Impact of Tall Fescue Grass andCarduusThistle Weevils on the Growth and Development of Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans)

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 966-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loke T. Kok ◽  
Thomas J. McAvoy ◽  
Warren T. Mays
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Rhinocyllus Conicus ◽  
Plant Stem

Field plot experiments were conducted to examine the interactions between tall fescue grass (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.), musk thistle (Carduus nutansL. =thoermeriWeinmann # CRUNU), and two thistle weevilsTrichosirocalus horridus(Panzer) andRhinocyllus conicusFroelich. Restriction of musk thistle growth was greatest when the weevils were allowed to feed on the musk thistles competing with tall fescue. Significant reductions were found in total musk thistle seeds per plant, root weight, flower buds per plant, stem dry weight, seeds per head, root crown diameter, stem height, rosette diameter, and head diameter. Seed weight and viability were not reduced. Of the three stress factors (tall fescue and the twoCarduusthistle weevils), tall fescue had the greatest impact. When musk thistle seeds were planted in 1-yr-old tall fescue, germination was low. Seeds that germinated did not grow more than four Leaves and none of the thistles developed to the reproductive stage. A 1-year-old tall fescue stand effectively prevented musk thistle reproduction. Thus, tall fescue helped suppress musk thistle growth more quickly than the use ofCarduusthistle weevils alone without competitive vegetation. Dry weight of tall fescue grass was lower in musk thistle-infested plots than in the thistle-free plots.

scholarly journals Allelopathy of Bermudagrass, Tall Fescue, Redroot Pigweed, and Cutleaf Evening Primrose on Pecan

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Smith ◽  
Margaret E. Wolf ◽  
Becky S. Cheary ◽  
Becky L. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Two studies were conducted to determine if selected grass and dicot species had an allelopathic interaction with pecan (Carya illinoinensis Wangenh. C. Koch). Leachate from pots with established grasses or dicots was used to irrigate container-grown pecan trees. Leachates from bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb. cv. Kentucky 31), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and cutleaf evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill) reduced leaf area and leaf dry weight about 20% compared to the controls. Bermudagrass, tall fescue, and primrose leachate decreased pecan root weight 17%, trunk weight 22%, and total tree dry weight 19% compared to the control. In a second study, trees were 10% shorter than the control when irrigated with bermudagrass or pigweed leachate.

scholarly journals Research Advances on Tall Fescue Salt Tolerance: From Root Signaling to Molecular and Metabolic Adjustment

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Amombo ◽  
Huiying Li ◽  
Jinmin Fu
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Abiotic Stress Factors ◽  
Metabolic Adjustment

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that constrain plant growth and limit crop productivity. About a quarter of the global land area is affected by salinity; therefore, there is increased need to develop salt-tolerant crops. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is one of the most important cool-season turfgrasses, which has medium tolerance to salinity and has a promising potential to be used as a turfgrass under saline conditions. However, up to now, the maximum use of tall fescue under salinity stress is still limited by inadequate scientific literature. Recent studies have attempted to identify various adaptive responses to salinity stress at molecular, cellular, metabolic, and physiological levels in tall fescue. The successful integration of information concerning signal sensing, molecular tools with recent advances in -omics would certainly provide a clue for creating salt-tolerant tall fescue. Because salinity limits water availability to plants via hindering water absorption, and by inducing physiological drought, here we review and propose a probable mechanism of tall fescue response to salinity stress and to similar effects induced by drought based on published literature.

scholarly journals the effect of endophyte in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue on red and blackheaded pasture cockchafers

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 347-352
Author(s):  
B.M. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Weight Difference ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) are two of the most productive pasture species grown to feed livestock in Australia. The larvae of redheaded (RHC) (Adoryphorus couloni Burmiester) and blackheaded (BHC) (Accrosidius tasmaniae Hope) cockchafer cause significant damage to these pastures in Australia. If alkaloids produced by endophyte associations could reduce this impact, economic gains would be made. A pot experiment and then a proof of concept seed feeding experiment were undertaken to test the resistance of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue to cockchafer larvae. The objective was to allow larvae to feed on endophyte infected plants, assuming insecticidal alkaloids would be produced and on nil endophyte plants as controls. The plants in the pot experiment were tested for presence or absence of alkaloid endophyte but not for concentration or location in plant parts prior to larvae being introduced. In the seed feeding experiment seed fed to larvae was tested for all known alkaloid concentrations and profiles. The weight difference and mortality of third instar larvae and weight difference of plant root and shoot were measured in the pot experiment. The weight difference and mortality of the third instar larvae and the number and weight of seeds consumed were measured in the seed feeding experiment. There was no significant effect of endophyte treatments on the cockchafer weight change or mortality in either the perennial ryegrass or tall fescue pot or seed feeding experiments. There was a significant difference between cockchafer species (P

COMPARISON OF SEEDLING GROWTH OF ROUGH FESCUE AND TALL FESCUE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-470
Author(s):  
D. B. Wilson ◽  
A. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Rough Fescue

Seedlings of a native grass, rough fescue, Festuca scabrella Torr., and of a tame grass, tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., were grown in the greenhouse for 10 weeks. Each week 20 plants of each species were destructively harvested for growth analysis. Leaf and tiller numbers and leaf lengths were recorded for an additional 10 plants of each species. Mean net assimilation rates of rough fescue were similar to those of tall fescue, but leaf area ratios were significantly lower. Thus, mean relative growth rates of rough fescue were less than those of tall fescue. Tiller numbers were similar for both species but rough fescue produced fewer leaves. Dry weight of tops of the tame grass produced during the 10-week period was about 17 times that produced by the native grass.

Siduron Effects on Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Emergence, Growth, and High Temperature Injury

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Shearman ◽  
E. J. Kinbacher ◽  
K. A. Reierson
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Percent Germination

Spring establishment of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb. ‘Kentucky 31’) is preferred over fall for turfs in Nebraska. Siduron [1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea] is commonly used for weed control in spring-seeded tall fescue. Siduron application rates of 6.8, 13.6, 27.2, and 40.8 kg/ha were compared with an untreated control in this study. All siduron applications reduced stand development. The 6.8 kg/ha rate nearly doubled the number of days for seedling emergence. Abnormal seedlings increased with increasing application rates and percent germination decreased with increasing rates. Tiller number declined at rates of 13.6 kg/ha and above. Plants treated with 6.8 kg/ha were 1.3 cm shorter than those growing in the untreated control. Plant and root dry matter production decreased with increasing application rates. Root weight was reduced more than plant weight. Degree of wilting and drought injury increased at 13.6 kg/ha. Water use declined with increased siduron application rates. The amount of water lost before wilting occurred also declined as siduron application rates increased. High temperature injury on seedlings was reduced with increasing rates of siduron. Reduction in high temperature injury was significantly correlated (r = 0.98) to reduced plant tissue moisture.

Morphology of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) plants in pastures under sheep and cattle grazing

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. HUME ◽  
J. L. BROCK
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
The Difference

The effects of contrasting management systems either of infrequent rotational grazing by town milk supply dairy cattle, or of frequent defoliation by continuously grazing sheep and beef cattle, on the morphology of independent plants and populations of ‘Grasslands Roa’ tall fescue in mixed pastures, were measured over 1 year (1992/93) in New Zealand. Volunteer perennial ryegrass plants were also measured for comparison.While both species exhibited a similar pattern of clonal growth, tall fescue developed more plants of higher branching complexity than perennial ryegrass, chiefly through maintaining more connective stems, as herbage production was confined to the three youngest branching orders in both species. Greater resistance to microbial degradation of old stems through poorer quality organic matter (wide C[ratio ]N ratio) compared to perennial ryegrass may be responsible for the greater complexity of fescue plants. In addition, tillering rates in tall fescue were three times lower which was offset by greater longevity and size of leaves and tillers, compared to perennial ryegrass. As a result, seasonal fluctuation in the distribution of plants among the various branching orders in tall fescue was small, producing a more stable population relative to the distinct seasonal changes in the population of perennial ryegrass plants. Grazing management had no effect on the seasonal population structure in either species.Differences in plant structure due to grazing management were small, with only slightly more tillers on sheep-grazed than on cattle-grazed tall fescue plants. The major effect of grazing management was on dry weight or size of plant components. Cattle-grazed tall fescue plants were 120% heavier, with greater numbers and lengths of stolons and flower heads than those under sheep grazing. For the volunteer perennial ryegrass, the difference was only 65%, possibly due to competition from the more vigorous tall fescue under rotational cattle grazing.Both species produced stolons throughout the year, although these were primarily associated with reproductive growth in spring. In tall fescue, an additional distinction was made between stolon and rhizome, the latter occurring mainly in the summer–autumn. Their possible functions in plant growth are discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of Day and Night Temperature on Development of Sweet Pepper Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 862B-862
Author(s):  
Yaping Si ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Plant Stem ◽  
The Difference

Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum `Resistant Giant #4') seedlings were grown in 128-cell plug trays under 16 day/night temperature (DT/NT) regimes from 14 to 26C. In this temperature range, plant stem height, leaf unfolding rate, plant volume, internode length, stem diameter, leaf area, and shoot dry weight were primarily functions of average daily temperature (ADT). Internode length increased as ADT or the difference between day and night temperature (DIF) increased. The root-to-shoot ratio decreased linearly as DT increased and was not significantly affected by NT. Leaves were darker green under positive DIF than negative DIF temperature regimes. Increasing NT from 14 to 26C reduced the node at which the first flower appeared by an average of 1.2 nodes. Percent abortion of the first flower increased as DT increased. Plant quality, as defined by seedling index [(dry weight × stem diameter)/internode length], increased as DIF became more negative.

scholarly journals Herbicide Uptake and Regrowth Ability of Tall Fescue and Orchardgrass in S-Metolachlor-Contaminated Leachates from Sand Pot Experiment

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 487
Author(s):  
Euro Pannacci ◽  
Daniele Del Buono ◽  
Maria Luce Bartucca ◽  
Luigi Nasini ◽  
Primo Proietti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Response Model ◽  
Buffer Strips ◽  
Hydroponic Cultures ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

The ability of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), to remediate leachates polluted with S-metolachlor (SMR) has been assessed in static hydroponic cultures. Different SMR concentrations (0.25, 1.00, and 2.00 mg L−1) were applied in the growth media to test the capacity of the two grasses to tolerate and uptake this herbicide, and to regrowth after mowing. S-metolachlor did not severely affect the dry weight aerial biomass of D. glomerata and F. arundinacea, which were reduced by 5% and 10%, respectively, when compared to the untreated control, regardless of the SMR concentrations in the leachate. The regrowth ability of aerial biomass after mowing was reduced at the different SMR concentrations, according to a dose–response model. The SMR concentrations, which reduced the regrowth ability of F. arundinacea and D. glomerata of 10% and 30%, were found to be EC10 (Effective Concentration) of 0.21 and 0.38 mg L−1 and EC30 of 0.45 and 0.74 mg L−1, respectively. These values could be assumed as the SMR concentrations that were well tolerated by both the species, without compromising their aerial biomass regrowth. Finally, tall fescue was found to be more effective and faster than orchardgrass in decreasing the SMR in the leachate and, therefore, this species should be preferred to be used in the vegetative buffer strips (VBS).

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilisation Influences Growth, Rhizosphere Carboxylate Exudation and Mycorrhizal Colonisation in Temperate Perennial Pasture Grasses

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1878
Author(s):  
Sangay Tshewang ◽  
Zed Rengel ◽  
Kadambot H. M. Siddique ◽  
Zakaria M. Solaiman
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonisation ◽  
Low K ◽  
Carboxylate Exudation

Optimisation of potassium (K) use efficiency in pastures on sandy soil is challenging. We characterised growth response, root carboxylate exudation and mycorrhizal colonisation in three perennial pasture grasses: tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.), veldt grass (Ehrharta calycina Sm.) and tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum L.) in two glasshouse experiments with: (1) four K rates (0, 40, 80 and 120 mg K kg-1 soil), and (2) four N and K treatments (no N and K (–N–K), 81 mg N kg-1 soil but no K, 80 mg K kg-1 soil but no N, and N at 81 and K at 80 mg kg-1 soil (+N+K)) in low-K sandy soil. Veldt grass had the highest shoot dry weight and shoot P content, but the lowest mycorrhizal colonisation. Potassium fertilisation had no significant impact on exudation of citrate and oxalate. The K0 plants had significantly lower exudation of acetate and total carboxylates than K40 plants. The +N+K plants had maximum shoot growth at both harvests (30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS)) and highest N and K shoot contents at 60 DAS. The –N–K plants exuded maximum amounts of citrate and malate at 30 DAS, but at 60 DAS tall fescue had the highest rhizosphere concentrations of citrate and malate in the +N+K treatment. At 60 DAS, mycorrhizal colonisation was significantly lower with than without N and K fertilisation. We concluded that pasture grasses could yield well even in inherently low-K soil without external K fertilisation and mycorrhizal symbiosis. However, the +N+K plants had the highest yield and root carboxylate exudation.

Factors Influencing the Survival of Propagules of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-244
Author(s):  
J. E. Miltimore
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Individual Parent

SUMMARYPropagules of 74 genotypes of tall fescue, consisting of parent and progeny groups, were grown in a glasshouse. The number of surviving propagules were determined after one month and at that time, increment weight (growth) and leaf and root weights were determined. Broad-sense heritability estimates were calculated on the whole population and on two individual parent and progeny groups. The criteria measured varied in heritability between groups, but for the 74 genotypes the values had a more limited range from 57 per cent for root weight to 70 per cent for increment weight. Capacity to survive vegetative propagation was dependent on leaf growth and not on root growth or size of propagule. Because of the variation in survival, this characteristic warrants consideration in a selection program where propagation will be utilized for commercial purposes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document