scholarly journals Rough Bluegrass Germination Varies with Temperature and Cultivar/Seed Lot

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunhua Liu ◽  
James J. Camberato ◽  
S. Bruce Martin ◽  
Amy V. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Growth Chambers

Rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) is being utilized more frequently to overseed bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] putting greens and rapid seed germination is necessary for successful establishment. Cultivar and seed lot differences in germination rate and sensitivity to cold may exist. Germination of 10 rough bluegrass cultivars/seed lots was examined in growth chambers at 12-hour day/12-hour night temperatures of 25/15, 20/10, 15/5, and 10/0 °C, and on a bermudagrass putting green at three overseeding dates. Differences in germination among cultivars and seed lots were minimal at 25/15 or 20/10 °C, but substantial at lower temperatures. When seeded on the bermudagrass putting green, differences in germination among cultivars/seed lots were greater at the last seeding date (average daily max./min. of 16/2.7 °C), than at the first seeding dates (average daily max./min. of 21/6.1 °C). Use of blends of several cultivars or seed lots is suggested to ensure the successful establishment of rough bluegrass when overseeding at low temperatures.

Effect of Benefin and DCPA on Overseeded Grasses Maintained as Putting Greens

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 528-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Coats ◽  
C. Y. Ward ◽  
E. L. McWhirter
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Green Conditions

Overseeded rough bluegrass (Poa trivialisL. ‘Danish common’) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam. ‘Gulf’) maintained under putting green conditions were more susceptible to benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) and DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) than creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustrisHud. ‘Penn-cross’), red fescue (Festuca rubraL. ‘Dawson’), or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Medalist II’). February applications of 1.68 or 3.36 kg/ha of benefin and 6.72 or 13.44 kg/ha of DCPA caused significantly more discoloration and reductions in density than equivalent rates applied in March or April. Benefin was more injurious than DCPA to all overseeded species as judged by quality or density. DCPA caused significant delays in the breaking of dormancy of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifdwarf’].

scholarly journals Acid and Temperature Treatments Result in Increased Germination of Seeds of Three Fescue Species

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rade S. STANISAVLJEVIC ◽  
Savo M. VUCKOVIC ◽  
Aleksandar S. SIMIC ◽  
Jordan P. MARKOVIC ◽  
Zelijco P. LAKIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Solution ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Seed Collecting

Efficient germination of fescue seeds is essential for successful establishment of meadows and pastures. This research was conducted to ascertain the effects of various acid and temperature treatments on seed germination in three fescue species: Festuca rubra, F. ovina, and F. pratensis. Seeds from different cultivars, populations, or lots were exposed either to four concentrations of sulfuric acid at three different time intervals (12 treatments) or six different temperatures at three different time intervals (18 treatments). Despite all belonging to the genus Festuca, the seed from different species responded differently to the treatments. The three optimum treatments for F. rubra seed involved soaking in a 75% solution of sulfuric acid for 20 minutes (improved the germination rate by 19%), soaking in a 50% solution of sulfuric acid for 30 minutes (improved the germination rate by 18%) and exposure to either 60°C or 70°C for 90 minutes (improved the germination rate by 17%). For F. ovina seed, optimal treatments included soaking seeds for either 10 or 20 minutes in a 50% sulfuric acid solution (both treatments improved germination rates by 13%) or exposing seeds for 30 minutes in a 25% sulfuric acid solution and 80°C for 60 minutes (improved germination rate by 12%). Two optimal treatments were identified for F. pratensis seed. Whereas the first involved soaking the seeds in a 75% sulfuric acid solution for 30 minutes (improved germination rates by 22%), the second involved either exposing the seeds to 90°C for 90 or 60 minutes, or exposing the seeds to 80°C for 90 minutes (improved germination rate by 21%). Our findings indicate that if fescue seed is to be sown during the autumn (two to three months after seed collecting), treating it with acid and temperature can significantly enhance its germination.

scholarly journals New Options for Annual Bluegrass Control in Overseeded Bermudagrass Putting Greens

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1232-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe E. Toler ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty ◽  
Jason K. Higingbottom
Keyword(s):  
Poa Annua ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Golf Greens ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Weed Diversity ◽  
Selective Herbicide

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) continues to be a problem in bermudagrass golf greens overseeded with roughstalk bluegrass (Poa trivialis L. `Sabre) due to weed encroachment from adjacent fairways, lack of selective herbicide options, and weed diversity. A 2-year study was conducted on an overseeded `Tifgreen bermudagrass putting green to evaluate effects of herbicide treatments on overseeding and annual bluegrass control. Excellent annual bluegrass control (≥90%) and acceptable turfgrass cover (§70%) was achieved with oxadiazon at 2.2 kg·ha-1 a.i. applied 60 days before overseeding (DBO). Fenarimol (AS) at 4.1 kg·ha-1 a.i. (30 + 15 DBO) followed by 1.4 kg·ha-1 a.i. 60 days after overseeding (DAO) and dithiopyr at 0.6 kg·ha-1 a.i. (60 DBO + 120 DAO) also provided acceptable results. Dithiopyr at 0.4 kg·ha-1 a.i. (30 DBO + 120 DAO), dithiopyr at 0.3 kg·ha-1 a.i. (30 DBO + 30 + 120 DAO), and fenarimol (G) at 2.0 kg·ha-1 a.i. (45 + 30 DBO) followed by 0.8 kg·ha-1 a.i. 60 DAO provided inconsistent annual bluegrass control (55% to 75% in 1999 and 87% to 95% in 2000), but offered acceptable turfgrass cover (§70%) each year. The remaining treatments were generally ineffective and provided <50% annual bluegrass control one or both years. Oxadiazon applied 60 DBO at 2.2 kg·ha-1 a.i. provides an excellent option for annual bluegrass control in overseeded bermudagrass putting greens.

Kyllinga brevifolia, K. squamulata, andK. pumilaseed germination as influenced by temperature, light, and nitrate

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Lowe ◽  
Ted Whitwell ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty ◽  
William C. Bridges
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Minimum Light ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Diurnal Temperatures

Kyllingaspecies are becoming more prevalent in turfgrass sites throughout North America. The effects of nitrate (50, 200, and 400 mg L−1), temperature (33/24, 25/17, 19/11 C day/night, respectively), and light on seed germination of threeKyllingaspecies were investigated in growth chambers. Nitrate concentrations did not stimulateKyllingaspecies seed germination compared with untreated seeds. AllKyllingaspecies seeds failed to germinate in darkness but resumed germination once they were placed in light. This is an important pest management strategy because a dense, uniform turfgrass stand with its minimum light penetration to the soil would minimizeKyllingaspecies seed germination. Higher temperatures increased seed germination rate and percentage of each species after 8 wk. Maximal (> 90%)K. brevifoliagermination occurred 2 to 4 wk after initiation in every seed study, whereasK. squamulataseeds germinated continuously. Minimal (< 10%)K. pumilaseeds germinated until alternating diurnal temperatures were imposed.

scholarly journals First Report of Brown Ring Patch Caused by Waitea circinata var. circinata on Poa trivialis in Florida

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 1586-1586
Author(s):  
N. Flor ◽  
P. Harmon ◽  
L. Datnoff ◽  
R. Raid ◽  
R. Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
First Report ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Waitea Circinata

Brown ring patch is a newly described disease of cool-season turfgrass first reported in Japan on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) (2) and later reported in California on annual bluegrass (Poa annua) (1). The disease is characterized by either patches or rings of discolored to blighted turfgrass that can range from a few centimeters to a meter in diameter. Affected turfgrass plants turn chlorotic and can be blighted from the crown to the leaf tips. Blight symptoms have been associated with fluffy white-to-cream aerial mycelium after extended incubation of the sample. Symptoms including patches of blighted turfgrass approximately 10 cm in diameter were observed on roughstalk bluegrass (Poa trivialis) that had been overseeded onto a dormant ‘Tifdwarf’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) putting green in Palatka, FL. A sample was submitted by the superintendent in June 2005 because symptoms were confused with dollar spot and a fungicide resistance issue was suspected. The sample produced abundant aerial mycelium after incubation. The pathogen was isolated on potato dextrose agar amended with rifampicin (100 ppm) and streptomycin (100 ppm) from Poa plants surface disinfested with 70% ethanol for 30 s. Colony and sclerotia morphology were consistent with Waitea circinata var. circinata as previously described (1,2). The teleomorph W. circinata var. circinata was not observed on plant material or culture plates. Amplified fragments of rDNA including internal transcribed spacers from the isolate were sequenced bidirectionally from four bacterial clones. The consensus sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ029103, FJ029104, FJ029105, and FJ029106) matched with 99% homology (99% sequence overlap) isolate TRGC1.1 of W. circinata var. circinata described by Wong, NCBI Accession No. DQ900586 (1). Pots of ‘Cypress’ roughstalk bluegrass that were 1 week postemergence were inoculated with the pathogen using 10 infested wheat grains. Plants were incubated at 25°C in a sealed plastic bag with a moist paper towel in the bottom. Hyphae grew from the grains and colonized the grass. Individual plants began to turn chlorotic within 3 days and greater than 90% of the turf in pots was dead after 1 week. The fungus was reisolated from affected plants. Control pots were inoculated with uninfested wheat grains and showed no disease symptoms after 1 week. Inoculations were repeated twice more with the same results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of brown ring patch on P. trivialis in Florida. References: (1) K. A. de la Cerda et al. Plant Dis. 91:791, 2007. (2) T. Toda et al. Plant Dis. 89:536, 2005.

scholarly journals Do Wetting Agents Influence Golf Ball Roll Distance?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-410
Author(s):  
Travis Wayne Shaddox ◽  
Joseph Bryan Unruh
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Volumetric Water Content ◽  
Golf Ball ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Wetting Agents

Wetting agents are commonly applied to golf putting greens to manage soil moisture. Speculation has arisen regarding the influence of wetting agents on golf ball roll distance. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of wetting agents on golf ball roll distance, putting green surface firmness, and volumetric water content in sand-based putting greens. This study was conducted during the 2018 growing season in Jay, FL and Ft. Lauderdale, FL on ‘TifEagle’ hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) putting greens. Treatments were applied to plots (2 × 3 m) in a randomized complete block design using four replications, and included seven wetting agents and an untreated turfgrass control. The study area was irrigated at 80% of the previous week’s reference evapotranspiration. Ball roll distance, firmness, and volumetric water content (VWC) were recorded weekly and pooled by month. Wetting agents did not lead to an increase in ball roll distance, firmness, or VWC during any month in Jay or Ft. Lauderdale. Inversely, in Jay, polyoxyalkylene polymer resulted in decreased surface firmness during October and November compared with untreated turfgrass. VWC was reduced as a result of some wetting agents in Ft. Lauderdale in February, September, November, and December, and resulted in no influence on VWC in Jay. The coefficients of determination of surface firmness and ball roll distance in Jay and Ft. Lauderdale were significant (P < 0.001) and were 0.12 and 0.08, respectively. This indicates that ball roll distance can increase as surfaces become firmer. However, this study found no evidence that wetting agents increase ball roll distance on sand-based putting greens.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF THE TiO2 NANOPARTICLES EFFECT ON SEED GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ZIZIPHORA CLINOPODIOIDES LAM.

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Reyhaneh Azimi ◽  
Mohammad Kia Kianian ◽  
Mohammad Pessarakli
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Tio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Germination Characteristics ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
High Concentrations

Improvement in the rate and amount of germination of seeds has a very important effect on the establish-ment of primary seedlings and the increase of rangeland production. The rapid and uniform germination of seeds leads to the successful establishment of plants. The use of nanoscale materials can help germinate faster seeds. Therefore, in this study, the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles in concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 mg / l on the rate and speed of seed germination of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. paid. This design was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications for 20 days at a constant temperature of 20°C under 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness at the Germinator of Natural Resources Faculty of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The results showed that germination percentage of treated seeds with TiO2 nanoparticles increased to 23% ppm compared to control treatment. Also, in other concentrations of other nanoparticles, there was a positive effect on speed and germination percentage, so that the effect of different concentrations of nanoparticles on germination characteristics of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. seeds was significant. The highest germination percentage was observed in the concentration of 30 ppm and the lowest germination rate at 30 and 20 ppm concentrations. In high concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles, no positive effects were observed on the germination characteristics of seed Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. To conclude the use of TiO2 nanoparticles can be improved by improving the seed germination properties of the medicinal plant Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. that cause increases plant’s establishment in natural areas.

scholarly journals Salinity Slows Germination of Rough Bluegrass

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 394-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Camberato ◽  
S. Bruce Martin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Early Germination ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Petri Dishes

Bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) greens are overseeded annually with rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) in the coastal southeastern United States, where irrigation water is often saline. Salinity may slow seed germination and delay turf establishment. Cultivar and seed lot differences in sensitivity to salinity may be substantial. Our objective was to determine the effects of salinity on germination of commercially available rough bluegrass cultivars and seed lots. To accomplish this, we examined the effects of salinity (0, 1.8, 3.4, and 5.0 dS·m-1 established with NaCl in deionized water) on germination of 33 cultivars/seed lots of rough bluegrass in vitro. Fifty seeds of each cultivar/seed lot were placed on pre-moistened germination paper in petri dishes, sealed with parafilm, and placed in growth chambers with 12-hours light/12-hours dark at 20/10 °C, respectively. Germination was scored from 4 to 25 days after seed placement. Rough bluegrass germination rate varied among cultivars/seed lots, ranging from less than three seeds/day to nearly seven seeds/day. Salinity slowed rough bluegrass germination rate from about six seeds/day at 0 dS·m-1 to five seeds/day at 5 dS·m-1. Increasing salinity reduced early germination of some cultivar/seed lots more than that of others. Impact was substantial in three cultivar/seed lots, where early germination at 5.0 dS·m-1 was less than 15% of that at 0 dS·m-1. For most cultivar/seed lots, the reduction in early germination with salinity at 5.0 dS·m-1 was about 50% of that at 0 dS·m-1. Final germination was reduced only 3% by increasing salinity. In view of differences in germination rate and response to salinity among seed lots of rough bluegrass cultivars, we suggest the planting of multiple cultivars and seed lots of rough bluegrass to insure rapid establishment.

scholarly journals Alkalinity Showed Limited Effect on Turfgrass Germination under Low to Moderate Salinity

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1201-1204
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Kevin Rue
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Saline and alkaline conditions often coexist in nature. Unlike salinity that causes osmotic and ionic stresses, alkalinity reflects the impact of high pH on plant growth and development. In this research, seven turfgrass species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon (L.) Pers.], and alkaligrass [Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl.], were germinated under 10 saline–alkaline conditions [two salinity concentrations (25 and 50 mm) × five alkalinity levels (pH = 7.2, 8.4, 9.1, 10.0, 10.8)] in a controlled environment. Seed germination was evaluated based on final germination percentage and daily germination rate. Alkaligrass and kentucky bluegrass showed the highest and lowest germination under saline conditions, respectively. Limited variations in germination were observed in other species, except bermudagrass, which showed a low germination rate at 50 mm salinity. Alkalinity did not cause a significant effect on seed germination of tested turfgrass species.

scholarly journals Field Sampling Warm-season Putting Greens for Thatch-mat Depth and Organic Matter Content

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Kauffman ◽  
John C. Sorochan ◽  
Dean A. Kopsell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Proper Sampling

Thatch-mat and organic matter (OM) accumulation near the putting green soil surface impacts soil physical properties and turf performance. Excessive thatch and OM can encumber infiltration of water and oxygen into the soil profile and slow drainage of excess water away from the putting surface. Proper sampling of thatch-mat depths and OM contents is vital for management of putting green turf; therefore, a study was performed in Knoxville, TN, to derive proper sampling procedures of these important parameters using ‘TifEagle’ and ‘Champion’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis), ‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), and ‘Diamond’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia matrella). ‘TifEagle’ and ‘Champion’ accumulated thatch-mat to a greater depth than ‘SeaDwarf’ and ‘Diamond’. However, ‘SeaDwarf’ had a higher OM content than ‘Diamond’ and both had higher OM contents than ‘TifEagle’ and ‘Champion’. Data generated from sampling procedures indicate that previous studies often undersampled plots for thatch-mat depth; however, previous sampling procedures have not traditionally undersampled plots for OM. Data in this study provide a range of confidence and minimum detectable difference levels which may allow future researchers to more accurately sample ‘TifEagle’, ‘Champion’, ‘SeaDwarf’, and ‘Diamond’ putting green plots for thatch-mat depth and OM content.

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