scholarly journals Varying Plant Density and Harvest Time to Optimize Cowpea Leaf Yield and Nutrient Content

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy A. Ohler ◽  
S. Suzanne Nielsen ◽  
Cary A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Salad Greens ◽  
Efficiency Rate

Plant density and harvest time were manipulated to optimize vegetative (foliar) productivity of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] canopies for future dietary use in controlled ecological life-support systems as vegetables or salad greens. Productivity was measured as total shoot and edible dry weights (DW), edible yield rate [(EYR) grams DW per square meter per day], shoot harvest index [(SHI) grams DW per edible gram DW total shoot], and yield-efficiency rate [(YER) grams DW edible per square meter per day per grams DW nonedible]. Cowpeas were grown in a greenhouse for leaf-only harvest at 14, 28, 42, 56, 84, or 99 plants/m2 and were harvested 20, 30, 40, or 50 days after planting (DAP). Shoot and edible dry weights increased as plant density and time to harvest increased. A maximum of 1189 g shoot DW/m2 and 594 g edible DW/m2 were achieved at an estimated plant density of 85 plants/m2 and harvest 50 DAP. EYR also increased as plant density and time to harvest increased. An EYR of 11 g·m–2·day–1 was predicted to occur at 86 plants/m2 and harvest 50 DAP. SHI and YER were not affected by plant density. However, the highest values of SHI (64%) and YER (1.3 g·m–2·day–1·g–1) were attained when cowpeas were harvested 20 DAP. The average fat and ash contents [dry-weight basis (dwb)] of harvested leaves remained constant regardless of harvest time. Average protein content increased from 25% DW at 30 DAP to 45% DW at 50 DAP. Carbohydrate content declined from 50% DW at 30 DAP to 45% DW at 50 DAP. Total dietary fiber content (dwb) of the leaves increased from 19% to 26% as time to harvest increased from 20 to 50 days.

scholarly journals Identifying Yield-optimizing Environments for Two Cowpea Breeding Lines by Manipulating Photoperiod and Harvest Scenario

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 576-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy A. Ohler ◽  
Cary A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Breeding Line ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Seed Harvest ◽  
Efficiency Rate

Photoperiod and harvest scenario of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) canopies were manipulated to optimize productivity for use in future controlled ecological life-support systems. Productivity was measured by edible yield rate (EYR: g·m-2·day-1), shoot harvest index (SHI: g edible biomass·[g total shoot dry weight]), and yield-efficiency rate (YER: g edible biomass·m-2·day-1per [g nonedible shoot dry weight]). Breeding lines `IT84S-2246' (S-2246) and `IT82D-889' (D-889) were grown in a greenhouse under 8-, 12-, or 24-h photoperiods. S-2246 was short-day and D-889 was day-neutral for flowering. Under each photoperiod, cowpeas were harvested either for leaves only, seeds only, or leaves plus seeds (mixed harvest). Photoperiod did not affect EYR of either breeding line for any harvest scenario tested. Averaged over both breeding lines, seed harvest gave the highest EYR at 6.7 g·m-2·day-1. The highest SHI (65%) and YER (94 mg·m-2·day-1·g-1) were achieved for leaf-only harvest of D-889 under an 8-h photoperiod. For leaf-only harvest of S-2246, both SHI and YER increased with increasing photoperiod, but declined for seed-only and mixed harvests. However, photoperiod had no effect on SHI or YER for D-889 for any harvest scenario. A second experiment utilized the short-day cowpea breeding line `IT89KD-288' (D-288) and the day-neutral breeding line `IT87D-941-1' (D-941) to compare yield parameters using photoperiod extension under differing lamp types. This experiment confirmed the photoperiod responses of D-889 and S-2246 to a mixed-harvest scenario and indicated that daylength extension with higher irradiance from high pressure sodium lamps further suppressed EYR, SHI, and YER of the short-day breeding line D-288.

scholarly journals \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \end{document}: \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) \end{document} Optimization for Hydroponic Rice Culture in a Controlled Ecological Life-support System

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 607b-607
Author(s):  
K.R. Goldman ◽  
C.A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Support System ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Life Support System ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Periodic Analysis ◽  
Efficiency Rate

Mineral resources will be recycled in a controlled ecological life-support system (CELSS) deployed in space. N typically is supplied to crops as \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) \end{document} or \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}+\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) \end{document} mixtures. In a CELSS, \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \end{document} will be abundant, but nitrification will require energetically costly chemical or biological \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \end{document} oxidization. Rice is tolerant of \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \end{document} and preferentially absorbs \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \end{document} if provided a 1 \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) \end{document}: 1 \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \end{document} ratio in hydroponics. Hybrid rice absorbs more N as \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \end{document} than does inbred rice. To determine how much and in what proportion to \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) \end{document} rice will tolerate \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \end{document} and how varying N sources will affect grain yield, semi-dwarf hybrid rice cultivar `Ai-Nan-Tsao' was grown hydroponically in a growth chamber. Nutrient solutions supplied 5 mm N as 40%, 60%, or 80% \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \end{document}, the remainder as \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) \end{document}. Periodic analysis of solutions tracked mineral uptake, and solutions were modified to maintain proper concentrations. Treatment stands were harvested 84 to 86 DAP. Across all treatments, yield characteristics were similar but were highest for the border plants, presumably due to greater light absorption. Yield-efficiency rate (YER: grams of grain·per cubed meter per day·[grams inedible shoot biomass]) was 0.09 for all treatments (border) and ranged from 0.03 to 0.05 (interior), Harvest index ranged from 0.28 to 0.30 (border) and 0.26 to 0.39 (interior). Edible yield rate (EYR: grams of grain per cubed meter per day) ranged from 20.97 to 26.45 (border) and 8.52 to 14.96 (interior). The sector provided with 80% \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \end{document} had the highest YER, HI (interior), and EYR (interior), indicating that rice productivity was not limited by high percentages of N supplied as \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) \end{document}. Supported by NASA grant NAGW-2329.

scholarly journals Manipulation of Plant Density to Enhance Rice Yield for a Bioregenerative Life-support System

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 884G-885
Author(s):  
K.R. Goldman ◽  
C.A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Bioregenerative Life Support System

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a candidate crop for use in Controlled Ecological Life-support Systems (CELSS) proposed for a lunar or Mars outpost. `Ai-Nan-Tsao' is a promising semi-dwarf cultivar because growth volume is limited and HI (percent edible biomass) is high. Yield efficiency rate (YER: g grain/m3 per day [g nonedible biomass]-) combines edible yield rate (EYR: g grain/m3 per day) and HI to quantify edible yield in terms of penalties for growth volume, cropping time, and nonedible biomass production. Greenhouse studies indicate EYR increases with plant density from 70 to 282 plants/m2. YER and shoot HI are stable across this density range because nonedible biomass accumulation keeps pace with edible. Tiller number and panicle size per plant decreased with increasing plant density, but total tiller and panicle number per unit area increased to compensate. Density trials in rigorously controlled environments will determine if higher plant densities will produce even greater YER. This research is supported by NASA grant NAGW-2329.

scholarly journals Yield, quality, antioxidants and elemental composition of peanut as affected by plant density and harvest time

Italus Hortus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Alessio Tallarita
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Area Unit

With the perspective of reintroducing peanut cultivation in southern Italy about six decades after its dismissal, research was carried out with the aim to identify the best performing farming management in terms of yield and quality. In this respect, the effect of the factorial combination between four plant densities (6.1, 7.8, 10.3, and 12.1 plants m-2) and two harvest times (100 and 110 days after planting) was assessed on pod and seed yield, as well as on seed quality, antioxidant activity, and elemental composition. The later harvest time determined a 26.9% dry weight increase, but a 14.3% decrease in the number of seeds per pod. Plant density significantly influenced all the yield and growth indices except for mean seed weight. Yield and growth of each plant were best affected by the lowest plant density, whereas the opposite trend was recorded for the same parameters referred to the surface area unit. The density of 12.1 plants m-2 resulted in a 32% reduction in pods per plant compared to 6.1 plants m-2, but had the greatest effect on seed production per m-2. The leaf area index was the highest with the density of 12.1 plants m-2. The total dry weight increased by 1.7-fold from 6.1 to 12.1 plants m-2. Compared to the first harvest time, in the second one the protein content decreased by 6.8%, and total polyphenols and antioxidant activity decreased by 11.2% and 7.6%, respectively. The second harvest time led to a depletion of N, P, and Mg, by 6.8%, 6.2%, and 6.8%, respectively, and a 7.1% Ca increase. The reintroduction of peanut cultivation in southern Italy is a realistic goal, though further studies regarding the crop system management are needed.

Effect of plant density on the winter production of annual clovers grown in monocultures

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Evans ◽  
S. Walton ◽  
P. A. Riffkin ◽  
G. A. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Western Victoria

The small-seeded annual clovers, balansa and Persian, are often assumed to be poor winter producers. Their small seed size, of about 1 mg or less, and poor regeneration, possibly due to inappropriate grazing management in many instances, contributes to this perception. To test the hypothesis that early growth of these clovers is determined by the weight of germinating seed, as it is in subterranean clover, an experiment with 2 cultivars of subterranean clover, Leura and Trikkala, 2 cultivars of balansa clover, Paradana and Bolta, and 1 of Persian clover, Nitro Plus, was established in the field at Hamilton, western Victoria, at 6 sowing densities. The winter production at 2 additional sites, Lake Bolac and Streatham, in their third and second and third seasons, respectively, was also examined. Plant density varied from 30 to 37000 plants/m2 across sites and species. With equal weight of germinating seed per unit area at sowing, balansa and Persian clovers produced more herbage in winter than did the 2 subterranean clover cultivars Leura and Trikkala (P<0.05). Even though there was high correlation between seed weight and seedling weight across all species shortly after emergence (r2 = 0.99), by harvest time no differences in plant weight existed between any treatments growing at the same plant density. From this we conclude the following: (i) for the same weight of germinable seed per unit area, balansa and Persian clovers produced more dry weight per hectare than subterranean clover, because they had higher plant densities; (ii) there were no differences in dry matter production per hectare between species growing at similar plant densities by harvest time at the end of winter; (iii) it appeared that in winter the small-seeded species exhibited a higher relative growth rate than the 2 subterranean clovers.

The effects of plant density and fertilizer application on yield components in three marrow-stem kale (Brassica oleracea L.) varieties

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Brassica Oleracea L ◽  
Effects Of Density

SummaryThe effects of crop density and fertilizer application on three varieties of marrowstem kale were investigated. The yield of stem, yield of leaf, components of leaf yield and plant height were studied separately. Varietal differences and effects of density and fertilizer application were significant for all characters, except for the effect of crop density on leaf and stem yield per ha.Significant variety x treatment interactions occurred for a number of the characters measured. The possible importance of these is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of different levels of humic acids on the nutrient content, plant growth, and soil properties under conditions of salinity

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Khaled ◽  
H.A. Fawy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
A Minor

In this study, the effects were investigated of salinity, foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the growth and mineral nutrients uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10), and the comparison was carried out of the soil and foliar applications of humic acid treatments at different NaCl levels. Soil organic contents are one of the most important parts that they directly affect the soil fertility and textures with their complex and heterogenous structures although they occupy a minor percentage of the soil weight. Humic acids are an important soil component that can improve nutrient availability and impact on other important chemical, biological, and physical properties of soils. The effects of foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the plant growth and some nutrient elements uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10) grown at various salt concentrations were examined. Sodium chloride was added to the soil to obtain 20 and 60mM saline conditions. Solid humus was applied to the soil one month before planting and liquid humic acids were sprayed on the leaves twice on 20<sup>th</sup> and 40<sup>th</sup> day after seedling emergence. The application doses of solid humus were 0, 2 and 4 g/kg and those of liquid humic acids were 0, 0.1 and 0.2%. Salinity negatively affected the growth of corn; it also decreased the dry weight and the uptake of nutrient elements except for Na and Mn. Soil application of humus increased the N uptake of corn while foliar application of humic acids increased the uptake of P, K, Mg,Na,Cu and Zn. Although the effect of interaction between salt and soil humus application was found statistically significant, the interaction effect between salt and foliar humic acids treatment was not found significant. Under salt stress, the first doses of both soil and foliar application of humic substances increased the uptake of nutrients.

scholarly journals Effect of NPK fertilization on production and leaf nutrient content of eucalyptus minicuttings in nutrient solution

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
José Pereira Carvalho Neto ◽  
Enilson de Barros Silva ◽  
Reynaldo Campos Santana ◽  
Paulo Henrique Grazziotti
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Adequate Nutrient ◽  
Npk Fertilization

Adequate nutrient levels in plants vary according to the species or clone, age and management practice. Therefore, adjustments of the nutrient solution are often necessary according to the plant material for multiplication. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of NPK fertilization on production and leaf nutrient contents of eucalyptus cuttings in nutrient solution. The study was conducted from November 2008 to January 2009 in a greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized fractional factorial (4 x 4 x 4)½, with a total of 32 treatments with three replications. The treatments consisted of four doses of N (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1) as urea, P (7.5, 15, 30 and 60 mg L-1) in the form of phosphoric acid and K (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1) in the form of potassium chloride in the nutrient solution. Only the effect of N alone was significant for the number and dry weight of minicuttings per ministump, with a linear decreasing effect with increasing N levels. The highest number of cuttings was obtained at a dose of 50, 7.5 and 50 mg L-1 of N, P and K, respectively.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of quinoa cv. ‘Titicaca’ to low salinity conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
María del Carmen Rodríguez-Hernández ◽  
Luna Morcillo ◽  
Idoia Garmendia
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Moderate Salinity

Abstract Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Will.) is an annual herbaceous Andean plant. In recent years there is a growing interest on it due to its high quality as food, its wide adaptation to agroecological conditions and resistance to different abiotic stresses. In this work, we evaluate the growth pattern of quinoa plants cv. ‘Titicaca’, subjected to different levels of salinity, focusing on leaf production and nutrient content. In this sense, the results have shown that a high concentration of salinity negatively affects the growth of quinoa plants. In fact, plants grown with 200 mM NaCl reduced the photosynthetic rate and levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids in comparison with the rest of the treatments. Likewise, it has been proven how the progressive increase in salinity has negative effects on transpiration, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, with significant subsequent reductions in shoot biomass, leaf area and nutrient adquisition, but without a decline in leaf dry weight (DW) production. However, the treatment of 200 mM NaCl demonstrated the best results regarding the water-use efficiency, as well as the number of saline glands. According to our results, the quinoa plant cv. ‘Titicaca’ seems to be tolerant to moderate concentrations of salinity (50–100 mM NaCl). This study could serve as a reference on this little known and cultivated species in the Mediterranean region, since it could become an alternative crop in areas with moderate salinity problems.

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