Activity management of the action plan for a sustainable fight against tax fraud and tax evasion in Slovakia as compared with the EU

Abstract There are significant losses in tax revenues across the European Union (EU). National governments lose billions of euros in the revenues from non-paid taxes and other illegal activities. The fight against aggressive tax planning, tax fraud and illegal activities is on the agenda of the EU, OECD and all the national governments. However, due to the size of tax losses it should not be treated just as tax evasion, but rather as tax terrorism! Therefore, the author has set criteria when tax evasion should be named as “tax terrorism” as well as designed the principles for tackling tax terrorism and other ways of non-payment of taxes. The tax evasion could be treated as “tax terrorism” in case of international evasion from taxes by organized groups of persons for criminal purposes as well as when it creates significant losses in government revenues. The term “tax terrorism” would have impact to communication and cause response of society and politics, therefore it would have more social and political consequences.

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Changes in the Structure of International Trade And Services in the Context of Tax Fraud and Tax Evasion

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/202112609001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 126 ◽

pp. 09001

Author(s):

Antonín Korauš ◽

Miroslav Gombár ◽

Filip Černák

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Tax Evasion ◽

Financial Management ◽

Tax Avoidance ◽

Business Environment ◽

Individual Member ◽

Member States ◽

Development Fund ◽

Tax Fraud ◽

The Eu

The EU and the Member States have been forced in recent years to take a stronger position against the growing trend of tax fraud, tax evasion, and tax avoidance. The EU legislative and non-legislative acts in this area have resulted from political attitudes, economic intentions, proposals, and compromises reached between the individual Member States, on the one hand, and the EU, on the other, in their effort to combat fraudulent behaviour in the taxation area. The fight against fraudulent behaviour in the taxation area, be it tax fraud, tax evasion or tax avoidance, has become a real global challenge not only for the EU and its Member States but also for the entire world. These are different forms and methods for misusing tax systems both within the EU and abroad. This paper is part of the project: “Electronic methods for detecting unusual business transactions in the business environment” (ITMS code: 313022W057), co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and also the project “VEGA1 / 0194/19 — Research on process-oriented financial management with a focus on to detect tax evasion in international trade”.

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Multilateral Mechanisms for Eliminating the Global Phenomena of Double Non-Taxation / Multilateralni mehanizmi za eliminaciju globalnog fenomena dvostrukog neoporezivanja

Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН ◽

10.7251/gfp1505213a ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 213

Author(s):

Dinka Antić

Keyword(s):

Best Practices ◽

Tax Evasion ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Capital Allocation ◽

Market Exchange ◽

Global Business ◽

Operational Model ◽

Cross Border ◽

Tax Fraud ◽

The Eu

Internationalization of administrative cooperation of tax administrations is an adequate response to the growing internationalization of taxpayers’ business and the emergence of new financial instruments. The emergence of cross-border and international tax frauds in addition to threatening the budgets of states, it also undermines fairness of taxation, since regular taxpayers pay more tax than they should, and threatens the efficiency of capital allocation and equal competition in the market. Exchange of information on taxpayers and transactions within multilateral agreements allows states to assess properly tax obligations in the field of direct taxes but also to combat tax evasion and tax fraud and eliminate double non-taxation at the global level. The adoption of a harmonized legal framework for cooperation between tax administrations is the winning of new forces in the world that are committed to maximum transparency in taxation and finances in global business. Bearing in mind the commitment of B&H for European integrations the operational model of administrative cooperation of tax administrations in B&H should be based on mechanisms, standards and best practices of the EU. Such approach would not only enable the fulfillment of obligations to the IMF but it would also represent an appropriate step towards integrating B&H into the system of administrative cooperation of tax administrations of the EU.

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Action plan on sustainability of fight against tax fraud and tax evasion: EU countries comparison

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES ◽

10.14254/2071-8330.2019/12-4/18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 272-285

Author(s):

Ján Dobrovič ◽

Rastislav Rajnoha ◽

Iveta Voznakova ◽

Petra Pártlová

Keyword(s):

Tax Evasion ◽

Action Plan ◽

Eu Countries ◽

Tax Fraud

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European experience in transition to circular economy

Economic Analysis Theory and Practice ◽

10.24891/ea.19.4.598 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 598-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S.V. Ratner

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Action Plan ◽

National Level ◽

The European Union ◽

Scientific Methods ◽

European Experience ◽

General Scientific ◽

The Eu

Subject. The article considers the concept of circular economy, which has originated relatively recently in the academic literature, and is now increasingly recognized in many countries at the national level. In the European Union, the transition to circular economy is viewed as an opportunity to improve competitiveness of the European Union, protect businesses from resource shortages and fluctuating prices for raw materials and supplies, and a way to increase employment and innovation. Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyze the incentives developed by the European Commission for moving to circular economy, and to assess their effectiveness on the basis of statistical analysis. Methods. I employ general scientific methods of research. Results. The analysis of the EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy enabled to conclude that the results of the recent research in circular economy barriers, eco-innovation, technology and infrastructure were successfully integrated into the framework of this document. Understanding the root causes holding back the circular economy development and the balanced combination of economic and administrative incentives strengthened the Action Plan, and it contributed to the circular economy development in the EU. Conclusions. The measures to stimulate the development of the circular economy proposed in the European Action Plan can be viewed as a prototype for designing similar strategies in other countries, including Russia. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis of barriers to the circular economy at the level of individual countries and regions is needed.

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The Biosimilar Landscape: An Overview of Regulatory Approvals by the EMA and FDA

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13010048 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Ioana Gherghescu ◽

M. Begoña Delgado-Charro

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Action Plan ◽

European Medicines Agency ◽

Patient Access ◽

Clinical Evaluations ◽

The Past ◽

The Us ◽

Improve Patient ◽

The Eu

Biosimilar medicines expand the biotherapeutic market and improve patient access. This work looked into the landscape of the European and US biosimilar products, their regulatory authorization, market availability, and clinical evaluation undergone prior to the regulatory approval. European Medicines Agency (EMEA, currently EMA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) repositories were searched to identify all biosimilar medicines approved before December 2019. Adalimumab biosimilars, and particularly their clinical evaluations, were used as a case study. In the past 13 years, the EMA has received 65 marketing authorization applications for biosimilar medicines with 55 approved biosimilars available in the EU market. Since the first biosimilar approval in 2015, the FDA has granted 26 approvals for biosimilars with only 11 being currently on the US market. Five adalimumab biosimilars have been approved in the EU and commercialized as eight different medicines through duplicate marketing authorizations. Whilst three of these are FDA-approved, the first adalimumab biosimilar will not be marketed in the US until 2023 due to Humira’s exclusivity period. The EU biosimilar market has developed faster than its US counterpart, as the latter is probably challenged by a series of patents and exclusivity periods protecting the bio-originator medicines, an issue addressed by the US’s latest ‘Biosimilar Action Plan’.

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VAT Efficiency—A Discussion on the VAT System in the European Union

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13094768 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 4768

Author(s):

Anna Kowal ◽

Grzegorz Przekota

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Tax Evasion ◽

Value Added ◽

Square Function ◽

The European Union ◽

Tax System ◽

Aggregated Data ◽

Tax Gap ◽

Standard Rate ◽

Tax Fraud

The effectiveness of the tax system can be analysed in various ways. According to the authors one of manifestations of such effectiveness is resistance to tax evasion. This phenomenon is influenced by multiple factors, with few being the level of VAT rates and the number of rates in force in the country concerned. The aim of the considerations is therefore to analyse how the standard VAT rate as well as the number of rates affect the effectiveness of this tax. The research was based on a literature query in the field of value added tax in the European Union. In addition, the problem of tax evasion was indicated and the aggregated data on the size of the tax gap in the Member States were presented. Then, there are the results of the research for 27 European Union countries for 2011–2019. The efficiency of VAT collection was modelled using square function, determining the significance of the parameters of this function, as well as the value of abscissa, which made it possible to group the countries based on how they maintained the efficiency of VAT collection over the analysed period of time. The final part of the study concentrates on the relationship between the efficiency of tax collection and the amount of both the basic rate and the number of rates. The conclusions of the research are as follows: a tax system with a small number of reduced rates, and preferably with one relatively low standard rate, is the system least susceptible to tax fraud. The research also shows a positive correlation between the value of the basic VAT rate along with the number of preferential rates and the scale of the tax gap, i.e., in countries with a higher standard VAT rate and a greater number of preferential rates, the tax gap is greater. The study will enable further investigation into the strategy of determining the optimal VAT rate and the process of its unification. Proposed changes may contribute to increasing the efficiency of VAT administration in EU countries, reducing the shadow economy, tax fraud and positively influencing economic growth.

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TAX GAP AS A TOOL FOR MEASURING VAT EVASION IN THE EU COUNTRIES

AD ALTA Journal of Interdisciplinary Research ◽

10.33543/1002813 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 8-13

Author(s):

ALENA ANDREJOVSKÁ ◽

VERONIKA KONEČNÁ ◽

JANA HAKALOVÁ

Keyword(s):

Tax Evasion ◽

Sharp Change ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Tax Revenues ◽

Tax Gap ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Eu

VAT is one of the most decisive tax revenues sources in the EU Member States. Due to financial frauds and insufficient tax system, there is a billion loss of EUR every year in the European budget. The article deals with the impact of the tax evasion on economies of the EU Member States. By applying the top-down approach, we observed tax gaps as a quantifier of tax evasion from 2004 to 2017. The period around the economic crisis in 2009 was examined in more detail, as there was a sharp change in the evolution of tax gaps. We constructed a regression model, which examined the relationship of the tax gap and VAT tax revenues to selected determinants of tax evasion. The results showed that tax gaps in the Member States have been growing every year. We also found that there is an increase in tax revenues, but tax liabilities increase to greater extent.

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Laundering Black Money by Means of Offshore Zones: The Negative Impact and Ways to Resolve

Business Inform ◽

10.32983/2222-4459-2021-8-140-150 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (523) ◽

pp. 140-150

Author(s):

O. T. Zamaslo ◽

◽

D. A. Kozak ◽

Keyword(s):

National Economy ◽

Tax Evasion ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Action Plan ◽

International Standards ◽

Key Factors ◽

Profit Shifting ◽

State Budget ◽

Business Entities ◽

The Impact

The article is aimed at examining the problem of laundering black money in the offshore jurisdictions. Attention is paid to the key factors that attract economic entities regarding business registration in offshore zones. The impact of the tax burden on the process of moving profits to offshore jurisdictions is considered. The volumes of losses of the State Budget of Ukraine related to tax evasion of the funds placed on the accounts of offshore companies have been studied. The most typical schemes of laundering black money in offshore zones are presented, as well as a number of stages that form the process of laundering are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on round tripping investment as a key mechanism for returning foreign funds to a resident in the form of foreign direct investment, the main factors in the use of round trip transactions by Ukrainian business entities are allocated. Attention is drawn to the percentage of countries, which are the largest investors in Ukraine. It is determined that the use of offshore schemes by Ukrainian businesses contributes to the growth of the shadowing of the national economy and causes a direct negative impact on Ukrainian financial security, which is confirmed by the results of the National Risk Assessment 2019. Emphasis is placed on the OECD / G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative to prevent money laundering offshore, and Ukraine’s key measures to implement relevant international standards are specified. Prospects for further research in this direction are to identify measures directed towards deoffshorization of the national economy, including through the implementation of the BEPS 2.0 Action Plan.

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European smart specialization for Ukrainian regional development: path from creation to implementation

Problems and Perspectives in Management ◽

10.21511/ppm.17(2).2019.29 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 376-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yevheniia Polishchuk ◽

Alla Ivashchenko ◽

Igor Britchenko ◽

Pavel Machashchik ◽

Serhiy Shkarlet

Keyword(s):

Direct Action ◽

Action Plan ◽

National Level ◽

Regional Distribution ◽

Structural Funds ◽

Organizational Mechanism ◽

Weak Points ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Smart Specialization ◽

The Eu

The focus of the research is to develop recommendations of smart specialization (SS) for Ukrainian policymakers using European approaches. The authors revealed that the main SS projects are presented in such sectors as agri-food, industrial modernization and energy. More than 12 EU countries were the plot for conducted analysis of SS, as a result of which the level of activity of each country was determined. The creation of consortiums, including SMEs, associations, universities and other participants, disclosed the successful way of SS realization. The structure of SME’s innovative potential in Ukraine was identified underlining their main characteristic features like types of innovations and innovative activity, differentiation according to enterprise size, their regional distribution. The authors explored lack of innovations on regional and national level and significant territorial disparities, which could be eliminated through policy implementation of regional SS. The existing legislative norms for possibility of SS implementation in Ukraine were analyzed due to correspondence with the EU ones. The analysis provides the opportunity to consider them only as general framework documents without any action plans and sectoral prioritization at all. The weak points of these law documents are emphasized. As a result of research, the authors developed recommendations presented by direct action plan for Ukrainian policymakers, which include such activities as underlining key priorities (especially ICT applicability in every SS project) and their correspondence with the EU ones; eliminating regional imbalances by focusing on innovation development and reorientation of some regions according to SS priorities; respecting regional existing capacities; providing organizational mechanism for cooperation of stakeholders and financial mechanism for SS support through the EU structural funds.

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