scholarly journals Post-pollination Signaling in Carnation Flowers

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 680c-680
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Jones ◽  
William R. Woodson
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Sequential Pattern ◽  
Carnation Flower

In Dianthus caryophyllus flowers the pollinated stigma gives rise to signals that are translocated throughout the flower and ultimately result in corolla senescence. Pollination leads to a rapid increase in ethylene production by the pollinated styles followed by ethylene biosynthesis from the ovaries, the receptacle tissue, and lastly the petals. The accumulation of ACC in these floral tissues also correlates with the sequential pattern of ethylene production. Ethylene production by the pollinated style can be defined temporally by three distinct peaks, with the first peak detected as early as 1 hour after pollination. In a carnation flower with multiple styles it is also possible to detect ethylene production from an unpollinated style on a pollinated gynoecium by 1 hour after pollination. This finding provides evidence for very rapid post-pollination signaling between styles. ACC synthase expression is induced in pollinated styles as early as 1 hour after pollination, but no message is detected in pollinated ovaries. ACC synthase enzyme activity is also absent in the pollinated ovaries despite the accumulation of large amounts of ACC in the ovary after pollination. This indicates that ACC must be translocated between organs after pollination. When a pollinated styles is removed from the flower at least 12 hours after pollination the corolla will still senesce. This indicates that the pollination signal has exited the style by this time. Evidence in carnations suggests that ACC and ethylene may both be involved in aspects of post-pollination signaling.

scholarly journals EXPRESSION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY mRNAs DURING CARNATION FLOWER SENESCENCE

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 580b-580
Author(s):  
William R. Woodson ◽  
Ky Young Park ◽  
Paul Larsen ◽  
Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Molecular Probes ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Petal Senescence ◽  
Sam Synthetase ◽  
Carnation Flower

The senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower petals is associated with increased synthesis of the phytohormone ethylene. This ethylene serves to initiate and regulate the processes of programmed cell death. We are using molecular approaches to study the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in various floral organs during development and senescence of flowers. We have isolated and cloned mRNAs which encode the ethylene biosynthetic pathway enzymes s-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthetase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and the ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) from carnation flower petals. These cDNAs have been used as molecular probes to determine the steady-state mRNA levels of these transcripts in senescing flowers. The increase in ethylene associated with petal senescence is accompanied by a dramatic increase in the abundance of transcripts for both ACC synthase and EFE. In striking contrast, the level of SAM synthetase mRNA decreases significantly with the onset of petal senescence. Genomic DNA Southern blots reveal both ACC synthase and EFE are encoded by multigene families. We have recently isolated several genomic clones from carnation which represent different ACC synthase genes. The structure and organization of these gene will be presented.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF POLYAMINES ON THE SENESCENCE OF CARNATION PETALS.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 617d-617
Author(s):  
Ki-Cheol Son ◽  
Y. Chae
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Exact Role ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Acc Content ◽  
Carnation Petals

The interaction between polyamines and ethylene is still not clear for floral tissues. The aim of the present paper is to examine the senescence on the isolated petals of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Desio) but not the whole flower in an attempt to clarify the exact role of polyamines. Petals were treated with putrescine (Put; 0.0, 1.0, 10mM), spermidine (Spd; 0.0, 1.0, 10mM), spermine (Spn; 0.0, 1.0, 10mM), Put+Spd (1.0mM), Put+Spn (1.0mM). The fresh weight of petals in all 10mM treatment was decreased less than those in the other treatments at all times but there were no significant differences. The differences in ethylene production were significant. In petals maintained in 10mM of polyamines, ethylene production was completely inhibited until 13 days and senescence was considerably retarded. However, ethylene productions in 1.0mM polyamines treatments were delayed 2-3 days with reduced amounts. These results suggest that high concentrations of polyamines retard senescence and completely inhibit ethylene production. ACC content, activities of ACC synthase and SAM decarboxylase were analyzed. Finally, the role of SAM in ethylene and polyamines biosynthesis will be discussed.

scholarly journals Brassinosteroids Suppress Ethylene Biosynthesis via Transcription Factor BZR1 in Pear and Apple Fruit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinglin Ji ◽  
Yi Qu ◽  
Zhongyu Jiang ◽  
Xin Su ◽  
Pengtao Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Climacteric Fruit

ABSTRACTThe plant hormone ethylene is important for the ripening of climacteric fruit, such as pear (Pyrus ussuriensis), and the brassinosteroid (BR) class of phytohormones affects ethylene biosynthesis during ripening, although via an unknown molecular mechanism. Here, we observed that exogenous BR treatment suppressed ethylene production during pear fruit ripening, and that the expression of the transcription factor PuBZR1 was enhanced by epibrassinolide (EBR) treatment during pear fruit ripening. PuBZR1 was shown to interact with PuACO1, which converts 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene, and suppress its activity. We also observed that BR-activated PuBZR1 bound to the promoters of PuACO1 and of PuACS1a, which encodes ACC synthase, and directly suppressed their transcription. Moreover, PuBZR1 suppressed the expression of transcription factor PuERF2 by binding its promoter, and PuERF2 bound to the promoters of PuACO1 and PuACS1a. We concluded that PuBZR1 indirectly suppresses the transcription of PuACO1 and PuACS1a through its regulation of PuERF2. Ethylene production and the expression profiles of the corresponding apple (Malus domestica) homologs showed similar changes following EBR treatment. Together, these results suggest that BR-activated BZR1 suppresses ACO1 activity and the expression of ACO1 and ACS1a, thereby reducing ethylene production during pear and apple fruit ripening. This likely represents a conserved mechanism by which exogenous BR suppresses ethylene biosynthesis during climacteric fruit ripening.One-sentence summaryBR-activated BZR1 suppresses ACO1 activity and expression of ACO1 and ACS1a, which encode two ethylene biosynthesis enzymes, thereby reducing ethylene production during pear and apple fruit ripening.

scholarly journals Physiological and Molecular Characterization of the Response to Ethylene during Senescence of Carnation Genotypic Variants

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Woodson ◽  
Shimon Mayak ◽  
Haim Rabinowitch
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Petal Senescence ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Novel Proteins ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

The senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers is associated with increased production of the phytohormone ethylene, which in turn serves to initiate and regulate the processes involved in programmed petal death. We investigated the regulation of ethylene production and petal senescence in carnation. Several carnation genotypes were identified that exhibited extended vase-life in comparison to flowers from typical commercial cultivars. The capacity of these genotypes to produce ethylene during postharvest vase-life and to respond to exogenous ethylene was investigated. Several genotypes, represented by 'Sandrosa' and 87-37G produced little ethylene durig their postharvest vase-life and as a result failed to exhibit the symptoms (in-rolling and wilting) typical of flowers producing elevated levels of ethylene. These genotypes were further separated by their capacity to respond to exogenous ethylene by both increased ethylene synthesis and premature petal senescence. In one case a genotype (799) was identified that was not capable of responding to exogenous ethylene by either increased ethylene production or premature petal senescence. The regulation of ethylene production during petal senescence was investigated both at the enzyme and gene levels. A full length cDNA was identified for the petal senescence-related ACC synthase gene. Utilizing this, and other ethylene biosynthetic pathway cDNA probes, an increase in both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNAs were detected following ethylene treatment. An increase in ACC oxidase mRNA and enzyme activity was detected within 2-3 h following ethylene treatment, indicating the expression of this gene is an early response to ethylene. An investigation into the expression of novel proteins during petal senescence revealed a number of polypeptides increased in abundance and possibly play a role in the regulation or biochemical processes of senescence. One polypeptide of 70 kDa was identified as being encoded by the previously characterized gene SR12 and possibly represents a b-galactosidase involved in the remobilization of carbohydrates during senescence.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Action in Cut Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by Aminotriazole

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Altman ◽  
Theophanes Solomos
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Acc Content

Treating `Elliott's White' cut carnations with 50 or 100 mm aminotriazole for 4 days inhibits the respiratory climacteric and significantly extends vase life. Aminotriazole induced time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of ethylene evolution and onset of the ethylene climacteric by inhibiting ACC synthase activity. Flowers treated with 50 or 100 mm aminotriazole for 2 days exhibited concentration-dependent increases in ethylene evolution, respiratory activity, ACC synthase activity, and petal ACC content in response to the application of exogenous ethylene at 10 μl·liter-1. Senescence-associated morphological changes, increased ACC synthase activity, ACC content, and ethylene evolution were completely inhibited in flowers treated for 4 days with 100 mm aminotriazole. Although treatment with 50 mm aminotriazole for 4 days did not completely inhibit components of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, no morphological or respiratory responses to the application of exogenous ethylene at 10 μl·liter-1 were observed, a result indicating that prolonged aminotriazole treatment inhibited ethylene action. Chemical names used: 3-1H-amino-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl (aminotriazole), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

scholarly journals Heat Treatments Delay and Reduce the Ethylene Climacteric in Carnation Flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. `White Sim')

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 460B-460
Author(s):  
Sven Verlinden ◽  
William R. Woodson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
And Control

High-temperature treatments can be used for disinfestation of a variety of horticultural crops. Carnation flowers were subjected to a heat treatment in order to determine if it is a viable option for disinfestation of this crop. Flowers were exposed to 45°C for 24 hr in the dark, while control flowers were held at RT for 24 hr in the dark. Subsequently, the flowers were held at RT in the light and monitored for ethylene production, an indicator of imminent floral senescence. In the heat-treated flowers, the ethylene climacteric occurred at 96 hr after the heat treatment, a delay of 12 hr when compared to the control. Peak ethylene production was decreased by 25% to 30% in heat-treated flowers. Northern blot analysis of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway genes, ACC synthase, and ACC oxidase, showed that the expression of these genes is delayed by 8 to 16 hr in heat-treated flowers. This indicates that the delay and decrease in ethylene production is at least, in part, due to a delay or reduction in the expression of these genes. Further investigation revealed a decreased responsiveness of the petals to ethylene. Petals from heat-treated and control flowers were exposed to 1 ppm ethylene for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 32 hr. The heat-treated petals again showed a delay and a decrease in maximum ethylene production after exposure to ethylene. A delay in expression of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase was also observed. The beneficial effects of exposing carnation flowers to high temperatures, a delay in ethylene production, and reduced responsiveness to ethylene, suggest that heat treatments could be used for disinfestation of this crop.

scholarly journals Ethylene Biosynthesis and Polyamine and ABA Levels in Cut Carnations Treated with Aminotriazole

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Serrano ◽  
Ma Concepción Martínez-Madrid ◽  
Félix Romojaro
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Flower Longevity ◽  
Common Precursor ◽  
Adenosyl Methionine ◽  
The Common

Treatment of cut `Master' carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) with 50 mm aminotriazole (ATA) in distilled water for 5 days retarded senescence, increased flower longevity by 4 days compared to the control carnations kept in distilled water and inhibited the climacteric peak of ethylene production normally produced during the senescence of these flowers. The treatment had no effect, however, on the levels of the polyamines putrescine and spermidine. Thus, the biosynthetic routes of ethylene and polyamines may not compete for the common precursor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Also, in the petals of the control carnations, increased ethylene production was correlated with increased ion leakage and abscisic acid (ABA) levels. In the ATA treated petals, ion leakage and ABA levels increased later and reached values less than 50% compared to the control carnations. Chemical names used: abscisic acid (ABA), 3-1H-amino-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl (aminotriazole), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM).

scholarly journals Low Oxygen and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres Inhibit Ethylene Biosynthesis in Preclimacteric and Climacteric Apple Fruit

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Gorny ◽  
Adel A. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Rate Limiting Step

Autocatalytic C2H4 biosynthesis in preclimacteric apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh. `Golden Delicious') was prevented by storage in atmospheres of 20% CO2-enriched air (17% O2 + 63% N2) or 0.25% O2 (balance N2). In preclimacteric fruit, both treatments inhibited C2H2 biosynthesis by suppressing expression of ACC synthase (ACC-S) at the mRNA level. ACC oxidase (ACC-O) mRNA abundance and in vitro enzyme activity also were impaired by these treatments. However, the conversion of ACC to C2H4 never became the rate limiting step in C2H4 biosynthesis. C2H4 biosynthesis also was effectively inhibited in climacteric apple fruit kept in air + 20% CO2 or 0.25% O2. Climacteric apples also exhibited suppressed expression of ACC-S at the mRNA level, while ACC-O transcript abundance, enzyme activity, and protein abundance were reduced only slightly. ACC-S is the key regulatory enzyme of C2H4 biosynthesis and is the major site at which elevated CO2 and reduced O2 atmospheres inhibit C2H4 biosynthesis, irrespective of fruit physiological maturity. Chemical names used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxcylic acid (ACC).

1-Methylcyclopropene plus high CO2 applied after storage reduces ethylene production and enhances shelf life of Gala apples

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changwen Lu ◽  
Peter M.A. Toivonen
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Quality Retention

The effect of a combined treatment comprising a 35% CO2 atmosphere plus 250 nL L-1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on shelf life of Gala apples app lied after removal from air or controlled atmosphere (CA) storage was evaluated. Fruit were removed from air storage at 10 and 18 wk and from CA storage at 18 and 22 wk, warmed to 20°C and then treated for 16 h with 1-MCP either in combination with or without 35% CO2. Treated fruit were held at 20°C in air for up to 15 d and assessed every 5 d. Onset of ethylene production was delayed and quality retention was only marginally improved with the 1-MCP treatment. In contrast, both were significantly affected when a 35% CO2 atmosphere was applied in combination with the 1-MCP treatment. Fruit that were treated with 1-MCP in a 35% CO2 atmosphere exhibited the lowest levels of internal ethylene concentration (IEC) and the smallest decline of flesh firmness and titratable acidity (TA) during holding at 20°C. No symptoms of CO2 injury were noted. In the high CO2 atmosphere, a 250 nL L-1 treatment with 1-MCP resulted in similar firmness and titratable acidity retention at room temperature as did a 1000 nL L-1 treatment with 1-MCP. Additionally, the application of the combined 1-MCP/high CO2 treatment after holding at 20°C for 24 h resulted in similar effects as seen if the treatment were applied only 2 h after removal from storage. Biochemical analysis showed that 1-MCP and high CO2 have two distinctly different effects on ACC-synthase activity, explaining the synergistic effect of the combined treatment. Key words: Post-storage ripening, 1-MCP, carbon dioxide, ethylene biosynthesis

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