scholarly journals Influence of Preharvest AVG Application on the Activity of Sorbitol Dehydrogenase in Apple Fruit

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1143C-1143
Author(s):  
Valeria Sigal-Escalada ◽  
Douglas D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Sorbitol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Ripening Process ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
Over Time

Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) is a key enzyme in apple fruit converting sorbitol into fructose. SDH activity in `Fuji' apple was reported to increase close to harvest, perhaps as part of the ripening process. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) is used to delay fruit ripening and prevent fruit drop, though its effect on sorbitol metabolism is not known. To determine if the late season increase in SDH activity is common among apple cultivars and if AVG use affects SDH expression and activity, AVG was applied to `Lodi', `Redchief Delicious', and `Red Fuji' trees 4 weeks before harvest. Control and AVG-treated fruit were collected 1 week prior to, at, and 1 week after the normal harvest date for assessment of ethylene production over time after harvest and SDH presence and activity at harvest. Ethylene production in control fruit increased after harvest and AVG reduced it in all cultivars. `Redchief Delicious' fruit had the highest ethylene production of the treated samples. The levels of SDH activity in controls were similar across dates for `Redchief Delicious' and showed no consistent pattern in the other cultivars. `Redchief Delicious' and `Red Fuji' showed the highest and lowest levels of SDH activity, respectively. AVG did not affect SDH activity in `Redchief Delicious', and substantially increased SDH activity in `Red Fuji' on each of the three harvest dates, and, in `Lodi', only 1 week after normal harvest. SDH presence was confirmed through immunoblotting for all cultivars and harvest dates. Overall, fruit with the greatest reduction in ethylene production in response to AVG also showed changes in SDH activity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of select cider apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars grown in Ontario. I. Horticultural attributes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Plotkowski ◽  
John A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Survival Tree

Twenty-eight apple cultivars were selected for their potential for hard cider production in Ontario. An experiment was conducted to evaluate their horticultural potential in the province. After being planted in spring 2015, the trees were evaluated annually for their survival, tree height and spread, trunk growth, flowering dates, flower counts, fruit per tree, pre-harvest drop, crop load, fruit weight, fruit firmness, juicing extraction efficiency, and harvest dates. These horticultural attributes were sufficient to discriminate between cultivars. Additional exploratory analyses indicated a relationship between horticultural attributes and a cultivar’s origin, with British cider cultivars blooming the latest, American cider apples producing the most juice, and French cider cultivars having the highest pre-harvest fruit drop. Cultivars in this study that show promise for continued research in Ontario include Binet Rouge, Bramley’s Seedling, Breakwell, Bulmers Norman, Calville Blanc d’Hiver, Cline Russet, Cox Orange Pippin, Crimson Crisp®, Dabinett, Enterprise, Esopus Spitzenberg, Golden Russet, GoldRush, Medaille d’Or, Porter’s Perfection, and Stoke Red.

scholarly journals The Progression of Ethylene Production and Respiration in the Tissues of Ripening `Fuji' Apple Fruit

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1300-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Rudell ◽  
D.S. Mattinson ◽  
J.K. Fellman ◽  
J.P. Mattheis
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
The One

`Fuji' apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) fruits were harvested periodically prior to and during fruit ripening. Ethylene evolution and respiration rates of skin, hypanthial, and carpellary tissue was determined in each fruit. Additionally, whole fruits were used for analyses of internal ethylene concentration, volatile evolution, starch content, flesh firmness, and soluble solids content. Ethylene production was greatest in the carpellary tissue at all sampling dates except the one occurring just before the rise in whole fruit internal ethylene concentration, when production in the skin and carpellary tissue was similar. Respiration was always highest in the skin, in which the climacteric rise was most drastic. Higher ethylene production in the carpellary tissue of pre- and postclimacteric fruit and higher respiration in the skin tissue, including a noticeable climacteric rise, is indicative of a ripening initiation signal originating and/or transduced through the carpels to the rest of the fruit.

scholarly journals Sprayable 1-MCP Effects on Maturity and Quality of Apple Fruit at Harvest and After Storage: The New York Experience

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 978A-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris B. Watkins ◽  
Jacqueline F. Nock ◽  
Tarek Wardeh
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Spray Timing

A sprayable formulation of 1-MCP (250 μL·L-1) and 1% oil adjuvant was applied to `McIntosh' and `Empire' apple trees 24, 14, and 7 days prior to anticipated optimum harvest dates (early, mid-, and late-spray timings, respectively), and fruit harvested sequentially over 2 to 3 weeks from this date. At harvest, internal ethylene concentrations (IEC), percentage of blush, starch indices, firmness, and soluble solids concentration (SSC) were measured, as well as ethylene production of fruit maintained for 7 days at 20 °C. Additional fruit were stored in air (0.5 °C) with or without postharvest 1-MCP treatment. Preharvest drop of `McIntosh' apples was also measured. Quality of these fruit was assessed at intervals for up to 4.5 months (`McIntosh') or 6 months (`Empire'). All spray timing resulted in marked delays of preharvest drop. For both cultivars, increases of IEC were inhibited or delayed by sprayable 1-MCP treatment, but effects on other maturity and quality factors were small. Ethylene production of treated fruit was lower than that of untreated fruit. The effects of sprayable 1-MCP on IEC and firmness were maintained during storage, but the longetivity of these effects was affected by cultivar, spray timing, and storage period. Postharvest application of 1-MCP further inhibited IEC and maintained firmness of the fruit during storage. These experiments show that sprayable 1-MCP may be a valuable tool to manipulate both pre- and postharvest responses of apple fruit. However, with the formulation used in these experiments, phytotoxicity, primarily as damage around lenticel areas, was observed at harvest indicating that further development of the formulation is necessary for industry use.

scholarly journals Patterns of Sorbitol Metabolism and Availability during Apple Fruit Set

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 887B-887
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Archbold* ◽  
Marta Nosarszewski
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Sorbitol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
June Drop ◽  
Sorbitol Metabolism

Acquiring sufficient carbohydrate is essential for successful apple fruit set. Sorbitol may be the dominant carbohydrate imported by growing fruit, and the rate of sorbitol accumulation may be a function of NAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH; EC 1.1.1.14) activity. Prior work indicated that SDH activity from whole fruit (seeds plus cortex) increased for 2 or 3 weeks after initiation of fruit growth and then declined through 5 weeks. Using SDH activity assays, an SDH-specific antibody, and SDH-specific probes in Northern analyses, it is evident that SDH is expressed and is active in both apple seed and cortex tissue during the first few weeks of fruit growth. On a per unit protein basis, SDH activity in seeds increased by the pattern described above while that in fruit was generally lower and constant. During this same period of time, the sorbitol content of the expressed sap of apple shoots was analyzed. The sorbitol concentration was 50- to 100-fold higher than the sucrose concentration. The concentrations of both carbohydrates changed in parallel to the change in SDH activity of whole fruit and seeds. The lowest SDH activity and sap sorbitol levels preceded and/or coincided with the beginning of the natural fruit drop (or June drop) period.

scholarly journals Cultivar Variation in Response to AVG and Heat Treatments for Sustaining Apple Fruit Quality in Cold Storage

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 781D-782
Author(s):  
Valeria Sigal Escalada* ◽  
Douglas D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Postharvest Ripening

To determine if apple cultivars vary in their response to aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and heat treatment, alone or combined, postharvest ripening traits and storability of treated Lodi, Senshu, Red Delicious and Fuji have been studied. An aqueous solution of AVG was applied 4 weeks before harvest of each cultivar at 124 g·ha-1 a.i. Control and AVG-treated fruit were heated at 38 °C for 4 days. Fruit were ripened at ambient temperature immediately harvest and treatment, or after storage at 4 °C for 30 days. AVG reduced firmness loss in all but Fuji apples immediately after harvest, and that effect was maintained in Senshu and Red Delicious apples after 30 days in cold storage. All AVG-treated fruit showed a reduction in respiration rate and ethylene production immediately after harvest as well as after removal from cold storage. Heat treatment alone prevented firmness loss in Senshu and Red Delicious cultivars, and slightly reduced respiration rate of Lodi and Senshu apples. Ethylene production was clearly lower in heated compared to non-heated fruit in Senshu, Red Delicious and Fuji. After cold storage, AVG and heat treatments combined decreased flesh firmness loss of Lodi apples, reduced respiration in Lodi and Fuji apples, and highly repressed ethylene production of Red Delicious and Fuji fruit. Overall, AVG seemed to have a stronger effect on the measured ripening traits, and its combination with heat treatment improved fruit quality of cold-stored Lodi apples and reduced ethylene production the most for all but Lodi.

scholarly journals Temporal Relationship between Ethylene and Ester Production during Maturation of Apple Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 536C-536
Author(s):  
J.P. Mattheis ◽  
D.A. Buchanan ◽  
J.K. Fellman
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Major Transition ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
Atmosphere Storage ◽  
The Relationship

Quantitative and qualitative changes in net production of volatile compounds by apples occurs during fruit development with a major transition to ester production occurring as fruit ripening begins. Ester production during fruit ripening is an ethylene-mediated response; however, differences in maturation patterns among apple cultivars led us to examine the relationship between ester production and onset of the ethylene climacteric in several commercial apple cultivars. Emission of volatile esters as a function of apple fruit development was evaluated for `Royal Gala', `Bisbee Delicious', `Granny Smith', and `Fuji' apple fruit during two harvest seasons. Apples were harvested weekly and analyses of harvest maturity were performed the day after harvest. Non-ethylene volatiles were collected from intact fruit using dynamic headspace sampling onto Tenax traps. Fruit from each harvest was stored at 1°C in air for 5 months (3 months for `Royal Gala') plus 7 days ripening at 20°C, then apples were evaluated for the development of disorders. The transition to ester production occurred after internal ethylene exceeded 0.1 μL for `Royal Gala', `Bisbee Delicious', and `Fuji'. Ester emission by `Granny Smith' apples remained low throughout the harvest period. Increased ester emission occurred after the optimum harvest date (as determined by the starch index and internal ethylene concentration) for controlled-atmosphere storage of `Bisbee Delicious' and prior to optimum maturity for `Royal Gala' and `Fuji'. A relationship between the potential for development of superficial scald and ester production at harvest was evident only for `Bisbee Delicious' apples.

Expression analysis of MYB genes in different apple cultivars with distinct coloration pattern during fruit maturation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Emine Ece Mercan ◽  
Mehtap Şahin-Çevik
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Apple Cultivars

Abstract Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments responsible for red, pink, purple or blue coloration in the flesh and/or skin of apple fruit. Since consumers prefer anthocyanin rich fruits due to their health benefits, anthocyanin content is an important trait for marketability of apples. Synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins are controlled by environmental and genetic factors such as transcription factors (TFs). Two-repeat (R2R3) MYB TFs are involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. In this study, the expression of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes encoding R2R3 type MYB TFs were analyzed in apple cultivars with fruit skin color from green to dark red at different growth stages. Fruit samples were collected from “Scarlet Spur”, “Galaxy Gala”, Golden Delicious” “Granny Smith” apple cultivars with dark red, light red, yellow and green fruits, respectively, at four different time periods after full-bloom. Total RNA was isolated from the peel of the collected fruits and the expression of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The expression of the MdMYBA gene started to increase at 92 DAFB and thereafter in red-skin apples; however, no expression was observed at any time points in yellow or green-skin apple cultivars. On the other hand, the MdMYB3 gene was expressed in red-skin and yellow-skin apple cultivars starting at 55 DAFB, but no expression was observed in green apple cultivar at any time of fruit maturation. The expression levels of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes varied in apple fruits with different skin coloration indicating that they play a role regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple cultivars during fruit maturation.

scholarly journals Identification of mechanical damage in the 'Fuji' apple cv. using artificial hyperspectral vision

DYNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (210) ◽  
pp. 224-232
Author(s):  
Oscar Leonardo García Navarrete ◽  
Sergio Cubero García ◽  
José Manuel Prats Montalbán
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Impact Damage ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Hyperspectral Images ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sampling Times ◽  
Over Time

One problem in the post-harvest phase of apples is the mechanical impact damage; its identification prevents quality issues during storage. The objective was to identify the wavelengths at which the damage is detected early in apples of the 'Fuji' cultivar, simulating the damage with a controlled stroke and taking hyperspectral images from 400 to 1700 nm. Three experiments were carried out at different temperatures (4 and 20 ° C) and with varying sampling times. It was found that in the NIR zone ranging between 1050 and 1100 nm, it was possible to classify healthy and bruised zones by means of a discriminant analysis by partial least squares (PLS-DA). Additionally, the evolution of the damage over time was not significant for the classification of the pixels (healthy and bruised classes), since bumps were detected in all three experiments from the first time.

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