scholarly journals Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizers in Vegetable Production: A Review

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Guertal
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizers

Slow-release nitrogen (N) fertilizers offer many potential benefits for vegetable production. In sandy soils, their use may lessen N leaching. If the slow-release fertilizer has a release pattern that matches crop needs, N uptake by the growing crop may become more efficient. Additionally, if slow-release fertilizers can be applied as a preplant application, production costs could be lessened, eliminating the need for multiple applications of soluble N fertilizer. Synthetic slow-release fertilizers can be separated into two general groups: those that are slow release as a byproduct of a chemical reaction (such as urea-formaldehyde), and those that are slow release via a sulfur, wax, or resin coating around the fertilizer prill. In vegetable crop research, much of the available literature has focused on use of sulfur coat urea and urea-formaldehyde, as they have been in the fertilizer market for 40 years. Newer research has evaluated resin-coated products. In most studies, use of slow-release N fertilizers as a preplant treatment did not decrease crop yield, but yield was rarely increased when compared with standard split applications of soluble N. Based on available research, the benefits of using slow-release N fertilizers in vegetable crop production will come from reduced environmental risk and savings in production costs.

A comparison of slow-release and conventional nitrogenous fertilizers for an established pangola grass pasture in a sub-tropical environment

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (92) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
KF Lowe ◽  
JF Cudmore
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrogen Recovery ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizers ◽  
Grass Growth

Three slow-release nitrogen fertilizers, urea formaldehyde, nitrogen-enriched coal (NEC) and corea (a coal-urea formulation) were compared with conventional nitrogenous fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate) in a small-plot cutting experiment. The slow-release fertilizers were applied in one 672 kg N ha-1 dressing to an established Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass) pasture on wallum heath in south-east Queensland. Conventional fertilizers were applied in one, two or four applications in one, two or three years respectively, all treatments receiving a total of 672 kg N ha-1. Dry matter production, nitrogen yield and nitrogen recovery were compared over four summer periods. Over four years, pangola grass produced highest dry matter yields when fertilized with urea formaldehyde, the residual effect disappearing in the fourth summer. Annual yield distribution was equivalent to that from regular applications of conventional fertilizers. NEC released little nitrogen for grass growth in four years while corea had little effect on yield after the first summer. Nitrogen recovery from urea formaldehyde was equivalent to that from ammonium nitrate and urea (applied in four dressings of 168 kg N ha-1). Where 672 kg ha-1 of nitrogen was applied in one dressing, nitrogen recovery was in the order urea formaldehyde >> ammonium nitrate > urea >> ammonium sulphate.

scholarly journals Effects of Foliar Application of Urea and Urea-Formaldehyde/Triazone on Soybean and Corn Crops

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1549
Author(s):  
Bruno Maia Abdo Rahmen Cassim ◽  
Antonio Pedro Martins Machado ◽  
Daniel Fortune ◽  
Fernando Rodrigues Moreira ◽  
Éder Júnior De Oliveira Zampar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Release ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Significant Difference

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of urea and urea-formaldehyde, triazone-based fertilizers on soybean and corn crops. Four experiments were carried out, two on soybeans, one on first season corn, and the other on second season corn. The experiments were conducted using a randomized block design, with 5 treatments studied: T1—control without application of foliar nitrogen (N); T2—foliar application of conventional urea solution and three treatments with Hexion foliar fertilizers based on urea-formaldehyde and triazone (N-Hexion®), with varying levels of N and slow-release components; T3—Hexion 1; T4—Hexion 2; and T5—Hexion 3. The foliar application of conventional urea showed no statistically significant difference in relation to the control for the yield components and grain yield for the soybean crops in seasons 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. Urea-formaldehyde/triazone treatments showed a significant increase in yield for soybeans in the 2018–2019 season compared to the control and to conventional urea. Nitrogen fertilizers with high percentages of slow-release compounds promote nitrogen release more slowly, which led to no significant increase in yield for Hexion 1. No statistical differences were observed in the corn yield for the first and second crop.

Soil Moisture and Soil Salinity Distribution in Strawberry Beds

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 538b-538
Author(s):  
W.E. Bendixen ◽  
B.R. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizers ◽  
Santa Maria

Strawberries in the Santa Maria Valley are grown on beds 25.2 cm wide with four rows of strawberries and two lateral drip tapes. Previous strawberry production was on beds 15.7 cm wide with two rows of strawberries and one lateral drip tape. The two strawberry production systems were evaluated on several grower fields for water emission uniformity, soil moisture, and soil salinity. The salinity was evaluated for placement in the bed, type of salts, and nitrate concentration. At one side, the effect of banded slow-release nitrogen fertilizers as a source of nitrogen in addition to that applied through fertigation was investigated. Results showed that the EUs ranged between 80% and 96%, with an average of 89%. A variety of distributions were found for soil moisture, soil salinity, and soil nitrate, depending on the water and fertilizer management and time of sampling with respect to irrigation and fertigation. Distributions of soil moisture content made 3 to 4 days after an irrigation indicated excessive drying of the soil between irrigations. Distributions of soil salinity revealed high salt concentrations near the drip tape, where leaching was insufficient, and relatively low concentrations near the tape, where leaching was adequate. Nitrate concentrations in and below the rootzone were smaller where no slow-release fertilizers were used.

COMPARISON OF FALL AND SPRING APPLICATION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ALBERTA

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. NYBORG ◽  
S. S. MALHI
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Fall Application

Fall and spring applications of N fertilizers (56 kg N ha−1) were compared for yield, and for N uptake, of spring-sown barley in 41 experiments in central and northern Alberta and three in north-central Saskatchewan. In addition, loss of fertilizer N from fall to spring was measured by determining mineral N in the soil samples taken before seeding. The N fertilizers were incorporated into the soil, to a depth of 10–12 cm for 42 experiments and to a depth of 4–5 cm for two experiments. The mineral N contents of soils, sampled in May to 60- or 90-cm depths in 22 experiments, indicated an average of 41% of the fall-applied urea N disappeared from the mineral N pool. The losses tended to be greater with fall-applied calcium nitrate than with fall-applied urea. The average increase in yield of barley grain was only 55% as great from fall application compared with spring application. The effect was slightly greater for N uptake in grain. Of the 44 experiments, the lower yield increase, and the lower N uptake from fall application was significant in 40 and 41 cases, respectively. The N uptake by grain tended to be less with calcium nitrate than with urea when the fertilizers were fall-applied. In multiple regression analyses, the ratios of fall:spring for yield increase from urea and for the recovery of urea N in grain were regressed upon date of fall application, soil drainage, fall soil moisture content, soil texture, and soil organic matter content. Of the independent variables, only date of fall application was statistically significant, with more effectiveness of the urea with later date of application. Key words: Fall application of N, mineral N losses, N fertilizers, N uptake, spring application of N, urea fertilizer

scholarly journals Nitrogen Release Characteristics of a Bag Controlled Release Fertilizer

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhong ◽  
Renyi Gui ◽  
Zhuangzhuang Qian ◽  
Shunyao Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Nitrogen Release ◽  
N Release ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizers ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers

Slow release fertilizers are designed to enhance crop yield and minimizing the loss of nitrogen (N) to environment. However, N release in leaching and loss in ammonia emission from bag controlled release fertilizers have not been previously evaluated under the standardized conditions in soil. Accordingly, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of N release from a bag controlled fertilizer with 1, 3, 5 and 7 rows of hole (B-1, B-3, B-5, B-7) and a kraft bag without hole (B-W). The results showed that the amount of N leaching of B-1, B-3, B-5, B-7 and B-W were significantly lower than urea fertilizer without bag (U). The maximum N release from the fertilizers followed the order: U (83.16%) > B-7 (54.61%) > B-5 (54.02%) > B-W (51.51%) > B-3 (48.87%) > B-1 (38.60%) during the experimentation. Compared with U treatment, ammonia volatilization losses were significantly decreased by B-1, B-3, B-5, B-7 and B-W treatments. Based on N release and loss, a suitable bag with holes should be considered in practice when using the bag controlled fertilizer to meet an environment good objective. The evaluation method merits further study combined with field experiment.

Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer in carrot production on Prince Edward Island

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 1223-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Sanderson ◽  
S. A. E. Fillmore
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizer ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizers ◽  
The Impact

Sanderson, K. R. and Fillmore, S. A. E. 2012. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer in carrot production on Prince Edward Island. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1223–1228. The impact of nitrogen management using slow-release fertilizers has not been examined for carrot (Daucus carota L.) production in Atlantic Canada. To assess the effects of such products, we evaluated five slow-release fertilizers over a 3-yr period. Treatments consisted of sulphur coated urea (SCU) (42–0–0), isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) (31–0–0), Nutralene® (methylene urea) (40–0–0), Sirflor® (urea formaldehyde) (38–0–0), UFLEXX™ (urea, dicyandiamide, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) (46–0–0) compared with industry standard (ammonium nitrate) (34–0–0). All slow-release fertilizer treatments supplied N at 50 kg N ha–1 pre-plant. Slow-release fertilizer treatments were compared with the industry standard of 50 kg N ha−1 pre-plant plus 50 kg N ha–1 as a top dress. UFLEXX™ increased biological and marketable yield by 7.5 and 18.7%, respectively, compared with the industry standard. Sirflor® produced the lowest yield. GreenSeeker® NDVI reading and LECO N were correlated at the mid-season sample. GreenSeeker® technology has potential as an in-field crop health assessment tool, however, further research is required to develop GreenSeeker® algorithms appropriate for carrot production in Prince Edward Island.

scholarly journals Release Mechanisms for Slow- and Controlled-release Fertilizers and Strategies for Their Use in Vegetable Production

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly T. Morgan ◽  
Kent E. Cushman ◽  
Shinjiro Sato
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Coated Materials ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
The Impact

Fertilizer material costs, particularly nitrogen (N), have increased substantially over the past 5 years. Increased costs, along with increased awareness of the impact of fertilizer leaching on the environment in humid regions, have increased interest in use of slow-release fertilizer (SRF) or controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) materials. The goals of SRF and CRF use are that no nutrient should be limiting for crop uptake, there should be improved nutrient uptake efficiency, and nutrient-leaching potential should be reduced. These considerations are particularly important for crops grown on sandy soils with relatively low nutrient and water holding capacities. Release rates of biodegradable, or slow-release materials, such urea formaldehyde, isobutylidene diurea, and methylene urea are proportional to soil microbial activity and are therefore soil temperature dependent. These materials are N sources and depend on soil biological activity, thus, soil temperature during specific crop growth phenology must be considered and release may be delayed by soil fumigation. Whereas CRFs depend on diffusion through coatings and not biodegradation, both are soil moisture and temperature dependent. Examples of coated materials are sulfur-coated urea, polymer-coated urea, and polymer/sulfur-coated urea. The advantage of these materials is that leachable fertilizer elements other than N can be incorporated within the coating. However, this comes at an increased cost. The use of any single or combination of these materials depends on time of year, the length of crop cycle and crop nutrient demand patterns, and the use of soil fumigants.

Efficiency of Isobutylidene Diurea, Sulphur-Coated Urea and Urea Plus Nitrapyrin, compared with Divided Dressings of Urea, for Dry Matter Production and Nitrogen Uptake of Ryegrass

1987 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Halevy
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizers ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Isobutylidene Diurea ◽  
Ryegrass Growth

SummaryTwo slow-release nitrogen fertilizers, isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) and sulphur-coated urea (SCU), and urea plus nitrapyrin were compared with urea alone for their effect on the growth and nitrogen uptake of ryegrass in a greenhouse experiment.The IBDU and the SCU were applied in one dressing before sowing and the urea in five dressings (one after each cut). Dry matter yield and nitrogen uptake of the six cuts at the optimum levels of 3 and 6 g N pot−1 (equivalent to 1120 and 2240 kg N ha−1 on a weight basis) were similar for the slow-release fertilizers and urea, showing that SCU and IBDU can be effective sources of nitrogen for ryegrass at rates far above those regarded as safe for conventional nitrogen fertilizers when applied in a single dose.Nitrapyrin at 20 ppm effectively inhibited nitrification for 12 weeks, then its effect rapidly declined, disappearing after 18 weeks. Ryegrass growth was retarded by nitrapyrin treatment, probably as a result of an accumulation of NH4-N in the soil.

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