scholarly journals The Effect of Avocado Clonal Rootstock on Productivity and Tree Vigor of `Hass' Avocado

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 795C-795
Author(s):  
M.L. Arpaia ◽  
G.S. Bender ◽  
G.W. Witney
Keyword(s):  
Southern California ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Hass Avocado

A project evaluating the performance of cv. Hass on eight clonal avocado rootstocks—G755A, G755B, G755C, Duke 7 (D7), Borchard (BR), D9, Toro Canyon, and Topa Topa was established in southern California in 1986. Two additional rootstocks, Thomas and G1033, were added in 1987. Of the trees planted in 1986, the BR and D7 rootstocks have consistently had the highest total yields for all rootstocks, whereas the three G755 selections have had the lowest productivity. No differences in productivity between the two rootstocks planted in 1987 have been detected. The influence of rootstock on the magnitude of alternate bearing will be discussed, although the oscillation in yield is greater for the higher-yielding rootstocks. Tree size has been measured throughout the study. The BR selection has consistently produced a larger tree, even though it has continued to have high productivity. There are no consistent differences between the other rootstocks. Yield efficiency, measured as the kg fruit/m3 of canopy volume has been calculated. In selections that are prone to severe alternate bearing, the swing in yield efficiency is also the greatest. The data thus far suggests that a yield efficiency of ≈2.5 kg fruit/m3 canopy volume is the maximum yield possible for California `Hass' avocado.

scholarly journals Dwarfing effect of interstems on growth and yield components of mango

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-508
Author(s):  
Agripino Pérez ◽  
Arturo Cedeño-Maldonado ◽  
Ismael Reyes-Soto ◽  
Justo López
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Yield Efficiency

Studies were conducted at the Fortuna Substation for 10 years to determine the effect of 5 interstems on growth and yield components of 2 commercial mango varieties. The interstems did not significantly affect the rootstock diameter when Edward variety was the scion; however, they did with Palmer variety as scion at the 3- and 6-year stages only, Irwin interstem diameter at the 3-year stage for Edward and Palmer, and at the 6- and 9-year stages for Edward, was significantly thicker than that of the other interstems. Edward on Manzano Tetenené had the thinnest interstems. In the two varieties studied, the scion diameter was scarcely affected by the interstems at 3, 6 and 9 years after transplanting. Edward and Palmer grafted on Irwin as interstems had significantly lower scion/interstem ratios. The opposite was true when these varieties were grafted on Julie. Three years after planting, the smallest trees were those of Edward and Palmer grafted on Malda; 6 and 9 years after planting, those of Edward grafted on Malda and Manzano Tetenené. Yield efficiency decreased significantly with tree age and size. Thus, there was a negative correlation between these parameters. Edward produced significantly more fruits than Palmer at the 3-year-old stage. Edward as interstem grafted on Eldon produced significantly more fruits at the 3-, 6- and 9-year stages than when grafted on the other interstems. Palmer grafted on Eldon was significantly more precocious than when grafted on the other interstems. Malda and Manzano Tetenené as interstems significantly reduced tree size of Edward; Julie as interstem reduced the size of Palmer.

Effects of postharvest topping, autumn cincturing, and paclobutrazol on growth, yield, and fruit quality of the low chill nectarine cv. Sundowner in subtropical Australia

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP George ◽  
RJ Nissen ◽  
T Rassmussen
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Subtropical Australia

Combinations of 3 methods of controlling tree size (use of the growth retardant paclobutrazol, postharvest topping, and autumn cincturing) were evaluated for their effects on growth, yield, and fruit quality of the low chill nectarine cv. Sundowner in subtropical Australia. Compared with controls over 3 seasons, paclobutrazol used alone reduced tree size by 34-52%, with further reductions when combined with light and severe postharvest topping (by 5-25 and 58-71%, respectively). Yield efficiency (as measured by yield per unit canopy volume) was significantly improved by paclobutrazol and was doubled when paclobutrazol was combined with severe postharvest topping. Although this combination reduced time associated with pruning, thinning, and harvesting, it had the disadvantage of delaying flowering and, consequently, fruit maturity in the subsequent harvest season. Light postharvest topping and autumn cincturing used with paclobutrazol had little effect on yield efficiency, fruit quality, or harvest period. The seasonal pattern of starch reserves for twigs was similar for all treatments, with starch levels falling to a minimum during the early harvest period. Measurements of starch in the major tree organs showed that at very low harvest increments (<10) there was little or no depletion of starch from the twigs and leaves, but as harvest increments increased (range 10-40), there was increasing starch depletion, in order of priority, from the roots, trunks, and limbs.

scholarly journals Walnut Rootstock Comparison and Own-rooted `Chandler' vs. `Chandler' on Paradox Rootstock

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 531F-532
Author(s):  
Janine K. Hasey ◽  
Dave Ramos ◽  
Warren Micke ◽  
Jim Yeager
Keyword(s):  
Southern California ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Rooted Trees ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Leafroll Virus

In a comparison of six walnut rootstocks either nursery-grafted or field-grafted to `Chandler' (Juglans regia), the highest-yielding trees after 9 years are on either seedling or clonal Paradox rootstocks. Trees growing on both Paradox rootstocks had higher yield efficiency than trees on the black rootstocks in both 1995 and 1996. Since 1993, relative tree size based on trunk circumference has not changed: southern California black (J. californica), seedling Paradox and northern California black (J. Hindsii) have remained significantly larger than clonal Paradox, Texas (J. microcarpa) or Arizona (J. major) black rootstocks. The smaller size of clonal as compared with seedling Paradox trees might be explained by a delay in field grafting success. Although both northern and southern California black rootstock trees were significantly larger than clonal Paradox trees, they did not differ significantly in yield and had significantly lower yield efficiency in 1996. Clonal Paradox trees have significantly smaller nut size than northern California black rootstock trees that can be explained by its higher yield efficiency. An adjacent trial planted in 1991 compares micropropagated `Chandler' on its own root vs. `Chandler' on seedling Paradox rootstock. In 1995 and 1996, own-rooted `Chandler' had significantly greater trunk circumference, yield, and yield efficiency than did `Chandler' on Paradox rootstock. Many of the trees on Paradox rootstock are growing very poorly compared to the own rooted trees. This could be due to diversity within the Paradox seed source. If own-rooted `Chandler' trees become commercially available, they may have potential in areas where other rootstocks are undesirable because of hypersensitivity to cherry leafroll virus.

The timing of pruning affects flushing, flowering and yield of macadamia

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 588 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wilkie ◽  
M. Sedgley ◽  
T. Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
The Times

Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia, M. integrifolia × M. tetraphylla) trees were pruned at different times at sites near Alstonville, northern New South Wales, Australia, to examine the effects on vegetative flushing, subsequent flower raceme production and yield. Pruning of cv. 849 and cv. A268 modified the cycle of flush development. Pruning times that resulted in immature flushes on the canopy in late autumn or early winter inhibited raceme production. In contrast, pruning in late May and early June did not generally reduce raceme production relative to production on unpruned trees. The times of pruning that reduced raceme production also reduced yield. The yields of trees pruned in late May were also reduced, presumably because of decreased light interception. In the season after treatment the trees pruned in early April had greater numbers of racemes per unit of tree canopy volume than the trees pruned in late May. The trees of the lighter flowering cv. 849 pruned in early April had higher yield efficiencies than the trees pruned in late May, whereas there was no effect on yield efficiency in the prolifically flowering cv. A268. The differences in raceme production in the season after pruning may have been due to a combination of an alternate bearing response, characteristics of the stems produced after pruning, or maturity of the flushes. In a separate experiment, uniconazole sprays immediately after pruning reduced the length of the new stems, slowed canopy expansion, and increased kernel recovery compared with untreated hedged trees, but did not affect flowering or yield. In another experiment, hedging in early June had no effect on raceme production in cv. 849 trees in consecutive seasons, and no effect on canopy volume or yield in the first season. In contrast, canopy volume and yield were reduced in the second season. Finally, pruning of young, yet-to-flower cv. 849 trees from late winter to spring staggered flush development, with the earliest pruned trees producing more racemes and setting more fruit than the later pruned trees.

scholarly journals Canopy Development, Yield, and Fruit Quality of `Empire' and `Delicious' Apple Trees Grown in Four Orchard Production Systems for Ten Years

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence L. Robinson ◽  
Alan N. Lakso ◽  
Stephen G. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Slender Spindle

A field planting of `Empire' and `Redchief Delicious' apple trees (Malus domestics Borkh.) was established in 1978 to evaluate four planting systems: 1) slender spindle/M.9, 2) Y-trellis/M.26, 3) central leader/M.9/MM.111, and 4) central leader/M.7a. During the first 5 years, yields per hectare for `Empire' were positively correlated with tree density. In the second 5 years, the Y-trellis/M.26 trees produced the highest yields while yields of the other systems continued to be related to tree density. Cumulative yields were highest with the Y-trellis/M.26 trees. With `Delicious', the Y-trellis/M.26 yields were greatest during all 10 years despite lower tree density than the slender spindle/M.9. Yields of `Delicious' with the other three systems were a function of tree density during the 10 years. At maturity, canopy volume per tree was greatest on the central leader/M.7a trees and smallest on the slender spindle/M.9 trees; however, there were no significant differences in canopy volume per hectare between the systems despite large differences in yield. Trunk cross sectional area (TCA) per hectare was greatest with the Y-trellis/M.26 trees and smallest with the central leader/M.7 trees. Yield was highly correlated to TCA/ha. Yield efficiency with `Empire' was greatest for the slender spindle/M.9 system, followed by the Y-trellis/M.26, central leader/M.9/MM.111, respectively. With both cultivars, the central leader/M.7a system had the lowest yield efficiency. With `Delicious', there were no differences in yield efficiency for the other three systems. The greater yield of the Y-trellis/M.26 system was the result of greater TCA/ha and not greater efficiency. `Empire' fruit size was largest on the central leader/M.7a and the central leader/M.9/MM.111 trees and smallest on the slender spindle/M.9 and the Y-trellis/M.26 trees. With `Delicious', fruit size was larger with the Y-trellis/M.26 trees than the other systems. When fruit size was adjusted for crop density, there were no significant differences due to system with `Empire', but with `Delicious' the Y-trellis/M.26 trees had larger adjusted fruit size than the other systems. Crop density calculated using TCA correlated better to fruit size than did crop density calculated using annual increase in TCA, canopy volume, or land area. Fruit color and quality with `Redchief Delicious' were not influenced by system. With `Empire', average fruit color and soluble solids content were lower for the Y-trellis/M.26 and slender spindle/M.9 in some years when canopy density was allowed to become. excessive.

Effect of dwarfing rootstocks on tree size and yield of selected mango varieties

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Arturo Cedeño-Maldonado ◽  
Agripino Pérez ◽  
Ismael Reyes-Soto
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Dwarfing Rootstocks

A 10-year study was conducted at the Fortuna Research and Developing Center to determine the effect of dwarfing rootstock on tree size and yield of selected mango varieties. Eldon as rootstock significantly reduced scion diameter of all varieties studied. However, its effects on average number of fruits produced per tree were inconsistent. Eldon as rootstock also produced significant reductions in tree height when Palmer and Irwin were used as scions. Significant reductions in tree height of the Edward variety were obtained with the combination of Julie as rootstock. Palmer produced the tallest trees and Irwin the smallest; the same pattern was observed for canopy volume. Eldon was most effective in reducing canopy volume for Palmer and Irwin as scions, whereas the greatest reduction in canopy volume for Edward was obtained on Julie. Irwin had the greatest yield efficiency regardless of the rootstock used; Palmer was the least efficient. Irwin was also superior in terms of total fruit weight per tree. There was no consistent influence of rootstock on total fruit weight per tree.

scholarly journals Yield and Fruit Quality of Strawberry Cultivars under Different Irrigation Regimes

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
María Teresa Ariza ◽  
Luis Miranda ◽  
José Antonio Gómez-Mora ◽  
Juan Jesús Medina ◽  
David Lozano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

Strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) production requires the input of large amounts of water provided by irrigation during the entire production cycle. However, water availability is shrinking in many important strawberry cropping areas, such as Huelva (in Europe), compromising the environmental sustainability and economic viability of strawberry production. Besides technical approaches, water-saving strategies are necessary for improving strawberry water productivity such as the use of low water-consumptive cultivars with high productivity or cultivars allowing deficit irrigation (DI) strategies. A two-year field experiment was conducted to compare the physiological and agronomical response of six commercial strawberry cultivars (‘Sabrina’, ‘Fortuna’, ‘Splendor’, ‘Primoris’, ‘Rabida’ and ‘Rociera’) to six different water treatments ranging from 65% to 140% of estimated ‘Sabrina’ evapotranspiration (ETcSab; ~224–510 mm year−1). Cultivars differed substantially in yield and water consumption linked to their biomass partitioning into reproductive/ vegetative organs, determining different yield efficiency (YE). Their water needs (IN) conditioned their response to different water supplies, involving significant yield losses in DI treatments (<20% IN) but not decreasing fruit quality. The highly-consumptive and productive ‘Rabida’ and ‘Rociera’, reduced yields by DI (<40%) but were still profitable; the low-water-consumptive but still productive ‘Fortuna’, ‘Splendor’ and ‘Primoris’ represent significant water-savings (<20%) in strawberry cultivation.

Effects of clonal rootstocks on ‘Hass’ avocado yield components, alternate bearing, and nutrition

2007 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael V. Mickelbart ◽  
Gary S. Bender ◽  
Guy W. Witney ◽  
Carol Adams ◽  
Mary Lu Arpaia
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Hass Avocado

scholarly journals Quantification of Avoidable Yield Losses in Oilseed Brassica Caused by Insect Pests

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagdev Kular ◽  
Sarwan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Eruca Sativa ◽  
Mustard Aphid ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Quantification of Avoidable Yield Losses in OilseedBrassicaCaused by Insect PestsA six year field study was conducted from 2001-2002 to 2006-2007 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India to study the losses in seed yield of differentBrassicaspecies (B. juncea, B. napus, B. carinata, B. rapaandEruca sativa) by the infestation of insect pests. The experiment was conducted in two different sets viz. protected/sprayed and unprotected, in a randomized block design, with three replications. Data on the infestation of insect pests, and seed yield were recorded at weekly intervals and at harvest, respectively. The loss in seed yield, due to mustard aphid and cabbage caterpillar, varied from 6.5 to 26.4 per cent.E. sativasuffered the least loss in seed yield and harboured the minimum population of mustard aphid (2.1 aphids/plant) and cabbage caterpillar (2.4 larvae/plant). On the other hand,B. carinatawas highly susceptible to the cabbage caterpillar (26.2 larvae/plant) and suffered the maximum yield loss (26.4%).

Sex Differences in Reward Allocation

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 981-982
Author(s):  
Kerry C. Martin ◽  
Jay Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Work Groups ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Reward Allocation

Men and women were presented descriptions of two dyadic work groups. In both groups, one member of the dyad did approximately two-thirds of the work. For one of the groups, subjects were asked to imagine that they were the worker of high productivity while for the other group subjects were asked to imagine that they were impartial observers. Subjects were asked to divide the rewards among the two workers for both groups. Men and women did not differ in allocation of reward when acting as impartial observers. When subjects imagined themselves as the worker of high productivity, men gave themselves a greater share of the reward than did women. It was concluded that the results were consistent with the self-interest explanation of sex differences in allocation of reward.

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