scholarly journals Allelopathy of Bermudagrass, Tall Fescue, Redroot Pigweed, and Cutleaf Evening Primrose on Pecan

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Smith ◽  
Margaret E. Wolf ◽  
Becky S. Cheary ◽  
Becky L. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Two studies were conducted to determine if selected grass and dicot species had an allelopathic interaction with pecan (Carya illinoinensis Wangenh. C. Koch). Leachate from pots with established grasses or dicots was used to irrigate container-grown pecan trees. Leachates from bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb. cv. Kentucky 31), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and cutleaf evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill) reduced leaf area and leaf dry weight about 20% compared to the controls. Bermudagrass, tall fescue, and primrose leachate decreased pecan root weight 17%, trunk weight 22%, and total tree dry weight 19% compared to the control. In a second study, trees were 10% shorter than the control when irrigated with bermudagrass or pigweed leachate.

Impact of Tall Fescue Grass andCarduusThistle Weevils on the Growth and Development of Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans)

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 966-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loke T. Kok ◽  
Thomas J. McAvoy ◽  
Warren T. Mays
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Rhinocyllus Conicus ◽  
Plant Stem

Field plot experiments were conducted to examine the interactions between tall fescue grass (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.), musk thistle (Carduus nutansL. =thoermeriWeinmann # CRUNU), and two thistle weevilsTrichosirocalus horridus(Panzer) andRhinocyllus conicusFroelich. Restriction of musk thistle growth was greatest when the weevils were allowed to feed on the musk thistles competing with tall fescue. Significant reductions were found in total musk thistle seeds per plant, root weight, flower buds per plant, stem dry weight, seeds per head, root crown diameter, stem height, rosette diameter, and head diameter. Seed weight and viability were not reduced. Of the three stress factors (tall fescue and the twoCarduusthistle weevils), tall fescue had the greatest impact. When musk thistle seeds were planted in 1-yr-old tall fescue, germination was low. Seeds that germinated did not grow more than four Leaves and none of the thistles developed to the reproductive stage. A 1-year-old tall fescue stand effectively prevented musk thistle reproduction. Thus, tall fescue helped suppress musk thistle growth more quickly than the use ofCarduusthistle weevils alone without competitive vegetation. Dry weight of tall fescue grass was lower in musk thistle-infested plots than in the thistle-free plots.

scholarly journals Additional Host Plants of Four Species of Billbug Found on New Jersey Turfgrasses

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese ◽  
C.R. Funk
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Red Fescue

Studies were conducted on the host plants of four billbug species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae: Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, S. venatus Chitt., S. inaequalis Say, and S. minimus Hart) found on New Jersey turfgrasses. A collection of 4803 adults from pure stands of various turfgrasses revealed all four billbugs on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and S. parvulus, S. venatus, and S. minimus on Chewings fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.). Since the presence of larvae, pupae, or teneral adults more accurately indicates the host status of a grass species, immature billbugs were collected from plugs of the various grass species and reared to adults for identification. All four species were reared from immature billbugs found in Kentucky bluegrass turf; immatures of S. venatus, S. inaequalis, and S. minimus were found in tall fescue; S. venatus and S. minimus in perennial ryegrass; and S. inaequalis in strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra). A laboratory experiment was also conducted in which billbug adults were confined in petri dishes with either Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Only minor differences were found between the four grasses in billbug survival, number of eggs laid, and amount of feeding. In general, bermudagrass was the least favored host and the other grasses were equally adequate hosts. The results of this study indicate a need for updating host-plant lists of these four billbug species.

scholarly journals Differential Large Crabgrass Control with Herbicides in Tall Fescue and Common Bermudagrass

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1015-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Common Bermudagrass ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Pendimethalin and oxadiazon are used commonly to control crabgrasses (Digitaria spp.) in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. A field experiment was conducted for 2 years to determine if reduced pendimethalin and oxadiazon application rates would control large crabgrass [D. sanguinalis (L.) Sco.] effectively in tall fescue and common bermudagrass. Oxadiazon applied at 1.1 kg a.i./ha in each of two applications at a 60-day interval (less than recommended rate) effectively controlled large crabgrass (≥93%), regardless of turfgrass species. Pendimethalin applied at 1.1 kg a.i./ha in each of two applications controlled large crabgrass in common bermudagrass effectively (≥90%) but not large crabgrass in tall fescue (47%). The difference in pendimethalin performance between the two species was attributed to the ability of common bermudagrass to compete more successfully than tall fescue with large crabgrass during late summer. Chemical names used: 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethy1)-l,3,4-oxadiazol-2-(3 H)-one (oxadiazon); N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin).

COMPARISON OF SEEDLING GROWTH OF ROUGH FESCUE AND TALL FESCUE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-470
Author(s):  
D. B. Wilson ◽  
A. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Rough Fescue

Seedlings of a native grass, rough fescue, Festuca scabrella Torr., and of a tame grass, tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., were grown in the greenhouse for 10 weeks. Each week 20 plants of each species were destructively harvested for growth analysis. Leaf and tiller numbers and leaf lengths were recorded for an additional 10 plants of each species. Mean net assimilation rates of rough fescue were similar to those of tall fescue, but leaf area ratios were significantly lower. Thus, mean relative growth rates of rough fescue were less than those of tall fescue. Tiller numbers were similar for both species but rough fescue produced fewer leaves. Dry weight of tops of the tame grass produced during the 10-week period was about 17 times that produced by the native grass.

Siduron Effects on Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Emergence, Growth, and High Temperature Injury

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Shearman ◽  
E. J. Kinbacher ◽  
K. A. Reierson
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Percent Germination

Spring establishment of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb. ‘Kentucky 31’) is preferred over fall for turfs in Nebraska. Siduron [1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea] is commonly used for weed control in spring-seeded tall fescue. Siduron application rates of 6.8, 13.6, 27.2, and 40.8 kg/ha were compared with an untreated control in this study. All siduron applications reduced stand development. The 6.8 kg/ha rate nearly doubled the number of days for seedling emergence. Abnormal seedlings increased with increasing application rates and percent germination decreased with increasing rates. Tiller number declined at rates of 13.6 kg/ha and above. Plants treated with 6.8 kg/ha were 1.3 cm shorter than those growing in the untreated control. Plant and root dry matter production decreased with increasing application rates. Root weight was reduced more than plant weight. Degree of wilting and drought injury increased at 13.6 kg/ha. Water use declined with increased siduron application rates. The amount of water lost before wilting occurred also declined as siduron application rates increased. High temperature injury on seedlings was reduced with increasing rates of siduron. Reduction in high temperature injury was significantly correlated (r = 0.98) to reduced plant tissue moisture.

The Interaction of Soybean (Glycine max) and Five Weed Species in the Greenhouse

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet L. Shurtleff ◽  
Harold D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

The influence of relative planting date on the growth of common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr. ♯ XANST), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemesiifoliaL. ♯ AMBEL), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. ♯ CASOB), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE) grown in competition with soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Bragg’] was studied in the greenhouse. Increases in dry matter and height were slower for the five weed species than for soybean throughout the period of the study. The root: shoot ratio of soybean was the highest of any plant in the study, while common ragweed, common cocklebur, common lambsquarters, and sicklepod were intermediate, and redroot pigweed was the lowest. Soybean dry weight was always reduced when grown in competition with a weed. Soybean dry-matter production was reduced most when weeds were planted 2 weeks before soybean, especially with common cocklebur and common lambsquarters. Weed dry-matter content was severely reduced when the weed seed were planted simultaneously with or following soybean. Soybean height was usually reduced by competition with the weeds. The height of common ragweed was increased, however, when planted simultaneously with soybean. Common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and common ragweed heights were increased when planted 2 weeks prior to soybean.

Influence of Fenoxaprop and Ethofumesate Treatments on Suppression of Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Turf

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jack Johnson ◽  
Robert N. Carrow
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Experiments were conducted over a 3-yr period to determine the rate and frequency of herbicide application needed to control common bermudagrass growing in a tall fescue turf. In Experiment I, fenoxaprop plus ethofumesate applied at 0.2 + 1.7 kg/ha in late April and repeated at the same rate at 3- to 4-wk intervals for a total of five applications resulted in excellent (≥ 97%) common bermudagrass suppression. The suppression was higher from combination of fenoxaprop and ethofumesate than when fenoxaprop was applied at 0.2 kg/ha in five applications (≤ 67%). In Experiment II, fenoxaprop plus ethofumesate applied at 0.2 +1.7 kg/ha required four applications per year to effectively suppress common bermudagrass (95%) in 1993, but five applications were needed to obtain similar suppression (96%) in 1994. Tifway bermudagrass was not suppressed during 1994 when fenoxaprop plus ethofumesate were applied at 0.2 +1.7 kg/ha in each of five applications (30%). In most instances, fenoxaprop plus ethofumesate applied at 0.2 +1.7 kg/ha caused only slight to moderate (< 30%) injury to tall fescue for 1 to 2 wk after treatment. When injury occurred, it was temporary as the turf fully recovered within 2 to 3 wk after treatment. An exception occurred in early July 1992 when fenoxaprop plus ethofumesate caused 44% injury to tall fescue after the four applications.

scholarly journals Water Relations and Drought Tolerance of Four Turfgrasses

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaling Qian ◽  
Jack D. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Volumetric Soil Water Content ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Greenhouse studies were conducted on three warm-season turfgrasses, `Midlawn' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy], `Prairie' buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.], and `Meyer' zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), and a cool-season turfgrass, `Mustang' tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to determine 1) water relations and drought tolerance characteristics by subjecting container-grown grasses to drought and 2) potential relationships between osmotic adjustment (OA) and turf recovery after severe drought. Tall fescue was clipped at 6.3 cm once weekly, whereas warm-season grasses were clipped at 4.5 cm twice weekly. The threshold volumetric soil water content (SWC) at which a sharp decline in leaf water potential (ψL) occurred was higher for tall fescue than for warm-season grasses. Buffalograss exhibited the lowest and tall fescue exhibited the highest reduction in leaf pressure potential (ψP) per unit decline in ψL during dry down. Ranking of grasses for magnitude of OA was buffalograss (0.84 MPa) = zoysiagrass (0.77 MPa) > bermudagrass (0.60 MPa) > tall fescue (0.34 MPa). Grass coverage 2 weeks after irrigation was resumed was correlated positively with magnitude of OA (r = 0.66, P < 0.05).

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