scholarly journals Nitrogen and Phosphorus Preconditioning of Small-plug Seedlings Influence Processing Tomato Productivity

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Garton ◽  
Irvin E. Widders
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Seedlings of processing tomato `H 2653' (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were cultured in 288-cell (< 6 cm3 volume) plug trays in a soilless growing medium. Pretransplant fertilization with nutrient solutions containing 10 or 20 mm N and 2 or 5 mm P for 10 days altered the total ammoniacal-N and P, and the soluble NO3-N and PO4-P concentrations in the shoot tissue at transplanting. Post-transplanting shoot and root growth were more rapid in late May plantings than in earlier plantings. The 20-mm N and 2-mm P pretransplant treatment caused the most rapid shoot growth following early season plantings in the field. Rapid seedling establishment after transplanting was generally not a good indicator of potential fruit yield. The 5-mm P pretransplant treatment produced higher marketable fruit yields in early plantings but not in later. Culture of seedlings under a low fertilization regime (5.4 mm N, 1.0 mm P, and 1.6 mm K) before pretransplant treatment produced as high or higher fruit yields than did seedlings from a higher regimen. Withholding fertilizer temporarily before transplanting resulted in a depletion in tissue N and P concentrations, slow post-transplanting shoot growth, and lower yields.

Napropamide Uptake, Transport, and Metabolism in Corn (Zea mays) and Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barrett ◽  
Floyd M. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Tomato Root ◽  
Corn Roots ◽  
Tomato Roots ◽  
Absorption Studies ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth

Napropamide [2-(α-napthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] inhibited root and shoot growth in corn (Zea maysL. ‘NC+ 59’) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Niagara VF315’) seedlings. Shoot growth was reduced less than root growth in both species. Corn roots were approximately 10 times more sensitive to napropamide than were tomato roots. Translocation of napropamide from the roots to the shoot of tomato occurred within 0.5 h and followed an apoplastic pattern. Little movement of napropamide from the roots to the shoots occurred in corn. Metabolism of napropamide was not evident in either species during an 8-h exposure. Absorption studies showed that total napropamide levels were 60% higher in corn root tissue than in tomato root tissue. The greater napropamide content in the corn roots was associated with a tightly bound fraction of the total napropamide influx.

Induction of Rapid Metabolism of Metolachlor in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Shoots by CGA-92194 and Other Antidotes

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Patrick Fuerst ◽  
John W. Gronwald
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Glutathione Conjugate ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Shoot Tissue

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘G-623 GBR’] bioassays indicated that shoot growth was more susceptible to metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] and more responsive to the antidote CGA-92194 {α-[(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoxy)-imino] benzeneacetonitrile} than root growth. Seed treatment with CGA-92194 increased seedling shoot tolerance to metolachlor approximately tenfold. CGA-92194 seed treatment enhanced shoot absorption of14C-metolachlor approximately twofold. Metolachlor was initially metabolized to the glutathione conjugate in untreated shoots and those treated with CGA-92194. However, CGA-92194 seed treatment caused accelerated metolachlor metabolism in the shoot, decreasing metolachlor content and increasing formation of the glutathione conjugate. Cyometrinil {(Z)-α[(cyanomethoxy)imino] benzeneacetonitrile}, flurazole [phenylmethyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate], naphthalic anhydride (1H,3H-naphtho[1,8-cd]-pyran-1,3-dione), and dichlormid (2,2-dichloro-N,N-di-2-propenylacetamide) also protected sorghum from metolachlor injury and enhanced metolachlor absorption and metabolism. The degree of protection conferred by a particular antidote was correlated with its ability to enhance metabolism of metolachlor in shoot tissue. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the above antidotes protect sorghum from metolachlor injury by inducing rapid detoxification of metolachlor through conjugation with glutathione.

scholarly journals Growth and Yield of Tomato Plants in Response to Age of Transplants

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Leskovar ◽  
Daniel J. Cantliffe ◽  
Peter J. Stoffella
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Over Time

Studies were conducted to evaluate growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants in the field in response to age of transplants in Spring and Fall 1989. Transplants were 2 (2W), 3 (3W), 4 (4W), 5 (SW), or 6 (6W) weeks old. Drip and subseepage irrigation were used. In spring, older transplants produced more shoot and root growth up to 2 (T2) weeks after transplanting. At 3 (T3) and 4 (T4) weeks after transplanting, there were no differences between 4W, 5W, and 6W transplants. These trends were independent of irrigation systems. Total yield and early yield were similar for all transplant ages. In fall, shoot growth increased linearly with increasing transplant age at TO, but not thereafter. Chlorophyll a + b increased over time, but no treatment differences were found at T4. At planting, 2W transplants had a higher Chl a: b ratio than older transplants. This difference was reduced at T1 and T2 and became insignificant at T4. These results indicate that no improvement in yields was obtained using the traditional older transplants. Younger transplants might be used to achieve rapid seedling establishment with-minimal transplant production costs.

Target Tissue for Napropamide Inhibition: Effects on Green and White Callus Cultures and Seedlings

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 711-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zilkah ◽  
P. F. Bocion ◽  
J. Gressel
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Rumex Obtusifolius ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Green Tissue

We previously reported that napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] was highly toxic to achlorophyllous callus of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘San Marzano’), whereas foliar application to seedlings was almost without effect. Experiments were performed to ascertain the effects of napropamide on green and achlorophyllous calli of tomato and broadleaf dock (Rumex obtusifolius L.). The growth of achlorophyllous tissues was more severely inhibited. Foliar applications were not as inhibitory in both species. Napropamide was applied to tomato seedlings via roots and cut shoots and root growth was more inhibited than shoot growth. Thus napropamide is toxic to achlorophyllous tissue and is either less toxic to, or detoxified by green tissue.

Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) Interference in Processing Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances G. M. Perez ◽  
John B. Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Greenhouse Plant ◽  
Marketable Fruit

In replacement experiments in the greenhouse, plant relative yield (PRY) of both eastern black nightshade and tomato increased as the proportion of nightshade plants increased in the pots, indicating that nightshade is less competitive than tomato. In field studies tomato yield was reduced by two-thirds if three nightshade plants m–1of row were allowed to grow with tomato more than 6 weeks following tomato establishment The percent marketable fruit decreased linearly from 73% with no nightshade to 49% when nightshade were present for 12 weeks. When nightshade and tomato were transplanted together, tomato yield was 9000 kg ha–1and 49% of the fruit was marketable, while tomato yields were 30 000 kg ha–1and 70% of the fruit was marketable when nightshade was established 9 weeks after tomato planting.

scholarly journals ELEMENTAL CONTENT IN TOMATO SEEDLINGS AS INFLUENCED BY PRETRANSPLANT CONDITIONING

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1129a-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Garton ◽  
Irvin E. Widders
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Elemental Concentration ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Total N ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Shoot Growth Rate ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

Processing tomato seedlings cultured in 288 cell plug trays were fertilized with solutions containing either 75-32-62 or 150-64-124 ppm N-P-K until the 4 to 5 true leaf stage (12 cm tall). At this developmental. stage, the seedlings were nutrient conditioned with 0-0-0, 75-32-62, 150-64-124, 300-128-248 or 450-194-374 ppm N-P-K for up to 12 days. Within 3 days of initiation of pretransplant fertilization treatments, both the contents and mean concentrations in shoot tissue of total N, P, K and soluble NO3- were significantly altered. The maximum effects on tissue concentrations were observed within 5 days. Shoot growth rate of seedlings was affected within 5 to 8 days by a modification of elemental concentration within fertilizer solutions. The benefits of nutrient conditioning on tomato seedlings will be discussed.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Response of Three Container-Grown Kalmia latifolia L. Cultivars at Two Locations to Growing Medium and Nitrogen Form

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Rita L. Hummel ◽  
Charles R. Johnson ◽  
Orville M. Lindstrom
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Form ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot And Root Growth

Abstract Rooted liners of Kalmia latifolia L. ‘Elf’, ‘Freckles’ and ‘Goodrich’ were shipped to Griffin, Georgia, and Puyallup, Washington and were potted into 3.8 liter (# 1) containers. Factorial combinations of growing media (1 bark: 1 peat, 4 bark: 1 peat), NO3/NH4 ratios (100% NO3/0% NH4, 60% NO3/40% NH4, 20% NO3/80% NH4), and rates of N (40, 80, and 120 mg N/pot; 0.0014, 0.0028, and 0.0042 oz N/pot, resp.) were applied at both locations. Results indicated that a combination of the nitrate/ammonium forms of nitrogen (60/40 NO3/NH4) and the 80 mg/pot N rate produced the best overall shoot and root growth on all 3 cultivars at both locations. Root and shoot growth was not affected by growing media at either location. With the exception of lower pH readings for the Georgia media, results for the two locations were remarkably consistent.

scholarly journals Ambiol Preconditioning Can Induce Drought Tolerance in Abscisic Acid-deficient Tomato Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1890-1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mason T. MacDonald ◽  
Rajasekaran R. Lada ◽  
Jeff Hoyle ◽  
A. Robin Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Dependent Pathway

Ambiol, a derivative of 5-hydroxybenzimidazole, has been well documented to function as a growth promoter, an antistress compound, and an antioxidant when applied as a seed preconditioning agent. However, evidence suggests that Ambiol decreases transpiration and promotes root growth similar to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), leading to the development of the hypothesis that Ambiol promotes drought resistance through an ABA-dependent pathway. The effect of 0 mg·L−1 and 10 mg·L−1 was tested on wild-type tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. Scotia), ABA-deficient flacca tomato seedlings, and ABA-inhibited (with fluridone) tomato seedlings. In both fluridone-treated and flacca seedlings, Ambiol preconditioning resulted in significant increases in shoot growth, root growth, leaf area, and plant height consistent with gains experienced by wild-type tomatoes. In addition, flacca tomatoes experienced increases in photosynthesis and water use efficiency consistent with wild-type tomatoes. Ambiol was able to confer benefits to drought-stressed tomatoes in ABA-deficient and ABA-inhibited conditions, suggesting that Ambiol functions through an ABA-independent pathway.

scholarly journals Pendimethalin Influence on Azalea Shoot and Root Growth

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-225
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Derr ◽  
Lori D. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Root Exposure ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Over The Top

Abstract Preemergence herbicides, especially members of the dinitroaniline class, are commonly applied to container-grown nursery stock. Dinitroaniline herbicides inhibit the development of new roots in susceptible plants, and can injure nursery crops. The effect of pendimethalin on root and shoot growth of ‘Tradition’ azalea was evaluated at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. Pendimethalin was applied to azalea tops (shoot exposure), the growing medium (root exposure), or to the tops plus growing medium. Initial plant heights and root volumes were used to calculate percent increase in growth as affected by application method. Four weeks after treatment, plant height of shoot-only and shoot plus root treatments increased by 17 and 25%, respectively, while height in root-only and untreated control plots increased by 34%. Eight weeks after treatment (WAT), plant height of shoot-only and shoot plus root treatment increased by 61 and 63%, respectively, compared to root-only and untreated control plots, which increased by 105 and 108%, respectively. Greatest reductions in root growth were found in the shoot plus root and root-only treatments at 4 and 8 WAT, likely due to pendimethalin movement into the upper 3 cm of the growing mix. Pendimethalin can directly affect azalea shoot growth following exposure to only the foliage, and directly reduce root development following application to the growing medium. Any stunting of growth following over-the-top application of a sprayable pendimethalin formulation likely results from impacts on both the root and shoot systems.

Solute flows from Hordeum vulgare to the hemiparasite Rhinanthus minor and the influence of infection on host and parasite nutrient relations

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Jiang ◽  
W. Dieter Jeschke ◽  
Wolfram Hartung
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Total N ◽  
Rhinanthus Minor

Using the facultative root hemiparasite Rhinanthus minor and Hordeum vulgare L. as a host, the flows and partitioning of mineral nutrients within the host, the parasite and between host and parasite have been studied during the study period 41–54 d after planting, i.e approximately 30–43 d after successful attachment of the parasite to the host. In parasitising Rhinanthus shoot growth was 12-fold, but root growth only 2-fold increased compared to non-parasitising plants. Conversely, in the Hordeum host, shoot dry matter growth was clearly reduced, by 33% in leaf laminae and by 52% in leaf sheaths, whereas root growth was only slightly reduced as a consequence of parasitism. Growth-dependent increments of total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and of potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in parasitising Rhinanthus shoot were strongly increased, particularly increments of total N and P, which were 18 and 42 times, respectively, higher than in solitary Rhinanthus. However, increments of the above mineral nutrients in leaf sheaths of parasitised Hordeum vulgare were more strongly decreased than in leaf laminae in response to parasitic attack. Estimation of the flows of nutrients revealed that Rhinanthus withdrew from the host xylem sap about the same percentage of each nutrients: 18% of total N, 22% of P and 20% of K. Within the host almost all net flows of nutrient ions were decreased due to parasitism, but retranslocation from shoot to root was somewhat increased for all nutrients. Quantitative information is provided to show that the substantially increased growth in the shoot of attached Rhinanthus and the observed decrease in Hordeum shoot growth after infection were related to strongly elevated supply of nitrogen and phosphorus in the parasite and to incipient deficiency of these nutrients in the parasitised host. The flows of nutrients between host and parasite are discussed in terms of low selectivity of nutrient abstraction from the host xylem by the hemiparasite Rhinanthus minor.

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