scholarly journals Territorial claims of Armenia to the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918-1920

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ganbarova
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Territorial Claims

On May 28, 1918, the first democratic parliamentary republic in the Muslim East was proclaimed – the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR), which from the first days of its existence relied on the principles of democracy and equality of people , granting all citizens of the country the same rights, and eliminated racial, national, religious, and social inequality. ADR sought to establish good-neighborly relations with all states of the region. However, in order to enforce its territorial claims to Azerbaijan, Armenia further expanded the boundaries of the massacres of the local population in the territories of Karabakh, Zangezur, Nakhchivan, etc. The article provides detailed information about Armenia’s groundless territorial claims to Azerbaijan in 1918-1920.

scholarly journals Educating girls in Congo: An unsolved pedagogical paradox since colonial times?

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 936-952
Author(s):  
Marc Depaepe ◽  
Annette Lembagusala Kikumbi
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Colonial Education ◽  
Educational Models ◽  
Mother Country ◽  
African Context ◽  
The One

Generally speaking, colonial education in Congo did not engender a very great widening of consciousness among the local population. Mostly, it resulted in inevitable submission through discipline and order. This was particularly the case for girls, for which fewer initiatives were taken than for boys. Moreover, gender stereotypes from the ‘mother’ country clearly dominated the evolution of female education in Congo. At best girls were trained for care-taking professions. After independence, some Congolese leaders, like Mulele (the first Minister of Education of the Democratic Republic of Congo) and Mobutu (who called himself ‘the founding president of Zaire’) wanted to break the colonial tradition by putting education in a more authentic African context. However, both educational models – the one of Mulele as well as the one of his adversary Mobutu - were in the end not very successful. The least we can say, at the basis of some oral history, is that the pedagogical paradox between the rhetoric of emancipation and the existing everyday educational realities in Africa is far from being solved.

Are Women ‘Really’ Making a Unique Contribution to Peacekeeping?

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 227-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindy Heinecken
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Operational Effectiveness ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Performance Pressure ◽  
The Military

This article examines the factors that inhibit the ability of female peacekeepers to make a unique contribution to peacekeeping operations based on their gender. The debates are examined in relation to the claims made about their ability to enhance operational effectiveness and reach out to the local population as women, compared to the actual experiences of South African peacekeepers’ deployed in the Democratic Republic of Congo (drc) and in Darfur/Sudan. The argument is made that factors stemming from both the military and operational context affect the optimal utilization of women in various ways. As most national armed forces tend to draw their peacekeeping troops from the infantry, women come under tremendous performance pressure when deployed and are obliged to assimilate masculine values in order to be recognised as ‘good’ soldiers. It is argued that this, coupled with the hyper-masculine peacekeeping environment which is hostile to women, undermines their optimal utilization, as well as their ability to infuse a more gendered approach in peacekeeping.

scholarly journals Communal Responses to Structural Violence and Dispossession in Cherán, Mexico

2020 ◽  
pp. 0094582X2097500
Author(s):  
Giovanna Gasparello
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Structural Violence ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Criminal Organization ◽  
The State ◽  
Resource Extraction ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Economic Control ◽  
Drug Cartels

Mexico is currently subject to generalized violence due to conflicts between drug cartels, the state, and resource-extraction companies jostling for territorial and economic control. In 2011 and in this context, the inhabitants of the indigenous municipality of Cherán confronted the criminal organization responsible for kidnappings, extortion, and illegal logging in their communal territory. Study of this conflict and the communal responses generated in the peace process reveals that the violence was founded on social inequality and was both cause and effect of the indigenous population’s material and cultural dispossession. The peace formation process involved the valorization of a collective and territorially rooted identity, the strengthening of security and justice practices based on the authority of assemblies, and an incipient interest in the construction of economic alternatives for the local population. Actualmente, México vive una situación de violencia generalizada debido a los conflictos entre los cárteles de droga, el Estado y las empresas de extracción de recursos que luchan por el control territorial y económico. En 2011 y en este contexto, los habitantes del municipio indígena de Cherán se enfrentaron a una organización criminal responsable de secuestros, extorsiones y tala ilegal en su territorio comunal. El estudio de este conflicto y las respuestas comunitarias generadas en el proceso de paz revela que la violencia se fundó sobre la desigualdad social y fue tanto causa como efecto del despojo material y cultural de la población indígena. El proceso de paz implicó la valorización de una identidad colectiva y territorialmente arraigada, el fortalecimiento de las prácticas de seguridad y justicia basadas en la autoridad de las asambleas, y un interés incipiente en la construcción de alternativas económicas para la población local.

scholarly journals Community knowledge, attitude and practices on mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viral diseases in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
kennedy makola mbanzulu ◽  
Leonard E.G. Mboera ◽  
Roger Wumba ◽  
Josué K. Zanga ◽  
Flory K. Luzolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Mosquito Net ◽  
Community Knowledge ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Abstract Background Mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVD) are among the important human and animal health threats globally. Gaining insights on behaviours and practices of local population on MBVD can improve understanding of socio-demographic and cultural factors to be addressed in intervention packages. This study was carried out to explore community knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding mosquito and MBVD in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).Methods A cross sectional survey involving heads of household was carried out in Kinshasa, DRC, between January and April 2019. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes and practices on mosquito and MBVD was collected through a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info 7 software.Results A total of 1,464 individuals were involved in the study. Of these, 69% were under 44 years of age, 60.7% were females and the majority (90.2%) were educated. One-third of the houses had insect window screens, 61.2% had open garbage cans, 33.4% had outdoor water storage units, 25.1% had stagnant water collection and 22.5% water containers. The majority (80.3%) of the respondent mentioned polluted water bodies as the main mosquito breeding places. Yellow fever (86.6%) was the most commonly known MBVD. Overall, 12% of the respondents knew that mosquitoes are vectors of these viruses. Majority of respondents (72.5%) felt to be at risk of contracting MBVD. Drainage and blocked draining water channels, dirty, agriculture, house and road construction, animal rearing and automobile garages were associated with mosquito abundance. Health professionals, family member, radio/television and/or school/university were the main source of information. Cleaning environment (58%) and/or use of insecticides (25%) were the main measures implemented in controlling of mosquitoes. Mosquito net ownership (87.4%) and use (67%) were high.Conclusion Most of the residents of Kinshasa had limited knowledge on the roles of mosquitoes in the transmission of pathogenic viruses in both humans and animals. Raising awareness and educational sessions are essential in empowering the community on the correct attitudes and practices in order to effectively manage the risk posed by MBVD.

scholarly journals United Nations Mission Contribution Towards Conflict Resolution in Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, 1991-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-35
Author(s):  
Kaka O. J. ◽  
Sarki S. M. ◽  
Solomon B. L.
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
General Welfare ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Status ◽  
Political Turmoil

This study looks into the UN Mission and Conflict Resolution in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from 1991 to 2019. Since 1975, when Spain granted the region to Morocco and Mauritania, Western Sahara has been in a state of political turmoil. The analysis used a descriptive and historical research style. A total of fifteen military personnel who have served or are currently serving in MINURSO, as well as two related civilians, were interviewed via Skype, Whatsapp, Messenger, and face-to-face interviews, with additional information obtained from journals and published books. The philosophy embraced and deemed important for this analysis was the Paris-proposed Liberal Peace. For the analysis, two research questions and objectives were established. The data was analysed using a descriptive and contextual approach. According to the findings, the unresolved disagreements over the status of Western Sahara include, among other things, the weak performance of the UN mission mandate, regional dominance squabbles between Algeria and Morocco, and finally, the combined super powers' self-interest and struggle for supremacy, which makes the resolution of the Western Sahara conflict difficult. The study suggests, among other things, that the UN move forward with the Settlement Plan's transitional and referendum phases. Major powers should once again avoid prioritizing their self-interests to the detriment of the general welfare of the local population impacted by the Western Sahara conflict.

scholarly journals Using Land Runoff to Survey the Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Vientiane, Laos

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Rachlin ◽  
Manophab Luangraj ◽  
Mirjam Kaestli ◽  
Sayaphet Rattanavong ◽  
Phonelavanh Phoumin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Burkholderia Pseudomallei ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Environmental Distribution ◽  
Lao People's Democratic Republic

Melioidosis is a disease of significant public health importance that is being increasingly recognized globally. The majority of cases arise through direct percutaneous exposure to its etiological agent, Burkholderia pseudomallei. In the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), the presence and environmental distribution of B. pseudomallei are not well characterized, though recent epidemiological surveys of the bacterium have indicated that B. pseudomallei is widespread throughout the environment in the center and south of the country and that rivers can act as carriers and potential sentinels for the bacterium. The spatial and genetic distribution of B. pseudomallei within Vientiane Capital, from where the majority of cases diagnosed to date have originated, remains an important knowledge gap. We sampled surface runoff from drain catchment areas throughout urban Vientiane to determine the presence and local population structure of the bacterium. B. pseudomallei was detected in drainage areas throughout the capital, indicating it is widespread in the environment and that exposure rates in urban Vientiane are likely more frequent than previously thought. Whole-genome comparative analysis demonstrated that Lao B. pseudomallei isolates are highly genetically diverse, suggesting the bacterium is well-established and not a recent introduction. Despite the wide genome diversity, one environmental survey isolate was highly genetically related to a Lao melioidosis patient isolate collected 13 years prior to the study. Knowledge gained from this study will augment understanding of B. pseudomallei phylogeography in Asia and enhance public health awareness and future implementation of infection control measures within Laos. IMPORTANCE The environmental bacterium B. pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis, a tropical disease with one model estimating a global annual incidence of 165,000 cases and 89,000 deaths. In the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), the environmental distribution and population structure of B. pseudomallei remain relatively undefined, particularly in Vientiane Capital from where most diagnosed cases have originated. We used surface runoff as a proxy for B. pseudomallei dispersal in the environment and performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to examine the local population structure. Our data confirmed that B. pseudomallei is widespread throughout Vientiane and that surface runoff might be useful for future environmental monitoring of the bacterium. B. pseudomallei isolates were also highly genetically diverse, suggesting the bacterium is well-established and endemic in Laos. These findings can be used to improve awareness of B. pseudomallei in the Lao environment and demonstrates the epidemiological and phylogeographical insights that can be gained from WGS.

scholarly journals Community knowledge, attitude and practices on mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viral diseases in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
kennedy makola mbanzulu ◽  
Leonard E.G. Mboera ◽  
Roger Wumba ◽  
Josué K. Zanga ◽  
Flory K. Luzolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Community Knowledge ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Abstract Background Mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVD) are among the important human and animal health threats globally. Gaining insights on behaviours and practices of local population on MBVD can improve understanding of socio-demographic and cultural factors to be addressed in intervention packages. This study was carried out to explore community knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding mosquitoes and MBVD in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Methods A cross sectional survey involving heads of household was carried out in Kinshasa, DRC, between January and April 2019. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes and practices on mosquito and MBVD was collected through a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info 7. Results A total of 1,464 representatives were involved in the study. Of these, 69% were under 44 years of age, 60.7% were females and the majority (90.2%) were educated. One-third of the houses had insect window screens, 61.2% had open garbage cans, 33.4% had outdoor water storage units, 25.1% had stagnant water collection and 22.5% had water containers. The majority (80.3%) of the respondent mentioned polluted water bodies as the main mosquito breeding places. Yellow fever (86.6%) was the most commonly known MBVD. Overall, 12% of the respondents knew that mosquitoes are vectors of these viruses. Majority of respondents (72.5%) felt to be at risk of contracting MBVD. Blocked draining water channels, dirty, agriculture, house and road construction, animal rearing and automobile garages were associated with mosquito abundance. Health professionals, family member, radio/television and/or school/university were the main source of information. Cleaning environment (58%) and/or use of insecticides (25%) were the main measures implemented in controlling mosquitoes. Mosquito net ownership (87.4%) and use (67%) were high. The greater overall of knowledge score (OR: 1.4; p =0.1), attitude (OR: 1.22; p =0.1) were not predictor of good practice. Conclusion Most of the residents of Kinshasa had limited knowledge on the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of pathogenic viruses in both humans and animals. Raising awareness and educational sessions are essential in empowering the community on the correct attitudes and practices in order to effectively manage the risk posed by MBVD.

scholarly journals “If I was with my father such discrimination wouldn’t exist, I could be happy like other people”: a qualitative analysis of stigma among peacekeeper fathered children in the Democratic Republic of Congo

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstin Wagner ◽  
Heide Glaesmer ◽  
Susan A. Bartels ◽  
Sabine Lee
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Psychosocial Support ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Sexual Relations ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
Mothers And Children

Abstract Background The United Nations (UN) Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) comprises the largest and longest serving peacekeeping operation to date. Since the launch of the mission in 1999, sexual relations between UN peacekeepers and the local population regularly occur; some resulting in children being conceived. Reports have indicated that women and girls bearing children from such relations face difficult socio-economic realities. The present study is the first to explore the situation of peacekeeper fathered children (PKFC) through a qualitative analysis that includes interview material from mothers and child participants. Methods The article uses theories from stigma research to illustrate how children conceived through sexual relations with UN peacekeepers integrate into social networks. We conducted a case study of mothers and their PKFC at different sites of UN peacekeeping (UNPK) in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Based on 95 in-depth interviews held in 2018, a thematic qualitative analysis examined experiences of stigma and discrimination. In order to understand the challenges of mothers and children from a transgenerational perspective, we evaluated perceptions of rejection rooted in the mother-child relationship. Results Of the mothers and children surveyed, a large majority struggled with stigmatizing behaviour by family and/or community members. PKFC perceived their discrimination to be based upon their mixed ethnicity, fatherlessness, illegitimacy at birth, as well as a lack of resources and opportunity. Mothers most often attributed their stigma to economic deprivation, extra-marital sexual relations, single parenting and being associated with UNPK. Parallels in the experiences of mothers and children suggest a bi-directional transmission of status loss and stigma between generations. Conclusions This is the first empirical study to compare the situation of PKFC and their mothers in any country of UNPK deployment. The findings highlight multiple burdens that affect their daily lives and illustrate an interplay between drivers of stigmatization for mothers and children. The overarching needs identified are financial, and these call for action regarding policies and programmes that provide resources to those concerned. The results further demonstrate the need for psychosocial support that considers transgenerational dynamics and both mothers and children as core addressees of assistance.

Beyond Egalitarianism

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 123-143
Author(s):  
Christoph Lorke
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
German Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Phase Classification

Despite all the political and ideological pronouncements, there were also various forms of social inequality in the ‘real existing socialism’ of the GDR (German Democratic Republic). These have been extensively studied at the latest since the construction of the Berlin Wall. Since these years, there has been an intensified preoccupation with socially deviant living conditions, which have been documented statistically. How- ever, these figures raised questions about the limits of socialist communisation and the realisation of the ideologically articulated goal of bringing about a convergence of the ‘classes and strata’. Therefore, the goal was to synchronize these figures with the state’s self-image, which in turn revealed numerous contradictions. Based on a deconstruction of contemporary statistical measurement procedures as well as studies and the resulting interpretations of social inequality, the article first proposes a phase classification of this approach to social differentiation. In a further step, the resulting intended and unintended effects are illuminated.

Effects of dispersal on local population increase

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Kean ◽  
N.D. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Population Increase
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