scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SPACING AND PRUNING ON ECONOMIC RETURNS OF STAKED TOMATOES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1075G-1075
Author(s):  
Jeanine M. Davis ◽  
Edmund A. Estes
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Western North Carolina ◽  
Market Pressures

Stable prices and increased competitive market pressures have caused many staked tomato producers to examine the costs and benefits of adopting intensive production practices such as drip irrigation and plastic mulch. Inclusion of these practices with traditional growing practices often results in a total production cost in excess of $10,000 per acre. In 1988 and 1989, field studies were conducted in western North Carolina to determine if changes in plant spacing and pruning could reduce production costs, increase yields of large fruit and improve grower net returns from staked tomatoes (c. Mountain Pride). Combined data indicated that the greatest early season yields were obtained using early pruning (when suckers were 2-4 inches long) and in-row spacings of 18 inches or less. Net returns per acre were greatest when: 1) plants were pruned early and spaced closely in-row, which increased high priced early season yields and 2) plants were spaced 30 inches apart and either pruned early or not pruned, which increased total season yields. Non-pruned plants had lower yields of Jumbo and Extra Large size fruit, but higher total yields than pruned plants.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SPACING AND PRUNING ON ECONOMIC RETURNS OF STAKED TOMATOES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1075g-1075
Author(s):  
Jeanine M. Davis ◽  
Edmund A. Estes
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Western North Carolina ◽  
Market Pressures

Stable prices and increased competitive market pressures have caused many staked tomato producers to examine the costs and benefits of adopting intensive production practices such as drip irrigation and plastic mulch. Inclusion of these practices with traditional growing practices often results in a total production cost in excess of $10,000 per acre. In 1988 and 1989, field studies were conducted in western North Carolina to determine if changes in plant spacing and pruning could reduce production costs, increase yields of large fruit and improve grower net returns from staked tomatoes (c. Mountain Pride). Combined data indicated that the greatest early season yields were obtained using early pruning (when suckers were 2-4 inches long) and in-row spacings of 18 inches or less. Net returns per acre were greatest when: 1) plants were pruned early and spaced closely in-row, which increased high priced early season yields and 2) plants were spaced 30 inches apart and either pruned early or not pruned, which increased total season yields. Non-pruned plants had lower yields of Jumbo and Extra Large size fruit, but higher total yields than pruned plants.

scholarly journals Spacing and Pruning Affect Growth, Yield, and Economic Returns of Staked Fresh-market Tomatoes

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine M. Davis ◽  
Edmund A. Estes
Keyword(s):  
Growth Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Market Pressures

Unstable prices and increased competitive market pressures have caused many staked-tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) producers to reexamine the costs and benefits of various production practices. In 1988 and 1989, field studies were conducted to determine if changes in plant in-row spacing and pruning could reduce production costs, increase yields, and improve grower net returns of staked `Mountain Pride' tomatoes. In both years, early-season yields were highest using early pruning (when lateral shoots were 5 to 10 cm long) or delayed pruning (when lateral shoots were 30 to 36 cm long) and in-row spacings ≤46 cm. In 1988, total-season yields per hectare of pruned plants increased as in-row spacing decreased. For nonpruned plants, however, total-season yields were high at all spacings. In 1989, total-season yields were lower from delayed-pruned plants than from nonpruned plants and there was little yield difference due to in-row spacing. In both years, nonpruned plants produced low yields of fruit >72 mm in diameter but their total yields were greater than those of pruned plants. Net returns per hectare, calculated from combined data of both years, were highest when 1) plants spaced closely in-row were pruned early and 2) plants were spaced 46 to 76 cm apart and either pruned early or not pruned.

Long-term economic performance of organic and conventional field crops in the mid-Atlantic region

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel A. Cavigelli ◽  
Beth L. Hima ◽  
James C. Hanson ◽  
John R. Teasdale ◽  
Anne E. Conklin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Economic Risk ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Price Premiums ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Short Rotation

AbstractInterest in organic grain production is increasing in the United States but there is limited information regarding the economic performance of organic grain and forage production in the mid-Atlantic region. We present the results from enterprise budget analyses for individual crops and for complete rotations with and without organic price premiums for five cropping systems at the US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS) Beltsville Farming Systems Project (FSP) from 2000 to 2005. The FSP is a long-term cropping systems trial established in 1996 to evaluate the sustainability of organic and conventional grain crop production. The five FSP cropping systems include a conventional, three-year no-till corn (Zea maysL.)–rye (Secale cerealeL.) cover crop/soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr)–wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)/soybean rotation (no-till (NT)), a conventional, three-year chisel-till corn–rye/soybean–wheat/soybean rotation (chisel tillage (CT)), a two-year organic hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth)/corn–rye/soybean rotation (Org2), a three-year organic vetch/corn–rye/soybean–wheat rotation (Org3) and a four- to six-year organic corn–rye/soybean–wheat–red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.)/orchard grass (Dactylis glomerataL.) or alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) rotation (Org4+). Economic returns were calculated for rotations present from 2000 to 2005, which included some slight changes in crop rotation sequences due to weather conditions and management changes; additional analyses were conducted for 2000 to 2002 when all crops described above were present in all organic rotations. Production costs were, in general, greatest for CT, while those for the organic systems were lower than or similar to those for NT for all crops. Present value of net returns for individual crops and for full rotations were greater and risks were lower for NT than for CT. When price premiums for organic crops were included in the analysis, cumulative present value of net returns for organic systems (US$3933 to 5446 ha−1, 2000 to 2005; US$2653 to 2869 ha−1, 2000 to 2002) were always substantially greater than for the conventional systems (US$1309 to 1909 ha−1, 2000 to 2005; US$634 to 869 ha−1, 2000 to 2002). With price premiums, Org2 had greater net returns but also greater variability of returns and economic risk across all years than all other systems, primarily because economic success of this short rotation was highly dependent on the success of soybean, the crop with the highest returns. Soybean yield variability was high due to the impact of weather on the success of weed control in the organic systems. The longer, more diverse Org4+ rotation had the lowest variability of returns among organic systems and lower economic risk than Org2. With no organic price premiums, economic returns for corn and soybean in the organic systems were generally lower than those for the conventional systems due to lower grain yields in the organic systems. An exception to this pattern is that returns for corn in Org4+ were equal to or greater than those in NT in four of six years due to both lower production costs and greater revenue than for Org2 and Org3. With no organic premiums, present value of net returns for the full rotations was greatest for NT in 4 of 6 years and greatest for Org4+ the other 2 years, when returns for hay crops were high. Returns for individual crops and for full rotations were, in general, among the lowest and economic risk was, in general, among the highest for Org2 and Org3. Results indicate that Org4+, the longest and most diverse rotation, had the most stable economic returns among organic systems but that short-term returns could be greatest with Org2. This result likely explains, at least in part, why some organic farmers in the mid-Atlantic region, especially those recently converting to organic methods, have adopted this relatively short rotation. The greater stability of the longer rotation, by contrast, may explain why farmers who have used organic methods for longer periods of time tend to favor rotations that include perennial forages.

scholarly journals Comparative Cost Analyses of Conventional, Integrated Crop Management, and Organic Methods

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin G. Brumfield ◽  
Arbindra Rimal ◽  
Steve Reiners
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Integrated Crop Management ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Study Techniques

Production costs have been analyzed in several studies using such normative approaches as budgeting and mathematical programming, and positive approaches as estimation of production, cost, or profit functions. This study used budgeting methods to analyze the costs and benefits of adopting integrated crop management (ICM) or organic methods versus conventional agriculture for tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharada), and pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo L.). Data were collected using field studies conducted at the Rutgers University Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, N.J. Time and motion study techniques were used to record machinery use and labor quantities. Records of production inputs and yields were also collected. These records were then converted to a 1.0-acre (0.4-ha) basis to constructed crop budgets. Results show that ICM systems are more profitable than conventional and organic systems. Organic systems had the lowest net returns. However, because of the organic price premium, the net returns were fairly close to those for conventional and ICM systems.

Economics and New Alternatives in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Weed Management Programs

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Nastasi ◽  
Robert Frans ◽  
Marilyn McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Grass Weed

Field experiments were conducted in 1982 and 1983 in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) to evaluate alternatives in grass weed management programs with the use of postemergence herbicides and to assess the economic potential for incorporating the new over-the-top grass weed herbicides into total cotton production practices. Twelve weed management systems using the grass herbicides sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} and fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid} were compared to six standard systems. Differences in cotton production costs among the 18 systems were due to cost differences in total weed management. Equal or greater net return values were obtained when over-the-top herbicides followed fluometuron {N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)urea} preemergence or when these materials were applied twice compared to the over-the-top materials used in conjunction with trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] preplant incorporated or with directed postemergence materials. High net returns were the result of both high seed cotton yields and low total production costs.

Optimum sowing dates for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in monoculture and mixture with cassava (Manihot esculenta) during the rainy season in the south-west of Nigeria

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. O. OLASANTAN ◽  
N. J. BELLO
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Sowing Dates

Experiments to evaluate the optimum sowing date for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) sown in monoculture or in mixed stands with cassava (Manihot esculenta) were sited on free-draining sandy loam soils in southwestern Nigeria. Okra was sown at the end of July, in mid-August and early September as a late-season crop in 1999 and at the end of May, in early June and at the end of June as an early-season crop in 2000. It was sown at seed rates sufficient to achieve final population densities of 33000 and 40000 plants/ha in late-season crops (1999) and early-season crops (2000), respectively. The late-season crops had shorter growth duration, received less rainfall, and experienced cooler temperatures during establishment and the early vegetative stage, and warmer temperatures during the reproductive phase than the early-season crops. Intercropping had no significant effect on the growth and tuber yields of cassava, or on phenology (i.e. time to vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting) and pod yield of okra in both seasons. However, it reduced weed growth by 35–57%, and kept both the soil and canopy environments of cassava cooler by 2·3–5·8 °C and more moist by 15–30 g/kg, compared with monoculture. The phenology and pod yields of the early- and late-season okra in both cropping systems were dependent on sowing date, indicating that okra production is only suitable at particular sowing dates in both seasons. July-sown okra in the 1999 late-season and May-sown crop in the 2000 early-season took progressively the longest time (i.e. 3–10 and 2–5 days, respectively) to flower and fruit, but these crops controlled weeds and modified the cassava environment better than the rest, and gave the highest fresh pod yields and economic returns. It took okra pods longer to reach marketable size in the late season than early season (i.e. 5–9 v. 2–6 days). It is concluded that the optimal sowing date to attain maximum pod yield and economic returns from late-season okra is July or August and from early-season crop is May or early June. Bearing in mind financial constraints and production costs, the optimal season target for maximum edible pods is the early season and for maximum economic returns is the late season.

Immaterial Cost and Production: Maximum Production Cost Level Through Marginal Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-149
Author(s):  
Dini Maulana Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Sugar Factory ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Cost Approach ◽  
South Sulawesi

This paper will discuss about the immaterial costs and production yields at one of the refined sugar factory companies in Makassar, South Sulawesi. The theory is based on the fact that Immaterial is a cost that is almsgiving, meaning costs that are outside of the basic costs of the company in producing production, so this research aims to find out: (1) what is the production cost needed to produce this production, (2) the maximum level of production at company from 2013 to 2017. This type of research is a quantitative study because it uses a questionnaire in the form of values ​​that are processed using the marginal cost approach formula. The results of the analysis show that (1) the maximum level of production costs occurred in 2016 amounting to 6,912 with an Immaterial cost of Rp. 2,481,796,800 and the total production produced is 359,077.3 tons (2) The required workforce with the total production produced is 359,077.3 tones of 180 people including the maximum production point which means that the lowest value is achieved (optimal).    

MINIMALISASI BIAYA SIMPAN DAN BIAYA SETUP PADA MULTIPLE PRODUK: SIMULASI DENGAN CAPACITATED LOT SIZING PROBLEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
Erika Fatma
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Lot Sizing ◽  
Setup Time ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Product Cycle ◽  
Lot Size ◽  
Setup Costs ◽  
Lot Sizing Problem ◽  
Capacitated Lot Sizing

Lot sizing problem in production planning aims to optimize production costs (processing, setup and holding cost) by fulfilling demand and resources capacity costraint. The Capacitated Lot sizing Problem (CLSP) model aims to balance the setup costs and inventory costs to obtain optimal total costs. The object of this study was a plastic component manufacturing company. This study use CLSP model, considering process costs, holding costs and setup costs, by calculating product cycle and setup time. The constraint of this model is the production time capacity and the storage capacity of the finished product. CLSP can reduce the total production cost by 4.05% and can reduce setup time by 46.75%.  Keyword: Lot size, CLSP, Total production cost.

Capacity Planning for Cluster Tools of Wafer Fabrication Plant

2010 ◽  
Vol 450 ◽  
pp. 365-368
Author(s):  
James C. Chen ◽  
Chia Wen Chen ◽  
Kou Huang Chen ◽  
Chien Hsin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Planning ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Wafer Fabrication ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Output Rate ◽  
Cluster Tools ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Capital Intensive

Wafer fabrication is a capital intensive industry. A 12-inch wafer fabrication plant needs a typical investment of US$ 3 billion, and the equipment cost constitutes about two-thirds to three-quarters of the total production costs. Therefore, capacity planning is crucial to the investment and performance of wafer fabrication plants. Several formulae are presented to calculate the required number of machines with sequential, parallel, and batch processing characteristics, respectively. An AutoSched AP simulation model using data from real foundry fabrication plants is used in a case study to evaluate the performance of the proposed formulae. Simulation results indicate that the proposed formulae can quickly and accurately calculate the required number of cluster tools leading to the required monthly output rate.

Energy efficiency of multivariate cultivation techniques in pasture forage production

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
К.Н. Привалова ◽  
Р.Р. Каримов
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Exchange Energy ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Machinery Construction ◽  
Natural Factors

Исследования по определению энергетической эффективности пастбищных систем со злаковыми и бобово-злаковыми травостоями проведены в Федеральном научном центре кормопроизводства и агроэкологии им. В. Р. Вильямса. В статье приведены результаты агроэнергетической оценки многовариантных пастбищных систем со злаковыми травостоями, созданными в 1946 году. Даны количественные показатели по сбору обменной энергии, совокупным затратам на её производство, окупаемости затрат в зависимости от системы ведения пастбищ. Изучена эффективность совокупных затрат в виде овеществлённого труда (на семена, удобрения, сельскохозяйственные машины, средства огораживания загонов и прочее) и живого труда (работы трактористов, пастухов и строителей и др.). Обоснована высокая агроэнергетическая эффективность изучаемых пастбищных систем благодаря мобилизации в продукционный процесс природных факторов, долевое участие которых в структуре производства обменной энергии составило 69–84%. Природные факторы, участвующие в продукционном процессе луговых агроэкосистем, характеризуются большим разнообразием. Это не только использование солнечной энергии и азотфиксация бобовыми травами, но и долголетие травостоев, самовозобновление фитоценозов, дерновообразовательный процесс (повышение плодородия почвы), получение дешёвого корма и улучшение здоровья животных при летнем выпасе. Роль возобновляемых природных факторов выявлена на основе балансового метода, принятого в экономике (по разнице сбора обменной энергии и антропогенных затрат). Благодаря ведущей роли природных факторов в структуре произведённой продукции агроэнергетический коэффициент окупаемости совокупных затрат антропогенной энергии (АК) за счёт сбора обменной энергии достигал 3–6 раз в среднем за 45 лет. Разработанные в результате долголетних исследований многовариантные энергосберегающие пастбищные системы обосновывают возможность рекомендовать их производству с учётом применения различного уровня энергозатрат. Ключевые слова: культурные пастбища, системы ведения, долголетние травостои, сбор обменной энергии, совокупные антропогенные затраты, окупаемость затрат. The investigation was conducted at the Federal Williams Research Center of Fodder Production and Agroecology and was aimed at testing energy efficiency of gramineous and legume-gramineous swards. This article presents the results obtained on pasture ecosystems with gramineous planted in 1946. Exchange energy yield, total production costs and economic effectiveness were analyzed. Total production costs comprised costs for seeds, fertilizers, machinery, construction materials, labor, etc. Introduction of natural factors into the production process resulted in higher energy efficiency. Their share amounted to 69–84% in the final exchange energy yield. There are a lot of natural factors that affect grass productivity such as solar energy, nitrogen-fixation, sward longevity and regeneration, soil fertility, low-cost feed production, and livestock health. The value of natural factors was determined according to the balance method (by the difference between exchange energy yield and anthropogenic costs). Since environmental factors had a leading role in the production process, the return rate raised by 3–6 times for 45 years due to exchange energy increase. Therefore, pasture ecosystems developed can be recommended for a large-scale forage production.

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