scholarly journals Influence of Temperature, Inoculation Interval, and Dosage on Biofumigation with Muscodor albus to Control Postharvest Gray Mold on Grapes

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1019-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Mlikota Gabler ◽  
R. Fassel ◽  
J. Mercier ◽  
J. L. Smilanick
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Grape Fruit ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
And Control ◽  
Muscodor Albus

Control of postharvest gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, on Thompson Seedless grape by biofumigation with a rye grain formulation of Muscodor albus, a fungus that produces volatiles lethal to many microorganisms, was evaluated. The influences of temperature, biofumigant dosage, and interval between inoculation and treatment on disease incidence and severity on detached single berries were assessed. When biofumigation began within 24 h after inoculation, higher M. albus dosages (≥50 g of the M. albus grain formulation per kilogram of grapes at 20°C or 100 g/kg at 5°C) stopped infections and control persisted after M. albus removal. Biofumigation was more effective at 20 than 5°C. Among inoculated clusters inside clamshell boxes incubated for 7 days at 15°C, gray mold incidence was reduced from 20.2% among untreated grape fruit to less than 1%, when ≥5 g of the formulation per kilogram of grapes was added. Among grape berries commercially packaged in ventilated polyethylene cluster bags incubated for 7 days at 15°C, gray mold incidence was 40.5% among untreated fruit and 11.1 or 6.7% when the formulation at 5 or 20 g/kg, respectively, had been added. In the same packaging, among grape berries incubated for 28 days at 0.5°C, gray mold incidence was 42.8% among untreated fruit and 4.8 or 4.0% when the formulation at 5 or 10 g/kg, respectively, had been added. Lower dosages (≤20 g/kg) suppressed disease development while M. albus was present; however, after their removal, B. cinerea resumed growth and gray mold incidence increased. Placement of M. albus inside grape packages significantly controlled gray mold and may be a feasible approach to manage postharvest decay of table grape.

scholarly journals Preharvest Fungicide, Potassium Sorbate, or Chitosan Use on Quality and Storage Decay of Table Grapes

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Feliziani ◽  
J. L. Smilanick ◽  
D. A. Margosan ◽  
M. F. Mansour ◽  
G. Romanazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gray Mold ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Berry Skin ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Natural Incidence

Potassium sorbate, a program of four fungicides, or one of three chitosan formulations were applied to clusters of ‘Thompson Seedless’ grape berries at berry set, pre-bunch closure, veraison, and 2 or 3 weeks before harvest. After storage at 2°C for 6 weeks, the natural incidence of postharvest gray mold was reduced by potassium sorbate, the fungicide program, or both together in a tank mixture, in 2009 and 2010. In 2011, the experiment was repeated with three chitosan products (OII-YS, Chito Plant, and Armour-Zen) added. Chitosan or fungicide treatments significantly reduced the natural incidence of postharvest gray mold among grape berries. Berries harvested from vines treated by two of the chitosan treatments or the fungicide program had fewer infections after inoculation with Botrytis cinerea conidia. None harmed berry quality and all increased endochitinase activity. Chitosan decreased berry hydrogen peroxide content. One of the chitosan formulations increased quercetin, myricetin, and resveratrol content of the berry skin. In another experiment, ‘Princess Seedless’ grape treated with one of several fungicides before 4 or 6 weeks of cold storage had less decay than the control. Fenhexamid was markedly superior to the other fungicides for control of both the incidence and spread of gray mold during storage.

scholarly journals Effect of Chitosan Dissolved in Different Acids on Its Ability to Control Postharvest Gray Mold of Table Grape

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 1028-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Romanazzi ◽  
Franka Mlikota Gabler ◽  
Dennis Margosan ◽  
Bruce E. Mackey ◽  
Joseph L. Smilanick
Keyword(s):  
Acid Solution ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Chitosan Coating ◽  
Ambient Storage ◽  
Storage Temperatures ◽  
Chitosan Lactate

Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that must be dissolved in an acid solution to activate its antimicrobial and eliciting properties. Among 15 acids tested, chitosan dissolved in 1% solutions of acetic, L-ascorbic, formic, L-glutamic, hydrochloric, lactic, maleic, malic, phosphorous, and succinic acid. To control gray mold, table grape berries were immersed for 10 s in these chitosan solutions that had been adjusted to pH 5.6. The reduction in decay among single berries of several cultivars (Thompson Seedless, Autumn Seedless, and grape selection B36-55) inoculated with Botrytis cinerea at 1 × 105 conidia/ml before or after immersion in chitosan acetate or formate, followed by storage at 15°C for 10 days, was ≈70%. The acids alone at pH 5.6 did not control gray mold. Decay among clusters of two cultivars (Thompson Seedless and Crimson Seedless) inoculated before treatment was reduced ≈60% after immersion in chitosan lactate or chitosan acetate followed by storage for 60 days at 0.5°C. The viscosity of solutions was 1.9 centipoises (cp) (ascorbate) to 306.4 cp (maleicate) and the thickness of chitosan coating on berries was 4.4 μm (acetate) to 15.4 μm (ascorbate), neither of which was correlated with solution effectiveness. Chitosan acetate was the most effective treatment which effectively reduced gray mold at cold and ambient storage temperatures, decreased CO2 and O2 exchange, and did not injure the grape berries.

scholarly journals BiofumigationwithMuscodoralbus Pads for Controlling Decay in Commercial Table Grape Cartons

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1144D-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Mercier ◽  
Paul Walgenbach ◽  
Jorge I. Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Isobutyric Acid ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Fungal Decay ◽  
Isobutyl Alcohol ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Significant Control ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
And Control

The volatile-producing fungus Muscodoralbus is being developed as a biological fumigant for postharvest use, as it can kill storage pathogens and control fungal decay in various commodities. A wettable pad or sachet system made of teabag paper containing desiccated rye grain culture of M. albus was designed for the biofumigation of individual fruit containers. The fungus is reactivated before use by a brief immersion of the pad in water. This research was conducted to determine the potential of the pad system for controlling decay of table grapes in commercial cartons. Individual pads containing 24 or 86 g of grain culture (to achieve a 1:10 ratio of fumigant to box volume or a 1:100 ratio of fumigant to fruit weight, respectively) were added to Styrofoam cartons containing 8.6 kg of freshly harvested `Thompson Seedless' (TS) or `Ruby Seedless' (RS) grapes, which were then placed in cold storage at –1 to 0 °C. Control cartons exposed to SO2 were placed in a separate storage room and SO2 fumigation was performed once for TS and weekly for RS. After 8 to 9 weeks, the grapes were taken out of storage and rated for decay. In the experiment with TS, the 24-g and 86-g pads provided significant control of gray mold rot when compared to untreated cartons and were not statistically different from cartons exposed to a single SO2 fumigation. In the experiment with RS, only the 86-g pads provided significant decay control. Measurements of the three most abundant volatile compounds in empty cartons containing 10 g of the biofumigant revealed that partial coverage of holes mimicking obstruction by packed fruit achieved levels of isobutyl alcohol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and isobutyric acid of 0.7, 1.6, and 11.2 ppb, respectively.

scholarly journals Identification of epiphytic yeasts and bacteria with potential for biocontrol of grey mold disease on table grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazem Kasfi ◽  
Parissa Taheri ◽  
Behrooz Jafarpour ◽  
Saeed Tarighi
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Table Grapes

The objective of this study was to identify grapevine epiphytic yeasts and bacteria for biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea on grapes. Antagonistic yeasts and bacteria were isolated from the epiphytic flora associated with grape berries and leaves cv. ‘Thompson seedless’ from vineyards in Iran and identified by sequencing the conserved genomic regions. A total of 130 yeast and bacterial isolates from the surface of grapevine were screened in vitro for determining their antagonistic effect against B. cinerea and used to control postharvest gray mold. Among the 130 isolates, five yeasts and four bacterial isolates showed the greatest antagonistic activity in vitro against B. cinerea. Two yeasts species including Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Candida membranifaciens had high antagonistic capability against the pathogen. Also, 4 bacterial isolates belonging to Bacillus sp. and Ralstonia sp. showed significant biocontrol effect against B. cinerea. The isolates were capable of producing volatile and non-volatile substances, which suppressed the pathogen growth. The antagonistic activity of selected yeasts and bacteria against the pathogen was investigated on wounded berries of ‘Thompson seedless’. On small clusters with intact berries, all of the antagonistic isolates considerably reduced the decay on grape berries and inhibition of gray mold incidence on fruits treated by these isolates was less than 50%, except for the isolate N1, which had higher capability in inhibiting the disease incidence. These results suggest that antagonist yeasts and bacteria with potential to control B. cinerea on grape can be found in the microflora of grape berries and leaves.

scholarly journals Botrytis Fruit Rot or Gray Mold of Strawberry

EDIS ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Mertely ◽  
Natalia A. Peres
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
And Control

PP-230, a 4-page illustrated fact sheet by J. C. Mertely and N. A. Peres, describes the symptoms, disease development, and control of one of the most important diseases of strawberry worldwide. Includes table of fungicides used to control Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry in Florida. Published by the UF Department of Plant Pathology, July 2006. PP230/PP152: Botrytis Fruit Rot or Gray Mold of Strawberry (ufl.edu)

scholarly journals Bicarbonates and Botrytis: VI. Control of Gray Mold Enhances Geranium Growth

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 767A-767
Author(s):  
C.L. Palmer ◽  
R.W. Langhans ◽  
R.K. Horst ◽  
H.W. Israel
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Development Data ◽  
Low Levels

Botrytis cinerea Pers. causes gray mold on greenhouse-grown geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum L. H. Bailey), among many other crops. Bicarbonates effectively control rose powdery mildew (Plant Dis. 76:247–480) and inhibit B. cinerea in vitro colony growth and conidial germination (Phytopathology 84:546, 1065). To examine bicarbonate effects on gray mold incidence and geranium growth, we sprayed seedling geranium cultivars Red Elite and Scarlet Elite weekly with 0, 25, and 50 mM NH4HCO3 or KHCO3. Seedlings were transplanted in Metromix 360 and misted every 24 m for 5 s to enhance disease development. Data were collected biweekly on disease incidence, floral number, plant height, and dry weight. Both cultivars performed similarly. Disease incidence decreased with application of bicarbonates. KHCO3 at 25 mM slightly increased dry weight and height over 0 mM, whereas 25 and 50 mM NH4HCO3 greatly increased both features. Fifty mM KHCO3 decreased height slightly, but had no effect on dry weight. Floral number decreased slightly with all bicarbonate treatments. It is indicated that KHCO3 at low levels and NH4HCO3 enhance seedling geranium growth by controlling gray mold incidence and by providing additional nutrients. (Supported by H&I Agritech Inc., Ithaca, NY 14850.)

scholarly journals Preharvest Chitosan and Postharvest UV Irradiation Treatments Suppress Gray Mold of Table Grapes

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Romanazzi ◽  
F. Mlikota Gabler ◽  
J. L. Smilanick
Keyword(s):  
Chitinase Activity ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Berry Skin ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Ultraviolet C ◽  
Berry Skins ◽  
Uv C

The effectiveness of chitosan treatment of table grapes, alone or in combination with ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation, to control postharvest gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, was determined in California, United States. The influence of these treatments on catechin and resveratrol contents and chitinase activity in grape berry skins also was assessed. Clusters of cvs. Thompson Seedless, Autumn Black, and Emperor were sprayed in the vineyard with 1% chitosan, then harvested daily for 5 days. Promptly after harvest, they were inoculated with B. cinerea. Decay incidence and disease severity were significantly reduced by chitosan, which was most effective on berries harvested 1 or 2 days after treatment. In another experiment, grape berries were sprayed in the vineyard with chitosan, harvested 2 days later, irradiated for 5 min with UV-C (0.36 J/cm2), and inoculated with B. cinerea 2 days later. Combined chitosan and UV-C treatments applied to cv. Autumn Black or selection B36-55 were synergistic in reducing gray mold incidence and severity compared with either treatment alone. Preharvest chitosan treatment increased neither concentration of catechin or resveratrol nor activity of chitinase in berry skin. Conversely, UV-C irradiation, alone or combined with chitosan treatment, induced catechin in cv. Autumn Black berries and trans-resveratrol in both cv. Autumn Black and selection B36-55.

scholarly journals Environmental Conditions Affect Botrytis cinerea Infection of Mature Grape Berries More Than the Strain or Transposon Genotype

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (8) ◽  
pp. 1090-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Ciliberti ◽  
Marc Fermaud ◽  
Jean Roudet ◽  
Vittorio Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Bunch Rot ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
And Control

Effects of environment, Botrytis cinerea strain, and their interaction on the infection of mature grape berries were investigated. The combined effect of temperature (T) of 15, 20, 25, and 30°C and relative humidity (RH) of 65, 80, 90, and 100% was studied by inoculating berries with mycelium plugs. Regardless of the T, no disease occurred at 65% RH, and both disease incidence and severity increased with increasing RH. The combined effect of T (5 to 30°C) and wetness duration (WD) of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 h was studied by inoculating berries with conidia. At WD of 36 h, disease incidence was approximately 75% of affected berries at 20 or 25°C, 50% at 15°C, and 30 to 20% at 30 and 10°C; no infection occurred at 5°C. Under favorable conditions (100% RH or 36 h of WD) and unfavorable conditions (65% RH or 3 h of WD), berry wounding did not significantly affect disease incidence; under moderately favorable conditions (80% RH or 6 to 12 h of WD), disease incidence was approximately 1.5 to 5 times higher in wounded than in intact berries. Our data collectively showed that (i) T and RH or WD were more important than strain for mature berry infection by either mycelium or conidia and (ii) the effect of the environment on the different strains was similar. Two equations were developed describing the combined effect of T and RH, or T and WD, on disease incidence following inoculation by mycelium (R2 = 0.99) or conidia (R2 = 0.96), respectively. These equations may be useful in the development of models used to predict and control Botrytis bunch rot during berry ripening.

scholarly journals RNA-seq and metabolome revealed counter effect of chitosan against Botrytis cinerea on grape berries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
tariq pervaiz ◽  
Haifeng Jia ◽  
Peian Zhang ◽  
Muhammad Salman Haider ◽  
Suwen Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Grey Mold ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Anti Fungal

Abstract Background: Plants have great potential to protect against biotic and abiotic stresses. Hence, the interaction between defense signaling networks is incredible, which can either be activated with the application of growth elicitors or antimicrobial organic compounds. Results: In this study, chitosan (15kDa) is used against grey mold (Botrytis cinerea) in two grape varieties (Shine-Muscat and Kyoho). The findings depicted that the interaction of DEGs and KEGGs in control and treated samples of grapevine, which provides the evidence for selection of gray mold defense responsive genes and chitosan for subsequent application in grapevine production/postharvest. The genes encoding cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels (CNGCs) and CaM/CML expressed a large number of transcripts, meanwhile, in treated samples, CaM/CML and RPS2 showed the highest number of up-regulated genes. In plant hormone signal transduction pathway, treated samples AUXIAA and SAUR again the highest number of transcripts were found. In correlation with metabolome analysis, 20 differentially expressed metabolites were recorded. In the negative correlation in the control samples of Kyoho vs Shine mascate showed 224 and 157 up and down-regulated respectively. Moreover, antioxidants were also significantly regulated with the chitosan application and reduced the lesion diameter, water loss and disease incidence up to 12 days. In both varieties, the chitosan treatment superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, Malondialdehyde, catalase, and proline content was significantly increased during storage. Conclusion: The results depicted that at gene expression levels was varied at different fruit growth developmental stages, and the most effective in case of plant-pathogen interaction. Chitosan is seen to be more effective in both varieties and it acts as an anti-fungal agent. The transcriptomic study also confirmed that at the transcriptome level expression was higher in treated samples, however in general transcription factor have not much affected with chitosan application.

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