslands. The mean contributions of growing season Rs and heterotrophic respiration to annual Rs were 78.7 % and 72.8 %, respectively. Moreover, the mean (± SE) of Q10 across Chinese grasslands was 2.60 ± 0.08, ranging from 1.03 to 8.13, and varied largely within and among grassland types, and among soil temperature measurement depths. Generally, the seasonal variation of soil respiration in Chinese grasslands cannot be well explained by soil temperature using the van't Hoff equation. Longitude and altitude were the dominant driving factors and accounted for 26.0 % of the variation in Q10 derived by soil temperature at the depth of 5 cm. Overall, our findings advance our understanding of the spatial variation and environmental control of soil respiration and Q10 across Chinese grasslands, and also improve our ability to predict soil carbon efflux under climate change on the regional scale.

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