scholarly journals 004 Root Application of Potassium Silicate Reduce Feeding Damage to Sargent Crabapple Leaf Tissues by Adult Japanese Beetles

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 441C-441
Author(s):  
A.M. Shirazi ◽  
F.D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Potassium Silicate ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Fall Webworm ◽  
Silicon Nutrition

Research on silicon nutrition has shown an increase in plant disease resistance to powdery mildew and pythium in some species, such as roses and cucumbers. However, the role of silicon for protecting plants from other stresses e.g., heat, drought, insects, etc., are not known. Two-year-old Sargent Crabapple Malus sargentii seedlings were subjected to 4 continuous days of 100 ml root application of potassium silicate at the rate of 0, 100, 200, and 400 ppm in Aug. 1998. After 3 days post-treatment, three detached leaves were placed in each of three petri dishes along with one adult female Japanese beetle (n = 3/concentrations) for 7 days. Potassium silicate at 100 ppm concentration significantly reduced percent leaf tissue eaten by adult Japanese beetles. There was not any statistical difference between control, 200, and 400 ppm application. The ion leakage of stem tissues of 100 and 200 ppm-treated plants were significantly lower than the control and 400 ppm. These lower ion leakage effects were also observed with red-osier dogwood stem tissues at 100 ppm. In a companion study fall webworm larvae were also exposed to the same above concentrations and treatments. There was not a significant effect of potassium pilicate on percent leaf tissue eaten by fall webworm larvae, suggesting that there may be differences between major groups of leaf-feeding insects. Leaf and root tissue analysis for Ca, K, Mg, Na, and Si will be reported.

Stem Cold Hardiness, Leaf Heat Tolerance, Growth, and Performance of Six Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) in Northern Illinois

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 512e-512
Author(s):  
A.M. Shirazi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
And Performance

Six different Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) cultivars `Water Fall', `Burgundy Lace', `Crimson Queen', `Oshio-Beni', `SangoKaKu', and `Bloodgood' from Monrovia Nursery were planted in a randomized block design on 4 June 1997 at the The Morton Arboretum. Leaf heat tolerance was evaluated by measuring ion leakage of the leaf tissue at 25–60 °C in July, Aug., and Sept. 1997. The LT50 (the temperature at which 50% of the tissues were injured) of all the cultivars were higher in July (≈53 °C) and were lower in September (≈47 °C). Water content of the leaf tissues were higher in July compare to August and September and were not related to heat tolerance of most cultivars. Stem cold hardiness was performed by artificial freezing tests in Oct., Dec., and Feb. 1997/98. The Lowest Survival Temperature (LST) for the most hardy to least hardy cultivars in October and December were: `Burgundy Lace' (–15, –27 °C), `Bloodgood' (–18, –24 °C), `Oshio-Beni' (–15, –24 °C), `Crimson Queen' (–15, –18 °C), `Water Fall' (–9, –18 °C) and `SangoKaKu' (–9, –12 °C), respectively. Growth, dormancy development, spring budbreak and performance of these cultivars will be compared.

scholarly journals Influence of anionic surfractants on Zn2+ and Sr2+ uptake by ivy (Hedera helix L.) leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Marešová ◽  
Miroslav Horník ◽  
Martin Pipíska ◽  
Jozef Augustín
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ion ◽  
Sodium Dodecylsulfate ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Log P ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Radiotracer Technique ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Metal Ion Uptake

Surfactants are frequently used as adjuvants for improving the efficiency of foliar applied fertilizers, pesticides and other biologically active substances. In our paper we used detached leaves of ivy (Hedera helix L.) for the study of the influence of anionic surfactants sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and sodium dicyclohexyl sulfosuccinate (DCSS) on zinc and strontium uptake by leaf surface and transport by radiotracer technique with 65ZnCl2 and 85SrCl2. Accumulated amounts of Zn2+ and Sr2+ ions by the surface of detached intact ivy leaves were 5.0 and 1.1 μg/g, respectively. Ivy leaves pretreated for 24 h in 1 mM SDS or DCSS solutions accumulated approx. twice more Zn and five time more Sr than non treated leaves. Pretreatment with surfactants increased mobility of zinc and strontium in leaf tissues. Separate experiments showed that both SDS and DCSS were sorbed onto the leaf tissue reaching equilibrium within several hours of immersing leaf blades to surfactant solutions. The process can be described in terms of partition equilibria P = [C]leaf/[C]solution with log P = 1.396 within surfactant concentration studied Co ≤ 100 μmol/L. The mechanism of action of surfactants on metal ion uptake is discussed.

A Study on the Recovery Following Freeze–Thaw Injury in Onion and Chrysanthemum

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 454b-454
Author(s):  
Yiwei Jiang ◽  
Chon C. Lim ◽  
Rajeev Arora
Keyword(s):  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Dendranthema Grandiflora ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Leaf Tissues

Onion (Allium cepa L. cv Sweet Sandwich) and Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora `Sunny Denise') tissues were used to investigate protein changes associated with recovery from freeze–thaw injury. Medium-sized onions were slowly frozen to either –4 or –9 °C, subsequently thawed, and divided in two halves. One half was used immediately for ion leakage (IL) measurements and total and microsomal protein extraction, whereas the other half was allowed to recover at 6 to 8 °C in the dark for 4 to 5 days. Chrysanthemum leaves were frozen to –3.75 °C, and allowed to recover first at 6 to 8 °C in the dark (1 d) and then under 12-h photoperiod at 18 °C (3–4 d). Results indicate a 1.4- and 2.5-fold higher IL, compared to control, from onion tissues frozen to –4 or –9 °C, respectively. IL in –4 °C-treated tissues was the same as respective control following recovery; however, it was further enhanced to 3.6-fold in –9 °C-treated samples. Chrysanthemum leaf tissue exhibited a 1.6-fold increase in ion leakage following injury, but completely recovered to control levels after 4 to 5 d. SDS-PAGE profiles revealed an absence of a 25-kDa microsomal protein in the injured onion tissues but, its up regulation during recovery only in reversibly injured tissues. Data also indicated an accumulation of 36-kDa soluble protein in chrysanthemum leaf tissues during recovery. Experiments are underway to further characterize these protein changes.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

scholarly journals The role of JrPPOs in the browning of walnut explants

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shugang Zhao ◽  
Hongxia Wang ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Linqing Li ◽  
Jinbing Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Young Leaves

Abstract Background Tissue culture is an effective method for the rapid breeding of seedlings and improving production efficiency, but explant browning is a key limiting factor of walnut tissue culture. Specifically, the polymerization of PPO-derived quinones that cause explant browning of walnut is not well understood. This study investigated explants of ‘Zanmei’ walnut shoot apices cultured in agar (A) or vermiculite (V) media, and the survival percentage, changes in phenolic content, POD and PPO activity, and JrPPO expression in explants were studied to determine the role of PPO in the browning of walnut explants. Results The results showed that the V media greatly reduced the death rate of explants, and 89.9 and 38.7% of the explants cultured in V media and A media survived, respectively. Compared with that of explants at 0 h, the PPO of explants cultured in A was highly active throughout the culture, but activity in those cultured in V remained low. The phenolic level of explants cultured in A increased significantly at 72 h but subsequently declined, and the content in the explants cultured in V increased to a high level only at 144 h. The POD in explants cultured in V showed high activity that did not cause browning. Gene expression assays showed that the expression of JrPPO1 was downregulated in explants cultured in both A and V. However, the expression of JrPPO2 was upregulated in explants cultured in A throughout the culture and upregulated in V at 144 h. JrPPO expression analyses in different tissues showed that JrPPO1 was highly expressed in stems, young leaves, mature leaves, catkins, pistils, and hulls, and JrPPO2 was highly expressed in mature leaves and pistils. Moreover, browning assays showed that both explants in A and leaf tissue exhibited high JrPPO2 activity. Conclusion The rapid increase in phenolic content caused the browning and death of explants. V media delayed the rapid accumulation of phenolic compounds in walnut explants in the short term, which significantly decreased explants mortality. The results suggest that JrPPO2 plays a key role in the oxidation of phenols in explants after branch injury.

Role of transporters in plant disease resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-867
Author(s):  
Basavantraya N. Devanna ◽  
Rajdeep Jaswal ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Singh ◽  
Ritu Kapoor ◽  
Priyanka Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease

scholarly journals Evidence that a New Antibiotic Flavone Glycoside Chemically Defends the Sea Grass Thalassia testudinumagainst Zoosporic Fungi

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1490-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Jensen ◽  
K. M. Jenkins ◽  
D. Porter ◽  
W. Fenical
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Chemical Fractionation ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Flavone Glycoside ◽  
Sea Grass ◽  
Zoosporic Fungi ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Marine Angiosperm

ABSTRACT Significantly fewer thraustochytrid protists (zoosporic fungi) were observed in association with healthy leaf tissue of the marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum than in association with sterilized samples that were returned to the collection site for 48 h. In support of the hypothesis that sea grass secondary metabolites were responsible for these differences, extracts of healthyT. testudinum leaf tissues inhibited the growth of the co-occurring thraustochytrid Schizochytrium aggregatum and deterred the attachment of S. aggregatum motile zoospores to an extract-impregnated substrate. By using S. aggregatumfor bioassay-guided chemical fractionation, a new flavone glycoside was isolated and structurally characterized as luteolin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2"-sulfate. Whole-leaf tissue concentrations of this metabolite (4 mg/ml of wet leaf tissue) inhibited S. aggregatum attachment, and a significantly lower concentration (270 μg/ml) reduced thraustochytrid growth by 50%, suggesting that natural concentrations are at least 15 times greater than that needed for significant microbiological effects. These results offer the first complete chemical characterization of a sea grass sulfated flavone glycoside and provide evidence that a secondary metabolite chemically defends T. testudinum against fouling microorganisms.

Na+/H+ exchange in the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum is associated with cellular sites of Na+ storage

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bronwyn J. Barkla ◽  
Rosario Vera-Estrella ◽  
Jesus Camacho-Emiterio ◽  
Omar Pantoja
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Mesembryanthemum Crystallinum ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Plant Vacuoles ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Bladder Cells ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance ◽  
Vacuolar Sequestration

The tonoplast Na+/H+ exchanger is involved in sequestering Na+ in plant vacuoles, providing solutes for osmotic adjustment while avoiding cytoplasmic Na+ toxicity. As such it is assumed to be one of the key mechanisms involved in salt-tolerance in plants. In this study, we measured tonoplast Na+/H+ exchange in roots and different leaf tissues of adult Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. plants to determine if activity of the exchanger follows the gradient from roots to leaves previously observed for Na+ and pinitol accumulation. Na+/H+ exchange was absent from roots of control and NaCl-treated plants. In contrast, leaves showed constitutive Na+/H+ exchange that was enhanced by growth of the plants in NaCl. Highest activity was measured in the epidermal bladder cells in agreement with the highest concentrations of Na+ found in this tissue. Tonoplast H+-translocating ATPase activity was also greatest in this tissue, as were protein levels for myo-inositol-O-methyltransferase, a key enzyme in the pinitol biosynthesis pathway. The strong correlation between Na+/H+ exchange and Na+ accumulation confirms the role of this transporter in vacuolar sequestration of Na+ and plant salt tolerance.

Induced Accumulation and Potential Antioxidative Function of Rutin in Two Cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum L.

1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Steger-Hartmann ◽  
Ulrich Koch ◽  
Thomas Dunz ◽  
Edgar Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Antioxidative Function ◽  
Ozone Sensitivity ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Tert Butylhydroperoxide

The rutin (quercetin-3-rhamnosyl-glucoside) content of two tobacco cultivars (Nicotiana tabacum L.) which differ in their ozone-sensitivity was assayed after exposure to various rutininducing stimuli. In the growth-chamber, UV radiation in combination with white light led to the accumulation of similar amounts of rutin in both cultivars. Treatment with radical producing agents (tert-butylhydroperoxide and paraquat) also led to rutin accumulation. In this case, the rutin content was higher in the tolerant cultivar. The rutin content was also higher in the tolerant cultivar upon exposure of the plants on an out-door stand, even when the UV-part of the sun spectrum was excluded by cut-off filters. The potential role of rutin as antioxidant was tested with an ion leakage assay. Plants with relatively high rutin content were less sensitive towards paraquat-induced ion leakage than plants without rutin. Thus, the higher rutin content of the ozone-tolerant cultivar Bel B may well contribute to its tolerance against oxidative stress.

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