scholarly journals EFFECT OF TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE FEEDING ON GAS EXCHANGE AND CHLOROPHYLL CHARACTERISTICS OF RED RASPBERRY LEAVES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1166d-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Scott Cameron ◽  
Carol A. Hartley ◽  
Carl H. Shanks ◽  
Jeannie K. L. Garth
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Mite Feeding ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite ◽  
Mite Number

At two-week intervals from 17 June to 15 July, three groups of `Meeker' red raspberry plants were infested with two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) in a greenhouse. While populations on individual plants were allowed to develop freely, control plants were kept free of mites with a chemical miticide. Gas exchange measurements were made on 27 July prior to visible mite damage, and on 7 October after injury was apparent. The relationships between mite populations and leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll characteristics were described using a logarithmic function.Physiological responses to mite feeding were observed prior to visible leaf injury. On both dates, CO2 assimilation rates decreased (p ≤ 0.001) with increasing mite numbers per leaflet. On 27 June, a significant relationship (R2 = 0.61***) was found between mite number and mesophyll conductance (gm). On 7 October, significant relationships (p ≤ 0.001) were also observed with gm, stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (E). Total chlorophyll content of leaves decreased with increasing mite populations, but chlorophyll a/b ratio and dry weight per leaf unit area were unchanged.

GAS EXCHANGE, GROWTH, FLOWERING AND FRUIT PRODUCTION IN SWEET PEPPER (CAPSICUM CHINENSE JACQ) ALONG A THERMAL GRADIENT DETERMINED BY ALTITUDINAL DIFFERENCES IN A TROPICAL REGION

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. JAIMEZ ◽  
F. RADA
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Flowering Initiation ◽  
Lower Temperature

SUMMARYA common practice in some South American countries consists in moving around Capsicum chinense cultivars between regions where edaphoclimatic conditions differ notably. The purpose of this research was to compare and relate gas exchange responses with assimilate allocation patterns and flower and fruit production dynamics in a cultivar of C. chinense in three locations with different mean temperatures (19, 24 and 28 °C) along a gradient from 140–1855 m. Leaf gas exchange (leaf conductance, CO2 assimilation and transpiration rates) was measured at 60–70, 110–120 and 140–150 days after transplanting (dat) from seed beds. Dry weight per plant of leaves, stems and roots were determined at 50, 73, 96, 114 and 196 dat. Flowering dynamics and fruit production were followed weekly. A marked reduction (50%) in mean Gs was found at the site with the lowest mean temperature in relation to plants grown at the highest temperature site. Mean daily CO2 assimilation rate was higher for plants in the intermediate site and a reduction of 18 and 42% was found for sites with highest and lowest mean temperature, respectively. We report an adverse effect of low temperatures on growth of C. chinense. Flowering initiation and fruit production was delayed at lower temperatures. An increase in temperature (between 26–30 °C) led to an increase in the number of flowers; below this temperature it remained unchanged. Fruit production is drastically reduced at the lower temperature site due to a large number of aborted flowers and small fruits.

Seasonal changes in net carbon dioxide exchange rates of Autumn Bliss, a primocane-fruiting red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Privé ◽  
J. A. Sullivan ◽  
J. T. A. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll

Seasonal changes in leaf net carbon exchange rate (NCER), stomatal conductance (gs), and intercellular CO2 (ci) were determined for 2-yr-old potted Autumn Bliss (Rubus idaeus L.) plants grown under field conditions. NCER varied inconsistently between leaves which subtended fruiting lateral branches (laterals) and those that did not. In leaves with fruiting laterals, it was lower on three dates, similar on three other dates and once greater than in leaves without fruiting laterals. Evidence of nonstomatal inhibition of photosynthesis was also apparent as leaf NCER and gs fluctuated during the season while ci remained relatively constant. The leaf chlorophyll content increased when fruiting laterals were present, but this did not produce a consistently higher leaf NCER. The SPAD-501 meter provided a rapid and accurate, nondestructive estimate of leaf chlorophyll content for Autumn Bliss red raspberry leaves. Under uniform environmental conditions, all healthy, fully expanded leaves along the primocane had the same photosynthetic potential. Also, leaf age did not influence leaf gas exchange until the leaves started to senesce. Therefore, good light interception throughout the canopy is needed to optimize dry matter production in primocane-fruiting red raspberries. Key words: Rubus idaeus L., primocane-fruiting, leaf gas exchange

Wind reduces growth and yield but not net leaf photosynthesis of primocane-fruiting red raspberries (Rubus idaues L.) in the establishment years

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Privé ◽  
N. Allain
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Four primocane-fruiting (PF) red raspberry cultivars, Bogong, Autumn Cascade, Heritage and Dinkum, were grown in exposed or sheltered (50% permeable artificial windbreak) sites fully exposed to prevailing winds in Bouctouche, NB. Shelters were erected at the beginning and removed at the end of each growing season. In the establishment year, all cultivars were evaluated to determine the effects of wind stress on their vegetative and reproductive development and leaf gas exchange. since all cultivars responded similarly to the effect of wind in year one, only Dinkum was monitored in years two and three. In all years, the artificial windbreak resulted in an overall 35% reduction in wind velocity, increased the number of calm days (<5.4 km h−1) and decreased the incidence of strong breezes (>36 km h−1). Interestingly in this maritime climate, the artificial windbreak did not have much of an effect on altering relative humidity, vapour pressure deficits, or air or soil temperature. Plants from sheltered sites consistently had greater above-ground biomass (especially cane dry weight) and longer cane internodes. For two of the three years, leaf area and yield were also greater in the sheltered sites. Leaf gas exchange parameters (Pn, gs and Ci), expressed per unit of leaf area, did not differ between treatments for most of the season, but the sheltered plants retained more leaf area and thus had the potential to fix a greater amount of carbon than the exposed plants. The larger, sheltered plants produced a more extensive fruiting framework, which resulted in increased yields in both the establishment and subsequent year. It is recommended to shelter raspberry plants from wind in the initial establishment years. Key words: Rubus idaeus L., fall-bearing, autumn fruiting, windbreak

scholarly journals Water use estimation and growth of container grown tatarian dogwood (Cornus alba L. ‘Sibirica’) and cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L. ‘Novita’)

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 1027-1042
Author(s):  
Éva ÓNODY ◽  
Károly HROTKÓ ◽  
Magdolna SÜTÖRINÉ DIÓSZEGI
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cherry Laurel

The pot in pot (PIP) system is a new alternative to container above ground (CAG) cultivation in nurseries. Our study estimates plant water usage of plants in CAG and PIP. Main variables as plant species, nursery container type and year effect on morphological parameters (plant size, leaf area, fresh and dry weight), on daily water use (weighed DWU), transpiration of leaves (DT) supplemented with species effect were analysed. Twenty plants grown in 5 L plastic pots of each combination were investigated. For leaf area measurement by AM350 we sampled 30 leaves from each plant. Fourty plants were weighed by a digital scale (Dyras, KSCL-300), morning and evening on each sampling day. Leaf gas exchange was measured on the same days by using leaf gas exchange analyzer (LCi, ADC Scientific Ltd.). From the two investigated deciduous (tatarian dogwood) and evergreen species (cherry laurel), only the tatarian dogwood showed improved quality in the PIP system (enhanced canopy increment, fresh and dry weight).  Significant difference showed the two species in DWU, and in DT. The tatarian dogwood used 626 g day-1 water (194 %) compared to the cherry laurel’s 341 g day-1 water use in 2015, while in 2016 this ratio was 144% in favor of tatarian dogwood. We measured higher initial morning weight (IWC) in PIP system. The transpiration measurements on single selected leaves overestimated the real transpiration compared to DWU. The DT of the deciduous tatarian dogwood responses more sensitive to environmental conditions than the evergreen cherry laurel.

scholarly journals Carambola Growth and Leaf Gas-exchange Responses to Seismic or Wind Stress

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 913-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Yasmina Zozor
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Seismic Stress

Growth and leaf gas-exchange responses of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) seedlings to wind or seismic stress were studied under glasshouse conditions. Forty days of twice daily seismic stress applied for 10 seconds consistently reduced carambola height, leaf area, dry weight, relative growth rate, and leaf-area ratio, but increased trunk cross-sectional area compared with plants receiving no seismic stress. Fifty-one days of wind load reduced plant height, leaf area, dry weight, trunk cross-sectional area, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf-area ratio, and stomatal conductance compared with plants receiving no wind stress. Morphological appearance was similar for plants receiving wind or seismic stress. Net CO2 assimilation of carambola leaflets was reduced by 30 minutes of wind load for up to 6 hours following the stress. Results suggest that wind may reduce carambola growth at least partially by influencing leaf gas exchange or by the mechanical stress associated with wind.

scholarly journals Flooding, Leaf Gas Exchange, and Growth of Mango in Containers

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk D. Larson ◽  
Bruce Schaffer ◽  
Frederick S. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Soil Conditions

The effect of flooding on container-grown `Tommy Atkins' mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees on two rootstock, and on container-grown seedling `Peach' mango trees, was investigated by evaluating vegetative growth, net gas exchange, and leaf water potential. In general, flooding simultaneously reduced net CO2 assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) after 2 to 3 days. However, flooding did not affect leaf water potential, shoot extension growth, or shoot dry weight, but stem radial growth and root dry weight were reduced, resulting in larger shoot: root ratios for flooded trees. Mortality of flooded trees ranged from 0% to 45% and was not related to-rootstock scion combination. Hypertrophied lenticels were observed on trees that survived flooding but not on trees that died. The reductions in gas exchange, vegetative growth, and the variable tree mortality indicate that mango is not highly flood-tolerant but appears to possess certain adaptations to flooded soil conditions.

scholarly journals The predating activity and prey impact on life cycle and development of predatory mite (amblysieus swirskii)

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Nomindalai D ◽  
Undarmaa D
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Adult Tick ◽  
Twospotted Spider Mite ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Pollen Feeding ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mite Feeding ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite

Amblyseius swirskii is commonly used to control whitefly and thrips, twospotted spider mite(T.urticae) in greenhouse vegetables and some ornamental crops. This study in each of three different types(two spotted spider mite feeding , pollen feeding, thrips feeding) of feeding pray, 1 females were observed to die at relative humidity 35-60% and at temperatures of 25-300С, laboratory light:dark(16:8) and characteristics of the pray were studied in the development of fertility. We studied mite’s nutritional features, and hunting activities. Amblysieus swirskii’s egg development good establish 2.18±0.17 days in environment which is pollen feeding, 2.48±0.04 days in thrips feeding environment, 2.014±0.098 in two spotted spider mite feeding environment, Growth is until Larvae turned to Nymph there is a hole day in three environments, until Nymph turned to adult tick there are 3.13±0.23 days in pollen feeding environment, 3.25±0.29 days in thrips feeding environment, 2.014±0.098 two spotted spider mite prey environment. A Generation 6.3±0.3 day’s pollen feeding environment, 6.72±0.25 days in thrips feeding environment, 6.55±0.32 days in two spotted spider mite prey environment. Therefore conclusion is feeding environment doesn’t influence their life cycle. Research shows that adult antelope feeds with 15.2 two spotted spider mite, 5.1 thrips daily, decreasing it`s population. Having observed the females egg development in three different types of feeding environment it showed highest result, 14 days, at a temperature of 29.7 1.47C and 30 3.33% moisture environment. In contrast it showed its lowest result, 6 days, in dusty feeding environment whereas in environment with thrips it lay it`s eggs in 12 days for an average. Observing Amblysieus swirskii’s laying egg and lifespan, found out that they able to lay 13±2.6 eggs in two spotted spider mite provision environment, 13.6±2.08 days survive. In thrips feeding environment laying 6.3±0.5 eggs and survive 12.3±2.08 days, in pollen feeding environment laying 4±1 eggs, 7.6±0.5 days surviving. Ангуучин амблисейус (аmblysieus swirskii) хачгийн идэш тэжээлийн онцлог, үржил хөгжил, ангуучлах идэвхийг судалсан дүн Хураангуй: Ангуучин хачиг амблисейус (Аmblysieus swirskii)ийн үржил хөгжлийг лабораторийн гэрэл:  харанхуй (16:8), 25-300С дулаантай, 35-60% чийгшилтэй орчинд ургамлын тоос, шүлхий  хачиг, трипс гэсэн гурван идэш тэжээлийн хувилбартайгаар үржил хөгжил, ангуучлах  идэвхийг судлав.Ангуучин хачиг амблисейус (Аmblysieus swirskii)-ийн өндөгний хөгжил  ургамлын тоос идэштэй орчинд 2.18±0.17 хоног, трипс идэштэй орчинд 2.48±0.04 хоног,  шүлхий хачиг идэштэй орчинд 2.014±0.098 хоног авгалдайнаас нимф болох шатанд гурван  орчинд бүгд 1 хоног, нимфээс бие гүйцсэн ангуучин хачиг болох шатанд тоос идэштэй орчинд  3.13±0.23 хоног, трипс идэштэй орчинд 3.25±0.29 хоног, энгийн шүлхий хачиг идэштэй орчинд  2.014±0.098 хоног тус тус бойжсон бол 1 үе удам нь тоосоор хооллосон орчинд 6.3±0.3 хоног,  трипсээр хооллосон орчинд 6.72±0.25 хоног, энгийн шүлхий хачгаар хооллосон орчинд  6.55±0.32 хоног тус тус үргэлжлэв. Ангуучин бие гүйцсэн амблисейус (Аmblysieus swirskii)  хачгийн ангуучлах идэвхийг судлахад өдөрт 15.2 шүлхий хачиг, 5.1 трипс дунджаар идэж  тоо, толгойг бууруулж байна. Эмэгчин хачгийн төлөрхөг чанарыг дээр дурьдсан гурван идэш  тэжээлийн орчинд судлахад шүлхий хачиг идэш тэжээлийн орчинд хамгийн олон хоног  өндөглөсөн буюу дунджаар 14 хоног, хамгийн цөөн хоног өндөглөсөн буюу тоостой идэш  тэжээлийн орчинд дунджаар 6 хоног өндөглөсөн бол трипстэй идэш тэжээлийн орчинд  дунджаар 12 хоногийн турш өндөглөлт үргэжилж байна. Ангуучин хачгийн өндөглөлт ба  амьдрах хугацааг тогтооход энгийн шүлхий хачиг идэш тэжээлийн орчинд 13±2.6 өндөг  төрүүлж, 13.6±2.08 хоног амьдарч, трипс идэш тэжээлийн орчинд 6.3±0.5 өндөг гаргаж  12.3±2.08 хоног амьдаржилж басан бол тоостой идэш тэжээлийн орчинд 4±1 өндөг гаргаж  7.6±0.5 хоног тус тус амьдарч байгааг тогтоов. Түлхүүр үг: Биологийн хамгаалал, ангуучлах идэвх, идэш тэжээлийн онцлог

scholarly journals Leaf Gas Exchange Response of 'Arapaho' Blackberry and Six Red Raspberry Cultivars to Moderate and High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 880-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric T. Stafne ◽  
John R. Clark ◽  
Curt R. Rom
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
June July

Leaf gas exchange of six red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and one blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) genotypes growing in 12-L containers was measured at four temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) once a month for 3 months in growth chambers by infrared gas analysis. Measurements were taken on three successive leaves on the same primocane between the third and seventh nodes (≈75% to 85% of full leaf expansion). The plants were grown in ambient (field) conditions except when measurements were taken. Maximum daily ambient temperatures rose as high as ≈37 °C during this period. Net CO2 assimilation (A), evapotranspiration (ET), and stomatal conductance (gs) were measured during June, July, and August. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) in A were found among the seven genotypes. 'Arapaho' blackberry displayed the highest mean A rate at all temperatures. Only in the raspberry cultivars Nova and Reveille did the rate of A drop significantly when temperature increased from 20 to 30 °C. 'Reveille' was also the only cultivar in which A significantly declined between 30 and 35 °C. The ET increased significantly over the four temperatures in four cultivars ('Arapaho', 'Heritage', 'Nova', and 'Southland'). The ET rate at 35 °C was higher for 'Arapaho' than for all other cultivars. 'Autumn Bliss', 'Dormanred', and 'Reveille' did not change significantly as the temperature rose from 20 to 35 °C. Stomatal conductance of 'Heritage' and 'Arapaho' did not change significantly between 20 and 35 °C, whereas that of 'Autumn Bliss' and 'Reveille' declined almost 50% when temperature increased to 30 or 35 °C.

scholarly journals Growth, Gas Exchange, and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Four Ornamental Herbaceous Perennials during Water Deficit Conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri Starman ◽  
Leonardo Lombardini
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Leaf Level

A study was conducted to characterize the morphological and physiological responses of four herbaceous perennial species subjected to two subsequent drought cycles. Lantana camara L. `New Gold' (lantana), Lobelia cardinalis L. (cardinal flower), Salvia farinacea Benth. `Henry Duelberg' (mealy sage), and Scaevola aemula R. Br. `New Wonder' (fan flower) were subjected to two consecutive 10-day drought cycles. Growth response, leaf gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured during the experiment. The morphology of L. cardinalis and L. camara was not affected by drought, while S. farinacea had reductions in plant height and leaf area and S. aemula had reductions in dry weight. Overall, plant growth and development continued even when substrate water content was reduced to 0.13 mm3·mm-3, which indicated a level of substrate water below container capacity was sufficient for greenhouse production of these species. The drought treatments had little effect on the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of Photosystem II. An increase in minimal fluorescence (Fo) was observed in S. aemula on the last day of the second cycle. Drought treatment caused increased leaf-level water use efficiency (WUE) at the end of the first cycle in L. cardinalis and S. aemula, but not in L. camara and S. farinacea. Plants of L. camara, S. farinacea, and S. aemula that had received drought during both cycles became more water use efficient by the end of the second cycle, but L. cardinalis did not.

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