scholarly journals A Hard Nut to Crack: Macadamia in Hawaii

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1405-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rietow
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Mauna Loa ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
Macadamia Nuts ◽  
Commercial Plantation ◽  
Crop Area ◽  
Selection Of

The macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia) was introduced to Kapulena on the Hamakua Coast of Hawaii from Australia in 1881 by William Purvis. The first commercial plantation was established in Oahu but the commercial industry moved to Hawaii, the Big Island. By 1950, the largest producer was the Honakaa Sugar Company with 450 acres (182 ha). The development of new technology, including the selection of cultivars on grafted trees, resulted in an expansion of the industry. The Mauna Loa Company is now the world’s largest grower, processor, and marketer of macadamia nuts with over 10,000 acres (4047 ha). The industry now consists of ≈500 to 600 growers that are connected by ownership or contract to the two largest processor/marketers, Mauna Loa and Mac Farms. The Hawaiian macadamia industry is now relatively static. Crop area peaked in 1990 at 22,600 acres (9146 ha) and then gradually dropped to 17,000 acres (6880 ha) in 2006 where it has remained. In-shell nut production during the same period ranged from a low of 40 million pounds (18,148 t) in this past crop year (2010–11) to a high of 58 million pounds (26,315 t) in 2006–07. Competition among Hawaii, Australia, and Africa is now intense.

scholarly journals 064 The History of Macadamia Nut Introduction and Development in Kenya

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 452B-452
Author(s):  
L.A. Wasilwa ◽  
N. Ondabu ◽  
G.W. Watani
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
History Of ◽  
Macadamia Nuts ◽  
Eastern Highlands ◽  
Central Kenya

The macadamia nut was introduced to the Kenyan highlands from Australia in the early 1960s. Seedlings were propagated at a nursery near Kiambu in central Kenya by Bob Harris and were subsequently distributed in the central and eastern highlands and later the western highlands. The majority of seedlings planted were one two species, Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche or M. tetraphylla L. S. A less common species, Macadamia ternifolia, was also planted. Several hybrids of M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla have been identified in the central and eastern highlands. A macadamia improvement research program was launched in the early part of 1980 by the Ministry of Agriculture. Since then, 30 trees of the seedlings planted in the later part of 1960s have been selected and evaluated in trial orchards located in the Kenyan highlands. Most of the recently planted orchards constitute of 10 clones that yield between 40 to 90 kg of nuts annually. Five high-yielding macadamia varieties from Hawaii were introduced to Kenya in the early 1980s. To date >90% of the cultivated macadamia trees in Kenya are either M. integrifolia or hybrids of M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla. Until the late 1970s, there was no market for macadamia nuts in Kenya. Since then, several companies market this crop, which is mainly exported to Japan and Europe.

Seasonal patterns of fecundity and diet of roof rats in a Hawaiian macadamia orchard

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Tobin ◽  
AE Koehler ◽  
RT Sugihara
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Lepidopteran Larvae ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Animal Material ◽  
Macadamia Nuts

We determined seasonal patterns of fecundity and diet of roof rats (Rattus rattus) snap-trapped in an orchard of macadamias (Macadamia integrifolia), and assessed the implications for controlling rat damage to macadamia nuts. In all, 903 males, 756 females, and 16 rats of unidentified sex were captured between June 1990 and April 1991. Sex ratios varied from 1 : 1 only during August, when males outnumbered females (P < 0.05). Subadult rats were present throughout the study and comprised 31% of captures. Adult male roof rats were in reproductive condition throughout the year, and females bore young during every month of the study. Average monthly pregnancy rates varied from 8% to 54% and were highest in April. Mean prenatal litter size ranged from 3.0 to 6.5 among months. Macadamia nut was the dominant food item throughout the study, and was present in all 199 stomachs inspected, with a mean relative frequency of 85%. Insect fragments, primarily lepidopteran larvae, occurred in 66% of the stomachs, with a mean relative frequency of 8%. Moss was found in 48% of the stomachs, with a mean relative frequency of 4%. Grass seeds, fruit seeds and non-insect animal material were present in small amounts. These results show that, in areas with prolonged macadamia flowering and subsequent extended periods of nut availability, roof rats breed throughout the year on a diet consisting mostly of macadamia nuts. In such situations, growers may need to apply control measures throughout the crop cycle to keep rat damage at acceptable levels.

scholarly journals Extracts of Different Organs of Macadamia Nut Tree (Macadamia Integrifolia) Ameliorate Oxidative Damage in D-Galactose Accelerated Aging Model in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 7125-7135
Keyword(s):  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Aging Model ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Macadamia Nuts

Macadamia nut tree, Macadamia integrifolia (Maiden & Betche), is cultivated for the production of the edible macadamia nuts, which are a good source of monounsaturated fatty acids. We investigated the effect of ethanolic extracts of leaves, nuts, and nutshells of macadamia in D-galactose accelerated aging model in rats. Administration of D-galactose (150 mg/kg) in rats for 60 days resulted in impairment of cognitive function and motor coordination and caused an increase in oxidative stress and deterioration of liver and kidney functions. Macadamia nut extract ameliorated cognitive impairment induced by D-galactose as inferred from Morris water maze test and balance test using rotarod. Also, nut extract was superior to leaves and shell extract in reducing serum levels of malondialdehyde (50%), alanine transaminase (63%), aspartate transaminase (63%), total bilirubin (24%), creatinine (38%), and urea (16%) compared to animals that received no treatment. Chemical analysis showed that macadamia nut extract has a high percentage of oleic acid (81%) followed by palmitoleic acid (6.9%). This study encourages further investigation of the health benefits of macadamia nuts and the underlying mechanism of these effects.

scholarly journals Системний підхід у дослідженні технологічного процесу збирання льону-довгунця

2013 ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
О. А. Примаков
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Rational Scheme ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Agricultural Machines

Розкривається питання обґрунтування раціональ-ної схеми збирання льону-довгунця із застосуван-ням сільськогосподарських машин загального при-значення. Проведено вибір необхідних та достат-ніх технологічних операцій для збирання льону-довгунця за новою технологією з аналізом кожного окремого елемента. При виборі технічних засобів для збирання льону акцент зроблено не на спеціа-льні льонозбиральні машини, а на техніку, що за-стосовується для збирання інших культур; це ро-бить технологію більш доступною для широкого кола сільгоспвиробників. На основі обґрунтування обраного комплексу технічних засобів складено первинну модель технологічної схеми збирання посіву льону-довгунця. The article reveals the issues of a rational scheme of harvesting flax with the use of agricultural machines for general use. The adequate selection of the necessary and sufficient technical operations for flax harvesting on new technology has been done. When choosing machines for the harvesting of flax a great attention is paid not to special flax pullers but to equipment that is used to harvest other crops, making the technology more accessible to a wide range of manufacturers.

scholarly journals Efektywność produkcji FAME na podstawie wymagań normy ISO 14045:2012

Nafta-Gaz ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-214
Author(s):  
Michał Pajda ◽  
◽  
Wojciech Mazela ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of the work was to present the issue of eco-efficiency, based on the PN-EN ISO 14045:2012 standard in relation to the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The ecoefficiency analysis takes into account economic and environmental aspects in the improvement of products and processes / technologies. Eco-efficiency considers the product and technology throughout the life cycle, from the construction phase, through use to decommissioning. The impact on the natural environment is assessed on the basis of: consumption of energy, materials, dust and gas emissions, waste and sewage. Total costs include: production costs, raw material costs, costs during the use phase including maintenance, repair and operating costs, product disposal or recycling. The eco-efficiency analysis is helpful in making decisions regarding the selection of a new product or designing a new technology, and enables the selection of the variant that is the most economical and has the least possible impact on the natural environment. These issues are particularly important in the case of biofuels. The rapid growth of their production and the European Union’s policy, which aims to increase the share of energy from renewable sources, cause concerns of many experts regarding the threats related to the production of biofuels, both for the environment and food security. In particular, efforts are made to minimize the amount of waste and residues by implementing the idea of a circular economy. This approach promotes the development of new technologies that are more environmentally friendly. Due to the regulations set out in the RED and RED II Directives, there is a chance that the biofuels will have a less negative impact on the environment. This results from the obligation to certify compliance with the sustainability criteria, which is carried out by voluntary systems recognized by the European Commission, such as the KZR INiG System.

scholarly journals Students’ Perception and Attitudes toward Faculty Image on Social Networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Milena Vukić ◽  
Snežana Milićević ◽  
Ksenija Vukić
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Media ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Positive Perception ◽  
Promotion Strategy ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose of this paper is to determine how students perceive the image of their faculty on social networks, but also to analyse their experience and attitudes towards faculty social media strategy. The research was implemented using descriptive statistic techniques, as well as non-parametric tests such as Mann-Whitney U Test, Kruskal-Wallis H Test and Spearman’s Rho. The most common source of information when it comes to enrolment to faculty is word of mouth, while social media have a signifi-cantly lower credibility. During their schooling the respondents have most confidence in the official website, and far less in social networks. Such findings signalize the necessity of creating an adequate digital marketing strategy that can significantly improve the perceived faculty image. Positive perception of the image is fundamental for understanding the process of searching for and selection of the faculty, especially since the results have shown that the students do not value highly the image their faculties have on social networks. Positive perception of faculty image mostly depends on promotion strategy on Facebook and Insta-gram, and far less on LinkedIn and Twitter. In addition, students value more the image of the faculty whose social network pro-file they follow and, in a case, when they are followed back. No correlation was found between faculty image and gender, age or average grade. Therefore, we can conclude that social networks are very important in creating positive image and thanks to new technology, they are a promising solution for differentiation from competition in digital space.

New Technology in Agriculture Using Neutrosophic Soft Matrices with the Help of Score Function

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-88
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naveed Jafar ◽  
Ahmad Raza Shafiq ◽  
Muhammad Khalid ◽  
Hamza Akbar ◽  
Aamir Naveed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Score Function ◽  
Uncertain Environments ◽  
Scientific Experts ◽  
Selection Of

Uncertainty is a big problem in our routine life. Many theories were developed to handle uncertain environments. This paper approaches the concept of neutrosophic soft matrices (NSM) and multiple types of NSM to achieve solutions to a possible problem and provide ideas to tackle other problems relating to uncertainties. Here, NSM has been utilized to demonstrate the performance of different farmers, and further score function has been implemented to solve a possible application of decision making in agriculture. It explains the selection of the best farmer by scientific experts through an algorithm in this paper. The selection based upon the better production of crop and nature, fertilizer, pesticides, etc. are used as attributes, which will contribute to the performance of each farmer. Finally, combining the attributes, which will help us achieve a conclusion to determine the best farmer.

Development of new technologies for sorting of fibrous cotton stalks by the combined method “ADAU” and production of sowing material

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (09) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Şahlar Mahmud oğlu Babayev ◽  
◽  
Camaləddin Ələkbər oğlu Məmmədov ◽  
Səfiyyə İbrahim qızı Məhərrəmova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
Cotton Yarns ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Selection Of

The article is devoted to the development of technologies for the production of quality sowing material, which is the main problem of cotton growing, which has a greater share in the agricultural sector, which is the basis of the economy of the republic. For this purpose, a new technology for the production of sowing material was developed as a result of the selection of biologically mature yarns during the combined sorting of fibrous cotton yarns, as well as processing of these yarns by the proposed method, and two positive decisions were made by the Intellectual Property Agency. In addition to the mentioned advantages of the proposed technology, the use of low-percentage starch solution, as well as absorbents with high absorption capacity (zeolite or bentonite) in the country to improve the quality of sowing material in the production of sowing material as a result of processing raw materials. indicates that it has indicators. Key words: fiber, cotton, yarn, combined, sorting, sowing material, production, technology

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