scholarly journals Evaluating the Reaction of Peach Cultivars to Infection by Three Botryosphaeria Species

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.O. Britton ◽  
F.F. Hendrix ◽  
P.L. Pusey ◽  
W.R. Okie ◽  
C.C. Reilly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Vascular Discoloration ◽  
Cultivar Susceptibility

Two field experiments were conducted to assess peach (Prurus persica L.) cultivar susceptibility to the three Botryosphaeria spp. that cause peach tree fungal gummosis. Inoculated trees were evaluated for disease severity by rating gum exudation, vascular discoloration, and fungal colonization. Each severity measurement yielded a different rank ordering of cultivars for susceptibility. However, in a greenhouse study, these same measurements gave consistent rankings for aggressiveness of the fungal species on `Blake'. Despite large differences in disease severity in the greenhouse study, none of the severity measures were correlated with tree growth after inoculation. The only factor significantly correlated with growth rate of the trees after inoculation was growth rate before inoculation.

Preemergence Herbicide and Glyphosate Effects on Seedling Diseases in Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Pankey ◽  
James L. Griffin ◽  
Patrick D. Colyer ◽  
Raymond W. Schneider ◽  
Donnie K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Seedling Disease ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Seedling Diseases

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of preemergence (PRE) herbicides metolachlor at 1,700 g ai/ha, pyrithiobac at 70 g ai/ha, or pendimethalin at 840 g ai/ha applied alone or with fluometuron at 1,300 g ai/ha and glyphosate postemergence (POST) at 840 g ai/ha on seedling diseases in glyphosate-resistant cotton. Hypocotyl disease severity both years averaged across PRE herbicide treatments was greater after glyphosate application to four-leaf cotton than cotyledon cotton. The PRE herbicide treatments, particularly those including fluometuron, increased root and hypocotyl disease ratings compared with a nontreated control, and a sequential application of glyphosate did not further increase disease severity. Greenhouse experiments using soil infested withRhizoctonia solaniconfirmed findings from the field study showing that PRE herbicides can predispose cotton to greater seedling disease injury with no increased seedling disease severity associated with application of glyphosate. In the field study, glyphosate applied at cotyledon or four-leaf growth stages decreased disease severity on cotton hypocotyls both years. This inhibitory effect of glyphosate was less evident in the greenhouse study and may have been related to species of fungi present, infestation level, and differences in environmental conditions when compared with the field.

Disentangling the role of competition, light interception, and functional traits in tree growth rate variation in South Asian tropical moist forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 483 ◽  
pp. 118908
Author(s):  
Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Masum Billah ◽  
Md Obydur Rahman ◽  
Debit Datta ◽  
Muhammad Ahsanuzzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Tree Growth Rate

scholarly journals Seed mass effects on germination and growth of diverse European Scots pine populations

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.B. Reich ◽  
J. Oleksyn ◽  
M.G. Tjoelker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Turkish Population ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Mass Effects

Seedlings of 24 European Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) populations were grown in controlled environment chambers under simulated photoperiodic conditions of 50 and 60°N latitude to evaluate the effect of seed mass on germination and seedling growth characteristics. Seeds of each population were classified into 1-mg mass classes, and the four classes per population with the highest frequencies were used. Photoperiod had minimal influence on seed mass effects. Overall, seed mass was positively related to the number of cotyledons and hypocotyl height. Populations differed significantly in seed mass effect on biomass. In northern populations (55–61°N), dry mass at the end of the first growing season was little affected by seed mass. However, dry mass in 9 of 15 central populations (54–48°N) and all southern (<45°N) populations correlated positively with seed mass. Relative growth rate was not related to seed mass within or across populations, and thus early growth is largely determined by seed mass. Relative growth rate also did not differ among populations, except for a geographically isolated Turkish population with the highest seed mass and lowest relative growth rate. After one growing season, height was positively correlated (r2 > 0.6) with seed mass in 15 populations. To check the duration of seed mass effects, height growth of 1- to 7-year-old field experiments established with the same seed lots were compared. Seed mass effects on height were strongest for 1-year-old seedlings and declined or disappeared by the age of 5–7 years among central and southern populations, but remained stable over that time in northern populations.

scholarly journals Heritability of peach tree resistance to bacterial leaf spot

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 366-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Luiz Varago ◽  
Idemir Citadin ◽  
Marcos Robson Sachet ◽  
Gener Augusto Penso ◽  
Maria do Carmo Bassols Raseira
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Spot ◽  
Tree Resistance ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Xanthomonas Arboricola

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the broad-sense heritability reaction to bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni), in peach tree populations obtained from directed crosses. Disease severity and defoliation of the genotypes were evaluated in field conditions, with posterior measurement of the healthy leaf area duration (HAD). The observed average heritability (0.51) indicates that the use of the evaluated genitors can be effective for the development of cultivars with higher resistance to the disease.

scholarly journals Molds in museum environments: Biodeterioration of art photographs and wooden sculptures

2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Ljaljevic-Grbic ◽  
M. Stupar ◽  
Jelena Vukojevic ◽  
Ivana Maricic ◽  
Natasa Bungur
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Chaetomium Globosum ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Cultural Center ◽  
Fungal Propagules ◽  
Alternaria Sp

Pieces of art stored in museum depots and display rooms are subject to fungal colonization that leads to bio-deterioration processes. Deteriorated wooden sculptures and art photographs temporarily stored in the quarantine room of the Cultural Center of Belgrade were subject to mycological analyses. Twelve fungal species were identified on the wooden substratum and five species were detected on photograph surfaces. Trichoderma viride, Chaetomium globosum and Alternaria sp. were the fungi with proven cellulolytic activity detected on the examined cellulose substrata. Indoor air mycobiota were estimated to 210.09 ? 8.06 CFU m-3, and the conidia of fungus Aspergillus niger were the dominant fungal propagules in the air of the examined room.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Fusarium species associated with crown and root rot of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under different condition

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Bareen Sidqi Shareef Al-Tovi ◽  
Raed Abduljabbar Haleem
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Spore Suspension ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Crown And Root Rot

This study was conducted to test the pathogenicity of Fusarium species, the causes of crown and root rot disease of wheat crop, under three different conditions (Laboratory, Greenhouse and Field) and to show the best method for pathogenicity among different conditions. Pathogenicity test of six isolates of Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum, F. nivale, F. solani and F. udum) was tested on durum (Simeto) cultivar of wheat by test tube method in the laboratory, the tested fungi had substantial effect on seed germination. F. oxysporum showed the highest germination failure (44.44%) which significantly differed with other species. In the greenhouse, seedlings were inoculated by spore suspension at the base of each plant stem. The most virulent fungus after 35 days of inoculation was F. oxysporum (0.78) followed by F. solani (0.70) and F. graminearum (0.66), while the lowest disease severity was recorded by F. udum (0.16). Also in the field pathogenicity experiments of three Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. oxysporum and F. solani) were performed on a durum (Simeto) and soft (Cham6) cultivars. Spore suspension was applied at the 2- to 3-leaf Zadoks’s growth stage. Disease severity was calculated at two stages of wheat growth (Booting and Ripening).The most virulent fungus was F. graminearum (0.42) that was significantly different from  other fungi. This work indicated that F. graminearum, F. oxysporum and F. solani showed higher infection than remaining tested species under threeconditions. Pathogenicity test in laboratory by test tube method (In-vitro) appeared more effective than greenhouse and field experiments

scholarly journals Wild Apple-Associated Fungi and Bacteria Compete to Colonize the Larval Gut of an Invasive Wood-Borer Agrilus mali in Tianshan Forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tohir A. Bozorov ◽  
Zokir O. Toshmatov ◽  
Gulnaz Kahar ◽  
Daoyuan Zhang ◽  
Hua Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Antifungal Compound ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Malus Sieversii ◽  
Wood Borer

The gut microflora of insects plays important roles throughout their lives. Different foods and geographic locations change gut bacterial communities. The invasive wood-borer Agrilus mali causes extensive mortality of wild apple, Malus sieversii, which is considered a progenitor of all cultivated apples, in Tianshan forests. Recent analysis showed that the gut microbiota of larvae collected from Tianshan forests showed rich bacterial diversity but the absence of fungal species. In this study, we explored the antagonistic ability of the gut bacteria to address this absence of fungi in the larval gut. The results demonstrated that the gut bacteria were able to selectively inhibit wild apple tree-associated fungi. Among them, Pseudomonas synxantha showed strong antagonistic ability, producing antifungal compounds. Using different analytical methods, such as column chromatography, mass spectrometry, HPLC, and NMR, an antifungal compound, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), was identified. Activity of the compound was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration method and electron microscopy. Moreover, our study showed that the gut bacteria could originate from noninfested apple microflora during infestation. Overall, the results showed that in newly invaded locations, A. mali larvae changed their gut microbiota and adopted new gut bacteria that prevented fungal colonization in the gut.

scholarly journals Alternative Products to Control Soybean Downy Mildew in the Field

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Gislaine Gabardo ◽  
Maristella Dalla Pria ◽  
Henrique Luis da Silva ◽  
Mônica Gabrielle Harms
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ascophyllum Nodosum ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Manganese Zinc ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Copper Manganese ◽  
Diagrammatic Scale

Soybean mildew caused by Oomycota Peronospora manshurica, is a disease widely spread in Brazil. In order to study the efficiency of soybean mildew control due to the application of alternative products and fungicide in the field, experiments were conducted in Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons. The design used was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments were: 1-witness; 2-acibenzolar-S-methyl; 3-calcium; 4-micronutrients: copper, manganese and zinc; 5-micronutrients: manganese, zinc and molybdenum; 6-NK fertilizer; 7-Ascophyllum nodosum and 8-azoxystrobin + cyproconazole with the addition of Nimbus adjuvant. Four applications of alternative products (phenological stages V3, V6, R1 and R5.1) and two of fungicide (phenological stages R1 and R5.1) were performed. The mildew severity was estimated using a diagrammatic scale. The severity data made it possible to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). In the 2014/2015 harvest the disease was more severe. The control of downy mildew by the use of fungicide did not reduce the epidemic. The fungicide was not efficient in the two evaluated seasons. All tested alternative products reduced the disease severity and AUDPC in both seasons. The best results in reducing downy mildew were found with the application of acibenzolar-S-methyl, micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn) and A. nodosum.

Effect of Virulence of Root Rot Pathogens and Cultivar Resistance on Disease Occurrence in Dry Beans

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony O. Adesemoye ◽  
Travis Orrell ◽  
Srikanth Kodati
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Cultivar Resistance ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Disease Rating ◽  
Cultivar Susceptibility

Dry bean samples with root rot symptoms were collected in a Z pattern from field locations representing the 11 production counties in west and central Nebraska from 2015 to 2017. Recovered isolates were identified using primers for the β-tubulin gene and internal transcribed spacer region. Among the 132 isolates obtained including, Fusarium (44%), Rhizoctonia (30.3%), and other fungal genera (25.7%), the top 17 pathogenic strains were selected through rolled towel assay and used in a greenhouse study to challenge seven dry bean cultivars in six market classes commonly produced in Nebraska, namely, great northern, pinto, navy, kidney, small red, and black bean. Destructive sampling and disease rating of dry bean plants was conducted to evaluate cultivar resistance, compare virulence among strains, and assess the effect on disease severity. Strains of R. solani AG-5, R. solani AG-2-2 IIIB, R. solani AG-4, F. cuneirostrum, and F. sporotrichioides were the most virulent. None of the tested dry bean cultivars had durable resistance; however, there were significant differences in cultivar susceptibility. The Medalist dry bean cultivar was the least susceptible, and Merlot was the most susceptible. The virulence of the pathogens was more important than the cultivar resistance and should be considered in dry bean production decisions.

scholarly journals Effective Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicide Programs for Kochia Control

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipan Kumar ◽  
Prashant Jha
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Chemical Fallow ◽  
Herbicide Programs ◽  
Crop Competition

Field experiments were conducted in 2011 through 2013 at the MSU Southern Agricultural Research Center near Huntley, MT, to evaluate the effectiveness of various PRE and POST herbicide programs for kochia control in the absence of a crop. PRE herbicides labeled for corn, grain sorghum, soybean, wheat/barley, and/or in chemical fallow were applied at recommended field-use rates. Acetochlor + atrazine,S-metolachlor + atrazine + mesotrione, and sulfentrazone applied PRE provided ≥91% control of kochia at 12 wk after treatment (WAT). Metribuzin, metribuzin + linuron, and pyroxasulfone + atrazine PRE provided 82% control at 12 WAT. PRE control with acetochlor + flumetsulam + clopyralid, pyroxasulfone alone, and saflufenacil + 2,4-D was ≤23% at 12 WAT. Paraquat + atrazine, paraquat + linuron, and paraquat + metribuzin controlled kochia ≥98% at 5 WAT. POST control with bromoxynil + fluroxypyr, paraquat, tembotrione + atrazine, and topramezone + atrazine treatments averaged 84% at 5 WAT, and did not differ from glyphosate. Control with POST-applied bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole, dicamba, diflufenzopyr + dicamba + 2,4-D, saflufenacil, saflufenacil + 2,4-D, saflufenacil + linuron was 67 to 78% at 5 WAT. Because of the presence of kochia resistant to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides at the test site, cloransulam-methyl was not a viable option for kochia control. In a separate greenhouse study, kochia accessions showed differential response to the POST herbicides (labeled for corn or soybean) tested. Tembotrione + atrazine, topramezone + atrazine, lactofen, or fomesafen effectively controlled the glyphosate-resistant kochia accession tested. Growers should utilize these effective PRE- or POST-applied herbicide premixes or tank mixtures (multiple modes of action) to control herbicide-resistant kochia accessions in the field. PRE herbicides with 8 wk of soil-residual activity on kochia would be acceptable if crop competition were present; however, a follow-up herbicide application may be needed to obtain season-long kochia control in the absence of crop competition.

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