Prothrombin Time Standardization: Report of the Expert Panel on Oral Anticoagulant Control

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 1073-1114 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Calibration Constant ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Point Of Intersection ◽  
And Control ◽  
Standardization Report

SummaryIn collaborative experiments in 199 laboratories, nine commercial thromboplastins, four thromboplastins held by the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBS & C), London and the British Comparative Thromboplastin were tested on fresh normal and coumarin plasmas, and on three series of freeze-dried plasmas. One of these was made from coumarin plasmas and the other two were prepared from normal plasmas; in each series, one plasma was normal and the other two represented different degrees of coumarin defect.Each thromboplastin was calibrated against NIBS&C rabbit brain 70/178, from the slope of the line joining the origin to the point of intersection of the mean ratios of coumarin/normal prothrombin times when the ratios obtained with the two thromboplastins on the same fresh plasmas were plotted against each other. From previous evidence, the slopes were calculated which would have been obtained against the NIBS&C “research standard” thromboplastin 67/40, and termed the “calibration constant” of each thromboplastin. Values obtained from the freeze-dried coumarin plasmas gave generally similar results to those from fresh plasmas for all thromboplastins, whereas values from the artificial plasmas agreed with those from fresh plasmas only when similar thromboplastins were being compared.Taking into account the slopes of the calibration lines and the variation between laboratories, precision in obtaining a patient’s prothrombin time was similar for all thromboplastins.

Multi-Center Study of Thromboplastin Calibration Precision – Influence of Reagent Species, Composition, and International Sensitivity Index (ISI)

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (01) ◽  
pp. 035-040 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryFour thromboplastin reagents were tested by 18 laboratories in Europe, North-America, and Australasia, according to a detailed protocol. One thromboplastin was the International Reference Preparation for ox brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (coded OBT/79), and the second was a certified reference material for rabbit brain thromboplastin, plain (coded CRM 149R). The other two thromboplastin reagents were another rabbit plain brain thromboplastin (RP) with a lower ISI than CRM 149R and a rabbit brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (RC). Calibration of the latter two reagents was performed according to methods recommended by the World Health Organization (W. H. O.).The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) Is the calibration of the RC reagent more precise against the bovine/combined (OBT/79) than against the rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R)? 2) Is the precision of calibration influenced by the magnitude of the International Sensitivity Index (ISI)?The lowest inter-laboratory variation of ISI was observed in the calibration of the rabbit/plain reagent (RP) against the other rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R) (CV 1.6%). The highest interlaboratory variation was obtained in the calibration of rabbit/plain (RP) against bovine/combined (OBT/79) (CV 5.1%). In the calibration of the rabbit/combined (RC) reagent, there was no difference in precision between OBT/79 (CV 4.3%) and CRM 149R (CV 4.2%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the precision of the ISI of RC obtained with CRM 149R (ISI = 1.343) and the rabbit/plain (RP) reagent with ISI = 1.14. In conclusion, the calibration of RC could be performed with similar precision with either OBT/79 or CRM 149R, or RP.The mean ISI values calculated with OBT/79 and CRM 149R were practically identical, indicating that there is no bias in the ISI of these reference preparations and that these reference preparations have been stable since their original calibration studies in 1979 and 1987, respectively.International Normalized Ratio (INR) equivalents were calculated for a lyophilized control plasma derived from patients treated with oral anticoagulants. There were small but significant differences in the mean INR equivalents between the bovine and rabbit thromboplastins. There were no differences in the interlaboratory variation of the INR equivalents, when the four thromboplastins were compared.

Aluminium Distribution in Freeze-Dried Roots of Cabbage, Lettuce and Kikuyu Grass by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
DO Huett ◽  
RC Menary
Keyword(s):  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Back Ground ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Kikuyu Grass ◽  
And Control

The aluminium distribution in transverse sections of fractured and freeze-dried roots of cabbage, lettuce and kikuyu grass was studied by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The mean ratios of the integrated counts corresponding to Kα emission spectra for aluminium, phosphorus and silicon were recorded between aluminium and control treatments over three experiments. Peak-to-back- ground ratios (PA/B) were calculated and the aluminium ratios corrected for variations in the corresponding total silicon ratios. Aluminium was found to be uniformly distributed along roots of the three species. The highest peaks (PA) and peak-to-background ratios, suggesting higher concentrations, were recorded in the epidermis followed by the cortex. Aluminium was recorded in the stele of all species and in the protoplasm of cortical cells, with smaller amounts in the protoplasm of xylem parenchyma cells for lettuce and kikuyu grass. The distribution of aluminium supports the hypothesis that its entry to the stele can be achieved by transport both into meristematic cells and the symplasm via the cortex and hence bypassing the barrier at the endodermis. The latter evidence was supported by the presence of aluminium in the radial wall (and cytoplasm) of the endodermis for each species. There was a poor correlation between the distribution of aluminium and phosphorus.

scholarly journals ‘Heterosis’ in litter size of chimaeric mice

1985 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Mikami ◽  
Akira Onishi
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mixed Genotype ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Single Genotype ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Progeny Tests ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYAggregation chimaeras were made from embryos of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Chimaeric and control females were mated with ICR males at 8 weeks of age and their litter sizes were evaluated over a 5-month period after the first mating. Progeny tests showed that 18 of 27 chimaeras produced oocytes of both genotypes. The mean litter sizes of C57BL/6, BALB/c and their F1 crosses (C57BL/6 × BALB/c and BALB/c × C57BL/6) were 8·14, 9·36, 13·38 and 13·40, respectively. The mean for chimaeras was 11·54 and chimaeric heterosis was evident, but it was not as much as heterosis in the F1 When the chimaeras were classified into the mixed and single-genotype progeny chimaeras, chimaeric heterosis was observed only in the mixed-progeny chimaeras. Quantitative GPI analyses in ten organs showed that the degree of chimaerism in the mixed-genotype progeny chimaeras was higher than that in most of the single-genotype progeny chimaeras and that the degree of chimaerism in the ovaries was positively correlated with litter size in the mixed-genotype progeny chimaeras. On the other hand, such correlation was not observed in the single-genotype progeny chimaeras.

scholarly journals THE USE OF CARTOON VIDEO IN TEACHING STUDENTS VOCABULARY

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Muhammad Furqan ◽  
Muhammad Shabir
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Good Information ◽  
Test Of Hypothesis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

<p>This paper aims to discuss vocabulary and cartoon video, and how to teach vocabulary by using cartoon video. Cartoons are designed not only to entertain children, but cartoons can be also used to teach and educate children. In order to find the relationship between cartoon and education, the writer writes a paper which the title is “The Use of Cartoon in Teaching Students Vocabulary”. It has a purpose to help children in learning English, more specifically it aims to improve English vocabulary for children whose age are between seven years old to fourteen years old.The method of the research is quantitative research in design experiment class and control class.The Reseacher could take conclusion that there was a significant between experiment class and control class, The mean of experiment class is greater than the mean of control class ( 77,25&gt; 57,75). on the other hand, the test of hypothesis using t-test formula shows the value of t-test is greater than the value of the t-table. The value of t-test is 3,712 while the value of t-table on t-table in degree of freedom of 38 with level of significant of 0.01 is 2,42. The hypothesis is accepted.Based on the result of this study, it is accepted to be a good information for many teachers espesially English teachers. It is one solution to be used as appropiate method in teaching learning proses. It could be an alternative that could be used in teaching.</p>

Calibration of Five Different Thromboplastins, Using Fresh and Freeze-dried Plasma

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 228-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R Bangham ◽  
R Biggs ◽  
M Brozović ◽  
K. W. E Denson
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Similar Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
National Reference ◽  
Coagulation Defect ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Working Standards

SummaryThe results of this trial confirmed that the five different thromboplastin preparations could be calibrated in terms of thromboplastin 67/40 (2) in respect to their sensitivity to coumarin induced defect.Using thromboplastin 2 (67/40) as reference and assigning to it, by definition, a TSR of 2.0, the other four thromboplastins can be assigned the following TSRs: thromboplastin 1 (69/223) 1.9: thromboplastin 3 (68/434) 2.0; thromboplastin 4 (70/115)2.0; and thromboplastin 5 (70/178) 1.5.In view of the great amount of collaborative work which has been invested in the study of these preparations, they should be kept primarily for the purposes of calibrating other reference preparations rather than be consumed as working standards. Thromboplastin 67/40 should be preserved for calibrating future batches of an international reference material or of national reference preparations of a similar type. The other four preparations could be used to calibrate similar types of thromboplastin: human brain without added bovine factors (69/223) for calibration of similar human thromboplastins; the bovine thromboplastin (68/434) for bovine preparations, and the two different rabbit brain preparations (70/115) and (70/178) for calibration of the rabbit brain reagents. In this manner each of the preparations would be compared to a material of the same species and similar type, and the stocks of these materials conserved to last over a longer period of time.Carefully prepared freeze-dried pooled plasma from patients on oral anticoagulants can be used instead of a large number of individual fresh plasmas to simplify the calibration procedure of selected thromboplastins.In the present state of knowledge about the coumarin induced coagulation defect, artificially prepared abnormal plasmas appear to have little use in the calibration of thromboplastin preparations for control of anticoagulant therapy.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Educational Pillars Based on Vygotsky's Theory in Achievement and Information Processing Among First Intermediate Class Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 246
Author(s):  
Lina Fouad Jawad ◽  
Muayad Kadhim Raheem ◽  
Ban Hassan Majeed
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Mathematics Achievement ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Achievement Test ◽  
Mathematical Achievement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of the educational pillars strategy based on Vygotsky's theory in mathematical achievement and information processing of first-grade intermediate students. In pursuit of the research objectives, the experimental method was used, and the quasi-experimental design was used for two equivalent groups, one control group taught traditionally and the other experi-mental taught according to the educational pillars strategy. The research sample consisted of (66) female students from the first intermediate grade, who were inten-tionally chosen after ensuring their equivalence, taking into account several factors, most notably chronological age and their level of mathematics, and they were dis-tributed equally into two groups, one experimental and the other control. The re-search tools were represented in the teacher's handbook for the application of the educational pillars strategy, the achievement test in mathematics, and the test of information processing skills. The researchers applied the experiment in the first semester of the (2019/2020) academic year. One of the researchers taught the ex-perimental group by applying the educational pillars strategy, while the control group studied according to the usual method. The mathematical achievement test and the data processing skill test were applied to the experimental and control re-search groups, and then the data necessary for statistical analysis and access to results were obtained. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups and control groups in the mathematical achievement test. There were also statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups on the test of the skill of information processing, and the size of the effect was calculated by describing a function of the effectiveness of the strategy on the two independent variables (mathematics achievement, information processing), as it became clear that the educational pillars strategy based on Vygotsky's theory has great effectiveness. On mathematics achievement and on developing students' information processing skills

Team Working

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Fioravanti
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Team Working ◽  
Collective Effort ◽  
Individual Work ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Single Part

This chapter is based mainly on my experiences as a development member of industrial and research projects in which I have participated in the first years of my career. Team working is very different from acting as a single developer or consultant who has the entire responsibility and control of the assigned work. The main difference is that in individual work, you have to develop a single part of a project that matches your skills and knowledge, while in team working, the collective effort of different individuals with different knowledge and backgrounds can be mixed together in order to increase the mean value of the cultural level of the components. The knowledge and understanding of a team is greater than the mean calculated on all the individuals of the team, since each member benefits from the cultural level, skills, and suggestions of the other members.

Evaluation of International Normalized Ratios by a Controlled Field Survey with 4 Different Thromboplastin Reagents

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (04) ◽  
pp. 535-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutsuyoshi Kazama ◽  
Setsuko Suzuki ◽  
Takeshi Abe ◽  
Chieko Tahara ◽  
Chisato Shimazu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Prothrombin Activity ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Plot Analysis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Whisker Plot

SummaryA nationwide survey has been performed in Japan involving 75 laboratories to assess the relative reliability of different methods of reporting prothrombin time results in anticoagulant control. The interchangeability of results using prothrombin time, prothrombin activity percentage, prothrombin ratio and international normalized ratios (INR) were compared with four different thromboplastin reagents and a range of coagulometers. A secondary batch of reference thromboplastin of human brain origin (BCT/454) was used to calibrate the local thromboplastins and for comparison of methods of reporting. The study revealed the closest agreement of the results between BCT and the other reagents, and the regression lines of these reagents were almost identical, when the results were reported as INR. Box-Whisker plot analysis showed that the distribution of the results was large with the more deficient plasmas with all methods of reporting. It was found by this analysis that the interchangeability of the results was greatest when the results were expressed by INR, because the mean values obtained of each plasma using different thromboplastin reagents gave the lowest CV and the frequency of the far-out data was least, compared with the other methods of expression. On the other hand, the type of coagulometer had almost as much effect as the thromboplastin reagent on the prothrombin time, even if INR was used. Interchangeability of INR would be further improved by providing ISI values for each reagent/ instrument combination.

Prothrombin Time Standardization Report of the Expert Panel on Oral Anticoagulant Control: A Minority Opinion

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 1132-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B Miale
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Oral Anticoagulant ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Standardization Report

SummaryThe ICTH/ICSH collaborative study failed to achieve its aims because each combination of plasma, thromboplastin and method was tested by too few laboratories in relation to intra and inter laboratory variation, and because the stability of the reference thromboplastin 70/178 is suspect. The evidence of the study does not support the superiority of reference thromboplastins over reference plasmas, but the concept of reference plasma was not adequately explored.

scholarly journals Reproductive lifespan in irradiated and unirradiated chromosomally XO mice

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary F. Lyon ◽  
Susan G. Hawker
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Control Series ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Human And Mouse

SUMMARYLifetime reproductive performance was studied in 50 sib-pairs of female mice, one member of each pair chromosomally XX and the other XO. Twenty-five pairs were irradiated with 25 rad X-rays at 10 days of age and 25 were unirradiated. In both the irradiated and control series the XO mice had a significantly shorter reproductive life than the XX ones, but unirradiated XO bred longer than irradiated XX. The median age of unirradiated XO at birth of last litter was 280 days and they had 6·5 ± 0·80 litters, whereas for XX the figures were 420days and 12·6 ± 0·74. The mean litter-size of XO mice was only about 55% and their lifetime productivity 34% of that of their XX sibs. Similarly, the lifetime productivity of irradiated XX females was only 31% of that of unirradiated XX. Histological studies showed that in the unirradiated XO mice reproduction ended through shortage of oocytes, and the resulting secondary ovarian changes were similar to those in irradiated mice. Thus, the differences between human and mouse XO types are to some extent reconciled. Both become sterile through death of oocytes, in humans before puberty and in mice after. This difference may be connected with different times from oogenesis to puberty in the two species.

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