COMPARISON OF FALL AND SPRING APPLICATION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ALBERTA

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. NYBORG ◽  
S. S. MALHI
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Fall Application

Fall and spring applications of N fertilizers (56 kg N ha−1) were compared for yield, and for N uptake, of spring-sown barley in 41 experiments in central and northern Alberta and three in north-central Saskatchewan. In addition, loss of fertilizer N from fall to spring was measured by determining mineral N in the soil samples taken before seeding. The N fertilizers were incorporated into the soil, to a depth of 10–12 cm for 42 experiments and to a depth of 4–5 cm for two experiments. The mineral N contents of soils, sampled in May to 60- or 90-cm depths in 22 experiments, indicated an average of 41% of the fall-applied urea N disappeared from the mineral N pool. The losses tended to be greater with fall-applied calcium nitrate than with fall-applied urea. The average increase in yield of barley grain was only 55% as great from fall application compared with spring application. The effect was slightly greater for N uptake in grain. Of the 44 experiments, the lower yield increase, and the lower N uptake from fall application was significant in 40 and 41 cases, respectively. The N uptake by grain tended to be less with calcium nitrate than with urea when the fertilizers were fall-applied. In multiple regression analyses, the ratios of fall:spring for yield increase from urea and for the recovery of urea N in grain were regressed upon date of fall application, soil drainage, fall soil moisture content, soil texture, and soil organic matter content. Of the independent variables, only date of fall application was statistically significant, with more effectiveness of the urea with later date of application. Key words: Fall application of N, mineral N losses, N fertilizers, N uptake, spring application of N, urea fertilizer

scholarly journals Studies of the influences of different N fertilizers and Microbion UNC bacterial fertilizer on the nutrient content of soil

2010 ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Andrea Balla Kovács ◽  
Anita Szabó ◽  
Emese Bartáné Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Measurements

A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different nitrogen fertilizers in combination with bacterial fertilizer onnutrient uptake of horseradish and plant available nutrients of the soil. Three different N fertilizers, ammonium-nitrate, urea and calciumnitrate(116 kg ha-1 N) in combination with Microbion UNC bacterial fertilizer (2 kg ha-1) were applied as treatments in a randomizedcomplete block design in three replications. In this paper we presented the results of soil measurements. The soil of the experimental areawas chernozem with medium sufficiency level of N and P and poor level of K.Our main results:The amount of 0.01M CaCl2 soluble inorganic nitrogen fractions, NO3--N and NH4+-N and also the quantity of soluble organic-N werealmost the same in the soil. N fertilizers significantly increased all the soluble N fractions. The amount of NO3--N increased to the greatestextent and the increase of organic N was the slightest. We measured the largest CaCl2 soluble NO3- -N and total-N contents in the plotstreated with ammonium-nitrate, the largest NH4+-N in the plots treated with calcium-nitrate and the largest organic-N fraction in plotstreated with urea.Bacterial inoculation also increased both soluble inorganic nitrogen forms and also total-N content of soil compared to the control. Inthe case of combined (artificial and bacterial fertilizer) treatments we measured lower NO3--N, organic-N and total-N compared to thevalues of plots having only nitrogen fertilizer treatments. On the contrary in the plots with combined treatments the CaCl2 soluble NH4+-Ncontent of soil in more cases were higher than that of values with artificial fertilizer treatment.As a function of calcium-nitrate application increased AL-P2O5 and AL-K2O values were measured compared to control. MicrobionUNC supplement of calcium nitrate yielded also increase in AL-P2O5 and AL-K2O values, till then supplement of ammonium-nitrate fertilizeryielded a decrease in these values compared to the control.All nitrogen fertilizers resulted in a significant decrease in AL-Mg content of soil compared to the control. Nevertheless bacterialfertilizer increased AL-Mg values in any cases.

Comparison of legume-based cropping systems at Warra, Queensland. 2. Mineral nitrogen accumulation and availability to the subsequent wheat crop

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Hossain ◽  
WM Strong ◽  
SA Waring ◽  
RC Dalal ◽  
EJ Weston
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Yield Increase

Mineral nitrogen release following legume-based cropping systems for restoring the fertility of a Vertisol and the yield response and N uptake of subsequent wheat crops was studied. Legume phases of pastures, including a 4 year grass+legume ley, and lucerne and medic leys (~1 year) were terminated in October 1988 or 1989 and rotated with wheat. Chickpea-wheat rotations matched those of lucerne and medic leys. Mineral N accumulations during a subsequent fallow period were determined by core sampling to 1.5 m in October, February and May. Grain yield and N uptake of wheat enabled comparisons of the fertility restorative effects of the various systems relative to continuous wheat cropping. Averaged for two fallow periods, increases in mineral N down to 1.2 m depth were 93, 91, 68, and 37 kg/ha following grass+legume, lucerne and medic leys, and chickpea, respectively, compared with the continuous wheat treatment. Wheat yields were generally lower in 1989 (1.85–2.88 t/ha) than in 1990 (2.08–3.59 t/ha) following all leys and crops due to seasonal conditions. There was a grain yield increase of 0.11 and 0.52 t/ha in 1989 and 1.23 and 1.26 t/ha in 1990 following lucerne and medic leys, respectively and 0.85 t/ha in 1990 following a 4 year grass+legume ley. Following chickpea there was a yield increase of 0.81 and 1.36 t/ha in 1989 and 1990 respectively. Nitrogen uptake by wheat was increased by 40 and 49 kg/ha in 1989 and 48 and 58 kg/ha in 1990 following lucerne and medic leys respectively and 63 kg/ha in 1990 following a 4 year grass+legume ley. Following chickpea N uptake by wheat was increased by 27 and 32 kg/ha in 1989 and 1990 respectively. Grain protein concentration of wheat was substantially higher following all pasture leys (11.7–15.8%) than following wheat (8.0–9.4%) or chickpea (9.4–10.1%). Therefore, there was substantial evidence of the effectiveness of pasture leys in soil fertility restoration, as reflected in mineral N, yield response and N uptake by subsequent wheat crops.

Effect of different rates of application of organic and nitrogen fertilizers in a rice-based cropping system

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sharma ◽  
B. N. Mittra
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Organic C

SUMMARYThe effect on soil fertility and crop performance of different organic fertilizers; paddy straw (PS), farmyard manure (FYM), water hyacinth compost (WHC) and tank silt (TS), at different rates of application and in combination with N fertilizer, was studied in a rice-based cropping system on an acid lateritic soil at Kharagpur, India, during 1985/86. Organic manuring of wet-season rice (first crop) with 5 t PS/ha 10 days before transplanting and 10 t FYM or 10 t WHC/ha at transplanting increased grain yield as much as the application of 30 kg N/ha. Increasing the rates of FYM and WHC application up to 15 t/ha increased yield but increasing the rate of PS beyond 5 t/ha did not. Response to increasing amounts of N was not linear; there was a significant increase up to 90 kg N/ha and a decrease when N was applied in conjunction with organic fertilizers. There was a significant increase in the N uptake of the rice but a decrease in the recovery of applied fertilizer N with the application of increasing rates of organic and N fertilizer.The organic C content of the soil after the rice harvest increased significantly after PS application, whereas there was more available N after WHC and FYM. Increasing the rate of application of PS up to 15 t/ha increased organic C but not available N. Mineral N fertilizer had little effect on fertility build-up. Grain yields of wheat and gram (Cicer arietinum), grown after rice without any additional fertilizer, increased significantly. The residual N effect of the previous crop on wheat or gram yield was small and adding fertilizer directly is considered essential for higher productivity in these crops in a rice-based cropping system.

scholarly journals Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizers in Vegetable Production: A Review

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Guertal
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizers

Slow-release nitrogen (N) fertilizers offer many potential benefits for vegetable production. In sandy soils, their use may lessen N leaching. If the slow-release fertilizer has a release pattern that matches crop needs, N uptake by the growing crop may become more efficient. Additionally, if slow-release fertilizers can be applied as a preplant application, production costs could be lessened, eliminating the need for multiple applications of soluble N fertilizer. Synthetic slow-release fertilizers can be separated into two general groups: those that are slow release as a byproduct of a chemical reaction (such as urea-formaldehyde), and those that are slow release via a sulfur, wax, or resin coating around the fertilizer prill. In vegetable crop research, much of the available literature has focused on use of sulfur coat urea and urea-formaldehyde, as they have been in the fertilizer market for 40 years. Newer research has evaluated resin-coated products. In most studies, use of slow-release N fertilizers as a preplant treatment did not decrease crop yield, but yield was rarely increased when compared with standard split applications of soluble N. Based on available research, the benefits of using slow-release N fertilizers in vegetable crop production will come from reduced environmental risk and savings in production costs.

scholarly journals Waste composts as nitrogen fertilizers for forage leys

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. TONTTI ◽  
A. NYKÄNEN ◽  
M. KUISMA
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Plant Yields

Two field experiments, conventional grass ley and organic grass-clover ley, were established with barley as a nurse crop in spring 2000 and given either low or high fertilization with mineral fertilizer (Mineral) or composts. The compost types were municipal biowaste (Biowaste), biowaste + sewage sludge (BioSludge) and cattle manure (Manure). Plant yields and nitrogen (N) uptakes were measured for three years and efficiency of N utilization was estimated. In single application of compost, the total N was mainly in organic form and less than 10% was in inorganic form. Along with increasing amount of inorganic N applied in compost, the yield, N uptake and N recovery increased during the application year. The highest compost N recovery in the application year was 12%, found with Biowaste. In the following years the highest N recovery was found where the lowest total N had been applied. Clover performance was improved in the organic grass-clover ley established with BioSludge fertilization, producing total ley yield comparable with Manure compost. High total N application in composts caused high N surplus and low N use efficiency over three years. Generally, moderate compost fertilization is suitable for ley crops when supplemented with mineral N fertilizer or clover N fixation.;

Effect of slurry application and mineral nitrogen fertilization on N leaching in different crop combinations

1997 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. SIELING ◽  
O. GÜNTHER-BORSTEL ◽  
H. HANUS
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Preceding Crop

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer not used by the crop can increase the risk of nitrate leaching into the groundwater. In two growing seasons, 1990/91 and 1991/92, the relationships between N fertilization and yield, N uptake by the grain and the N leaching in the subsequent percolation period were investigated in a multifactorial field experiment at Hohenschulen Experimental Station near Kiel in NW Germany. The crop rotation was oilseed rape – winter wheat – winter barley, and effects of soil tillage (minimum tillage without ploughing, conventional tillage), application of pig slurry (none, application in autumn, application in autumn and in spring), mineral N fertilization (none, 80 or 200 kg N ha−1 to oilseed rape and 120 or 240 kg N ha−1 to cereals) and application of fungicides (none, intensive) were all tested. In each year, the rotation and the treatments were located on the same plots. Mineral N fertilization and fungicide application increased yield and N uptake by grain or seed in all crops. In contrast, the application of slurry, especially in autumn, had only small effects on yield and N uptake. Nitrogen losses by leaching (measured using porous ceramic cups) were affected mainly by the year and the crop. In 1992/93, averaged over all factors, 80 kg N ha−1 was leached compared with 28 kg N ha−1 the previous year. Oilseed rape reduced N losses, whereas under winter wheat up to 160 kg N ha−1 was leached. Due to a lower N-use efficiency, autumn applications of slurry increased N leaching, and mineral N fertilization of the preceding crop also led to higher N losses.Since the amount of leached N depends both on the nitrogen left by the preceding crop (unused fertilizer N as well as N in residues) and on N uptake by the subsequent crop, it is not possible to apportion the N losses to any particular crop in the rotation. The cropping sequence, together with its previous and subsequent crops, must also be considered.To minimize leaching, N fertilization must meet the needs of the growing crop. In order to improve the efficiency further, investigations must be conducted in order to understand the dynamics of N in the plant–soil system in conjunction with the weather and crop management practices.

scholarly journals Impact of potato-cereal rotations and slurry applications on nitrate leaching and nitrogen balance in sandy soils

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
M O Gasser ◽  
M R Laverdière ◽  
R. Lagacé ◽  
J. Caron
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Crop N Uptake

Groundwater quality is at risk when high levels of N fertilizers are used on sandy soils. A monitoring program was initiated in the summer of 1995, to quantify nitrate leaching in sandy soils used for potato production near Quebec city, Canada. Three drainable lysimeters were installed in each of five fields, for a total of 15 lysimeters. During a 5-yr monitoring period, crop N uptake, mineral and organic N fertilizers use, nitrate concentrations and fluxes from drainage water at 1-m soil depth were assessed under potato, cereal and hay crops. In one field, a clover and timothy sod that received low mineral N fertilizer inputs generated the lowest annual nitrate leaching losses ranging from 7 to 20 kg NO3-N ha-1. High nitrate leaching losses (116 ± 40 kg N ha-1) were measured under potato crops receiving high mineral N fertilizer inputs. Cereals, including barley and wheat receiving moderate mineral N fertilizer inputs and in some instance N from pig slurry, dairy cow manure or paper mill sludge, also generated high nitrate leaching losses (88 ± 45 kg N ha-1). Only sod and oat crops generated annual flux averaged nitrate concentrations lower than 10 mg NO3-N L-1, the accepted standard for drinking water, while higher concentrations, ranging from 13 to 52 mg NO3-N L-1, were recorded under barley, wheat and potato crops receiving moderate to high amounts of mineral N fertilizer. Nitrate flux concentrations were moderate during the cropping season (May-August), highest in fall (September-December) and lowest in the winter-early spring period (January-April). After 5 yr of survey, use of pig slurry and paper mill sludge in potato-cereal crop rotations (51 to 192 kg N ha-1 annually) with mineral N fertilizers (103 to 119 kg N ha-1 annually) resulted in nitrate leaching losses (87 to 132 kg N ha-1 annually), at least 20 kg N ha-1 more than N exported by crop at harvest. More than 60% of N applied as pig slurry seemed to be unaccounted for in the partial N balance that included crop N uptake and nitrate leaching, suggesting that important losses probably occurred through ammonia volatilization, denitrification, or N immobilization in soil organic matter and crop residues. Key words: Barley, lysimeter, nitrate leaching, nitrogen balance, pig slurry, potato

scholarly journals Nitrogen losses from grass ley after slurry application surface broadcasting vs. injection

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. UUSI-KÄMPPÄ ◽  
P.K. MATTILA
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Biomass N ◽  
Runoff Losses

As the livestock numbers on Finnish dairy farms have increased and most fields on dairy farms are under grass, it has become common to spread cattle slurry over grasslands. To estimate environmental effects of recurrent slurry applications, a 5-year field study was performed to compare nitrogen (N) losses to water and ammonia losses to air by volatilization, when cattle slurry was either surface broadcast or injected into clay soil after grass cuttings. Slurry was spread on the grass in summer (1996–1997) or both in summer and autumn (1998–2000). Biomass N uptake before grass harvesting and amount of soil mineral N in spring and autumn were measured and field N balances were calculated. Despite cool weather, up to one third of the ammonium N of broadcast slurries was lost through ammonia volatilization after application in autumn, but injection effectively prevented losses. The mean surface runoff losses of total N were negligible (0.3–4.6 kg ha-1 yr-1) with the highest loss of 13 kg ha-1 yr-1 measured after slurry broadcasting to wet soil in autumn and followed with heavy rains. A substantial part (24–55%) of the applied mineral N was not recovered by the foregoing measurements.;

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in south Brazilian gleysol as affected by nitrogen fertilizers

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1653-1665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josiléia Acordi Zanatta ◽  
Cimélio Bayer ◽  
Frederico C.B. Vieira ◽  
Juliana Gomes ◽  
Michely Tomazi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
N Sources

Nitrogen fertilizers increase the nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and can reduce the methane (CH4) oxidation from agricultural soils. However, the magnitude of this effect is unknown in Southern Brazilian edaphoclimatic conditions, as well as the potential of different sources of mineral N fertilizers in such an effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different mineral N sources (urea, ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, Uran, controlled- release N fertilizer, and urea with urease inhibitor) on N2O and CH4 fluxes from Gleysol in the South of Brazil (Porto Alegre, RS), in comparison to a control treatment without a N application. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block with three replications, and the N fertilizer was applied to corn at the V5 growth stage. Air samples were collected from a static chambers for 15 days after the N application and the N2O and CH4 concentration were determined by gas chromatography. The topmost emissions occurred three days after the N fertilizer application and ranged from 187.8 to 8587.4 µg m-2 h-1 N. The greatest emissions were observed for N-nitric based fertilizers, while N sources with a urease inhibitor and controlled release N presented the smallest values and the N-ammonium and amidic were intermediate. This peak of N2O emissions was related to soil NO3--N (R² = 0.56, p < 0.08) when the soil water-filled pore space was up to 70 % and it indicated that N2O was predominantly produced by a denitrification process in the soil. Soil CH4 fluxes ranged from -30.1 µg m-2 h-1 C (absorption) to +32.5 µg m-2 h-1 C (emission), and the accumulated emission in the period was related to the soil NH4+-N concentration (R² = 0.82, p < 0.001), probably due to enzymatic competition between nitrification and metanotrophy processes. Despite both of the gas fluxes being affected by N fertilizers, in the average of the treatments, the impact on CH4 emission (0.2 kg ha-1 equivalent CO2-C ) was a hundredfold minor than for N2O (132.8 kg ha-1 equivalent CO2-C). Accounting for the N2O and CH4 emissions plus energetic costs of N fertilizers of 1.3 kg CO2-C kg-1 N regarding the manufacture, transport and application, we estimated an environmental impact of N sources ranging from 220.4 to 664.5 kg ha-1 CO2 -C , which can only be partially offset by C sequestration in the soil, as no study in South Brazil reported an annual net soil C accumulation rate larger than 160 kg ha-1 C due to N fertilization. The N2O mitigation can be obtained by the replacement of N-nitric sources by ammonium and amidic fertilizers. Controlled release N fertilizers and urea with urease inhibitor are also potential alternatives to N2O emission mitigation to atmospheric and systematic studies are necessary to quantify their potential in Brazilian agroecosystems.

scholarly journals Temporal Monitoring and Assessment of Inorganic Nitrogen Content of Soil due to Nitrogen Fertilizers and their Related Cytotoxic Effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Arora ◽  
S. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
N Content ◽  
Related Data ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Interesting Insight ◽  
Agricultural Investments

Background: Indian economy is largely based on agriculture. Major share of agricultural investments goes into chemical fertilizers. Nitrogen (N) fertilizers are used in fields to enhance the crop yield. Most of the reports are based on growth related data, morphological and yield related data but very few reports reveal the facts about genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of these fertilizers. Therefore, the present communication is an attempt in the aforesaid direction. Methods: In a pot experiment, mineral N content of soil in the form of ammonium-N (NH4+-N) and nitrate-N (NO3--N) were analysed at regular interval of 5 days till 30 days after treatment (DAT). On the corresponding days root tip assay was done for cytotoxic analyses and also the temporal changes in NH4+-N and NO3--N contents were observed. Result: In the Ammonium nitrate treatments, higher mitotic index (MI%) percentages were obtained. While for the Urea, NH4+-N content and MI were found to have a positive correlation. Also, it was found that there is an optimum ratio of NH4+-N and NO3--N in each treatment at which the MI% was the maximum. The study gives an interesting insight for the possible cytotoxic effects of the N fertilizers.

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