scholarly journals Extracts of Different Organs of Macadamia Nut Tree (Macadamia Integrifolia) Ameliorate Oxidative Damage in D-Galactose Accelerated Aging Model in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 7125-7135
Keyword(s):  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Aging Model ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Macadamia Nuts

Macadamia nut tree, Macadamia integrifolia (Maiden & Betche), is cultivated for the production of the edible macadamia nuts, which are a good source of monounsaturated fatty acids. We investigated the effect of ethanolic extracts of leaves, nuts, and nutshells of macadamia in D-galactose accelerated aging model in rats. Administration of D-galactose (150 mg/kg) in rats for 60 days resulted in impairment of cognitive function and motor coordination and caused an increase in oxidative stress and deterioration of liver and kidney functions. Macadamia nut extract ameliorated cognitive impairment induced by D-galactose as inferred from Morris water maze test and balance test using rotarod. Also, nut extract was superior to leaves and shell extract in reducing serum levels of malondialdehyde (50%), alanine transaminase (63%), aspartate transaminase (63%), total bilirubin (24%), creatinine (38%), and urea (16%) compared to animals that received no treatment. Chemical analysis showed that macadamia nut extract has a high percentage of oleic acid (81%) followed by palmitoleic acid (6.9%). This study encourages further investigation of the health benefits of macadamia nuts and the underlying mechanism of these effects.

scholarly journals 064 The History of Macadamia Nut Introduction and Development in Kenya

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 452B-452
Author(s):  
L.A. Wasilwa ◽  
N. Ondabu ◽  
G.W. Watani
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
History Of ◽  
Macadamia Nuts ◽  
Eastern Highlands ◽  
Central Kenya

The macadamia nut was introduced to the Kenyan highlands from Australia in the early 1960s. Seedlings were propagated at a nursery near Kiambu in central Kenya by Bob Harris and were subsequently distributed in the central and eastern highlands and later the western highlands. The majority of seedlings planted were one two species, Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche or M. tetraphylla L. S. A less common species, Macadamia ternifolia, was also planted. Several hybrids of M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla have been identified in the central and eastern highlands. A macadamia improvement research program was launched in the early part of 1980 by the Ministry of Agriculture. Since then, 30 trees of the seedlings planted in the later part of 1960s have been selected and evaluated in trial orchards located in the Kenyan highlands. Most of the recently planted orchards constitute of 10 clones that yield between 40 to 90 kg of nuts annually. Five high-yielding macadamia varieties from Hawaii were introduced to Kenya in the early 1980s. To date >90% of the cultivated macadamia trees in Kenya are either M. integrifolia or hybrids of M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla. Until the late 1970s, there was no market for macadamia nuts in Kenya. Since then, several companies market this crop, which is mainly exported to Japan and Europe.

Seasonal patterns of fecundity and diet of roof rats in a Hawaiian macadamia orchard

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Tobin ◽  
AE Koehler ◽  
RT Sugihara
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Lepidopteran Larvae ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Animal Material ◽  
Macadamia Nuts

We determined seasonal patterns of fecundity and diet of roof rats (Rattus rattus) snap-trapped in an orchard of macadamias (Macadamia integrifolia), and assessed the implications for controlling rat damage to macadamia nuts. In all, 903 males, 756 females, and 16 rats of unidentified sex were captured between June 1990 and April 1991. Sex ratios varied from 1 : 1 only during August, when males outnumbered females (P < 0.05). Subadult rats were present throughout the study and comprised 31% of captures. Adult male roof rats were in reproductive condition throughout the year, and females bore young during every month of the study. Average monthly pregnancy rates varied from 8% to 54% and were highest in April. Mean prenatal litter size ranged from 3.0 to 6.5 among months. Macadamia nut was the dominant food item throughout the study, and was present in all 199 stomachs inspected, with a mean relative frequency of 85%. Insect fragments, primarily lepidopteran larvae, occurred in 66% of the stomachs, with a mean relative frequency of 8%. Moss was found in 48% of the stomachs, with a mean relative frequency of 4%. Grass seeds, fruit seeds and non-insect animal material were present in small amounts. These results show that, in areas with prolonged macadamia flowering and subsequent extended periods of nut availability, roof rats breed throughout the year on a diet consisting mostly of macadamia nuts. In such situations, growers may need to apply control measures throughout the crop cycle to keep rat damage at acceptable levels.

scholarly journals A Hard Nut to Crack: Macadamia in Hawaii

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1405-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rietow
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Mauna Loa ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
Macadamia Nuts ◽  
Commercial Plantation ◽  
Crop Area ◽  
Selection Of

The macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia) was introduced to Kapulena on the Hamakua Coast of Hawaii from Australia in 1881 by William Purvis. The first commercial plantation was established in Oahu but the commercial industry moved to Hawaii, the Big Island. By 1950, the largest producer was the Honakaa Sugar Company with 450 acres (182 ha). The development of new technology, including the selection of cultivars on grafted trees, resulted in an expansion of the industry. The Mauna Loa Company is now the world’s largest grower, processor, and marketer of macadamia nuts with over 10,000 acres (4047 ha). The industry now consists of ≈500 to 600 growers that are connected by ownership or contract to the two largest processor/marketers, Mauna Loa and Mac Farms. The Hawaiian macadamia industry is now relatively static. Crop area peaked in 1990 at 22,600 acres (9146 ha) and then gradually dropped to 17,000 acres (6880 ha) in 2006 where it has remained. In-shell nut production during the same period ranged from a low of 40 million pounds (18,148 t) in this past crop year (2010–11) to a high of 58 million pounds (26,315 t) in 2006–07. Competition among Hawaii, Australia, and Africa is now intense.

scholarly journals Implication of ferroptosis in aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Mazhar ◽  
Ahmad Ud Din ◽  
Hamid Ali ◽  
Guoqiang Yang ◽  
Wei Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Conventional Cell

AbstractLife is indeed continuously going through the irreversible and inevitable process of aging. The rate of aging process depends on various factors and varies individually. These factors include various environmental stimuli including exposure to toxic chemicals, psychological stress whereas suffering with various illnesses specially the chronic diseases serve as endogenous triggers. The basic underlying mechanism for all kinds of stresses is now known to be manifested as production of excessive ROS, exhaustion of ROS neutralizing antioxidant enzymes and proteins leading to imbalance in oxidation and antioxidant processes with subsequent oxidative stress induced inflammation affecting the cells, tissues, organs and the whole body. All these factors lead to conventional cell death either through necrosis, apoptosis, or autophagy. Currently, a newly identified mechanism of iron dependent regulated cell death called ferroptosis, is of special interest for its implication in pathogenesis of various diseases such as cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, cancers, and various other age-related disorders (ARD). In ferroptosis, the cell death occur neither by conventional apoptosis, necrosis nor by autophagy, rather dysregulated iron in the cell mediates excessive lipid peroxidation of accumulated lethal lipids. It is not surprising to assume its role in aging as previous research have identified some solid cues on the subject. In this review, we will highlight the factual evidences to support the possible role and implication of ferroptosis in aging in order to declare the need to identify and explore the interventions to prevent excessive ferroptosis leading to accelerated aging and associated liabilities of aging.

scholarly journals Shaoyao-Gancao Decoction alleviated hyperandrogenism in a letrozole-induced rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome by inhibition of NF-κB activation

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-yun Shao ◽  
Zhuang-peng Chang ◽  
Yao Cheng ◽  
Xin-chun Wang ◽  
Jing-ping Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Ovarian Weight ◽  
Protein Levels

Abstract Shaoyao-Gancao Decoction (SGD) has been widely used for the treatment of gynopathy. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of SGD on hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) rats. In the present work, SGD was orally administrated to the PCOS rats at the dose of 12.5, 25, and 50 g/kg/d for 14 consecutive days. UPLC–MS/MS was performed to identify the main chemical components of SGD. Body weight, ovarian weight, cystic dilating follicles, and serum levels of steroid hormones were tested to evaluate the therapeutic effect of SGD. In order to further clarify the underlying mechanism, we also measured mRNA and the protein levels of NF-κB, NF-κB p65, P-NF-κB p65, and IκB by RT-qPCR and Western blotting techniques. Our results showed that SGD treatment significantly alleviated hyperandrogenism in PCOS rats as evidenced by reduced serum levels of T and increased E2 and FSH levels. In addition, SGD effectively reduced the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and increased the expression of IκB. Results of the present study demonstrated that SGD could ameliorate hyperandrogenism in PCOS rats, and the potential mechanism may relate to the NF-κB pathway.

scholarly journals M20. CYTOKINE LEVELS THROUGHOUT PREGNANCY AND RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS IN ADULT OFFSPRING: EARLY PREGNANCY MATTERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S141-S141
Author(s):  
Dana Allswede ◽  
Robert Yolken ◽  
Stephen Buka ◽  
Tyrone Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Birth Complications ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Pregnancy And Birth

Abstract Background Schizophrenia has been associated with pregnancy and birth complications, and fetal exposure to inflammation is thought to be a common underlying mechanism. However, it is unclear whether the risk associated with inflammation is specific to particular phases of pregnancy, as no prior studies have examined maternal serum samples across multiple assessments from the first trimester onward. This study examined differences in longitudinal patterns of maternal serum levels of TNFa, IL-1b, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17a across pregnancy for offspring who were later ascertained as having a psychotic disorder diagnosis, non-psychotic siblings of these cases, and unrelated, non-psychotic individuals who served as controls. Methods Participants included 90 offspring, 79 siblings, and 273 matched controls from the Philadelphia cohort of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project. Psychotic disorder diagnoses in adulthood were assessed with review of medical records and were confirmed with a validation study. Cytokine levels were assessed using a multiplex bead assay in archived maternal serum samples collected across prenatal visits and birth. Results Levels of pro-inflammatory TNFa, IL-1b, and IL-6 were significantly higher in maternal serum of offspring who later developed psychosis relative to maternal serum of non-psychotic siblings and matched controls. These differences were maximal in first half of pregnancy (7–20 weeks), tapering to non-significant during the second half of pregnancy. Discussion These findings elucidate the importance of exposure to elevated maternal pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in early pregnancy to the etiology of psychosis.

IsD-Galactose a Useful Agent for Accelerated Aging Model of Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscle of Sprague-Dawley Rats?

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 521-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolin Yanar ◽  
Bahadir Simsek ◽  
Pinar Atukeren ◽  
Seval Aydin ◽  
Ufuk Cakatay
Keyword(s):  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Aging Model ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

scholarly journals Inhibitory effect of alcohol on ghrelin secretion in normal man

2005 ◽  
Vol 152 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Calissendorff ◽  
Olle Danielsson ◽  
Kerstin Brismar ◽  
Sven Röjdmark
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Normal Man ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Ghrelin Secretion ◽  
Serum Ghrelin

Background: Human appetite is stimulated by alcohol but the underlying mechanism is unknown. It is possible that hunger-stimulating hormones are mediators of this effect of alcohol. Ghrelin stimulates hunger, but how alcohol affects human ghrelin secretion has never been studied before. Objective: To investigate whether alcohol ingestion exerts an acute influence on serum ghrelin concentrations in healthy subjects. Subjects and design: Eight healthy non-obese subjects participated in the study. All were investigated on two occasions (experiments A and B). Alcohol (0.55 g ethanol/kg body weight) was ingested in experiment A, and drinking-water in experiment B. Venous blood was collected before, and 30 and 60 min after consumption of the drinks. Serum concentrations of ghrelin, cortisol and ethanol were determined and neuropeptide Y (NPY) concentrations were determined in plasma. Results: Alcohol lowered the ghrelin level by 13.9±5.0% at 30 min and by 17.5±2.6% at 60 min, in contrast to drinking-water which was without significant effect. Serum levels of cortisol and insulin were similar after alcohol and water as was plasma NPY. Conclusion: Alcohol has an acute inhibitory influence on human ghrelin secretion but no measurable effect on the secretion of NPY and cortisol. Hence, none of these hormones mediate the orexigenic effect of the drug.

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