scholarly journals Kernel Color of Three Black Walnut Cultivars after Delayed Hulling at Five Successive Harvest Dates

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 2256-2258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Renee Warmund
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Range ◽  
Color Classification ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Kernel Color ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Visual Color ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Mean Kernel ◽  
Time Of Harvest

‘Emma K’, ‘Kwik Krop’, and ‘Sparrow’ black walnuts (Juglans nigra L.) were collected weekly in Sept. and Oct. 2007 to determine the effect of delayed hulling of fruits on kernel color at successive harvest dates. Delayed hulling of fruits resulted in lower kernel color values, including L*, chroma, hue angle, and LCH sum (L* + chroma + hue angle values) than those of fruits that were immediately hulled after harvest. ‘Sparrow’ kernels were visually the darkest brown color after delayed hulling. However, the effect of delayed hulling (i.e., change in kernel LCH sum values) over all harvest dates was greatest for ‘Emma K’. LCH sums of kernels generally decreased as the time of harvest was delayed. For ‘Sparrow’, mean kernel LCH sums from immediately hulled fruits decreased sharply from the third week of harvest on 20 Sept. (i.e., the “normal” date of harvest) to the next week. This decrease in LCH sums represented a change in kernel color classification from medium brown at Week 3 to dark brown in Week 4. Visual color changes for ‘Kwik Krop’ were less apparent as a result of the narrow range of color over harvest dates.

scholarly journals Comparison of color indexes for tomato ripening

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés F. López Camelo ◽  
Perla A. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Color Index ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Color Classification ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Color Categories ◽  
Visual Color ◽  
Postharvest Life ◽  
Range Of Values

Color in tomato is the most important external characteristic to assess ripeness and postharvest life, and is a major factor in the consumer's purchase decision. Degree of ripening is usually estimated by color charts. Colorimeters, on the other hand, express colors in numerical terms along the L*, a* and b* axes (from white to black, green to red and blue to yellow, respectively) within the CIELAB color sphere which are usually mathematically combined to calculate the color indexes. Color indexes and their relationship to the visual color classification of tomato fruits vine ripened were compared. L*, a* and b* data (175 observations from eleven cultivars) from visually classified fruits at harvest in six ripening stages according to the USDA were used to calculate hue, chroma, color index, color difference with pure red, a*/b* and (a*/b*)². ANOVA analysis were performed and means compared by Duncan's MRT. Color changes throughout tomato ripening were the result of significant changes in the values of L*, a* and b*. Under the conditions of this study, hue, color index, color difference and a*/b* expressed essentially the same, and the color categories were significantly different in terms of human perception, with hue showing higher range of values. Chroma was not a good parameter to express tomato ripeness, but could be used as a good indicator of consumer acceptance when tomatoes are fully ripened. The (a*/b*)² relationship had the same limitations as chroma. For vine ripened fruits, hue, color index, color difference and a*/b* could be used as objective ripening indexes. It would be interesting to find out what the best index would be if ripening took place under inadequate conditions of temperature and ilumination.

scholarly journals Husk Softening and Kernel Characteristics of Three Black Walnut Cultivars at Successive Harvest Dates

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Brawner ◽  
Michele R. Warmund
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Juglans Nigra ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Color Classification ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Optimal Harvest ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Light Medium

Eastern black walnuts (Juglans nigra L.) were collected weekly in September and October to identify a method to determine the optimal harvest date and to develop a quantifiable color classification system for kernels. Husk hardness, measured by a durometer, decreased over a 5-week period. During the collection periods, the greatest percent kernel for ‘Emma K’, ‘Kwik Krop’, and ‘Sparrow’ was recorded when durometer values (i.e., force measurements) of husks were 5.2, 5.5, and 3.4 N, respectively. Husk softening was also detected using the denting method, but the perception of denting did not consistently correspond with a specific husk hardness value. Of the three cultivars, ‘Kwik Krop’ kernels were the most difficult to visually sort into light, medium, and dark colors. Kernel LCH sum (L* + chroma + hue angle values), measured by a handheld spectrophotometer, provided a reliable color classification for all black walnut cultivars in which light kernels had LCH sums ≥150, medium kernels had sums of 149 to 126, and dark kernels had values ≤125.

scholarly journals MELANOPHORE BANDS AND AREAS DUE TO NERVE CUTTING, IN RELATION TO THE PROTRACTED ACTIVITY OF NERVES

1941 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Limited Degree ◽  
Adrenergic Fibers

1. When appropriate chromatic nerves are cut caudal bands, cephalic areas, and the pelvic fins of the catfish Ameiurus darken. In pale fishes all these areas will sooner or later blanch. By recutting their nerves all such blanched areas will darken again. 2. These observations show that the darkening of caudal bands, areas, and fins on cutting their nerves is not due to paralysis (Brücke), to the obstruction of central influences such as inhibition (Zoond and Eyre), nor to vasomotor disturbances (Hogben), but to activities emanating from the cut itself. 3. The chief agents concerned with the color changes in Ameiurus are three: intermedin from the pituitary gland, acetylcholine from the dispersing nerves (cholinergic fibers), and adrenalin from the concentrating nerves (adrenergic fibers). The first two darken the fish; the third blanches it. In darkening the dispersing nerves appear to initiate the process and to be followed and substantially supplemented by intermedin. 4. Caudal bands blanch by lateral invasion, cephalic areas by lateral invasion and internal disintegration, and pelvic fins by a uniform process of general loss of tint equivalent to internal disintegration. 5. Adrenalin may be carried in such an oil as olive oil and may therefore act as a lipohumor; it is soluble in water and hence may act as a hydrohumor. In lateral invasion (caudal bands, cephalic areas) it probably acts as a lipohumor and in internal disintegration (cephalic areas, pelvic fins) it probably plays the part of a hydrohumor. 6. The duration of the activity of dispersing nerves after they had been cut was tested by means of the oscillograph, by anesthetizing blocks, and by cold-blocks. The nerves of Ameiurus proved to be unsatisfactory for oscillograph tests. An anesthetizing block, magnesium sulfate, is only partly satisfactory. A cold-block, 0°C., is successful to a limited degree. 7. By means of a cold-block it can be shown that dispersing autonomic nerve fibers in Ameiurus can continue in activity for at least 6½ hours. It is not known how much longer they may remain active. So far as the duration of their activity is concerned dispersing nerve fibers in this fish are unlike other types of nerve fibers usually studied.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic partitioning of the third-largest vertebrate genus in the world, Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Reptilia; Squamata; Gekkonidae) and its relevance to taxonomy and conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 101-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lee Grismer ◽  
Perry L. Wood, Jr. ◽  
Nikolay A. Poyarkov ◽  
Minh D. Le ◽  
Fred Kraus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Management ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Rate Data ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
True Number ◽  
The World ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Mitochondrial Phylogeny

The gekkonid genus Cyrtodactylus is the third most speciose vertebrate genus in the world, containing well over 300 species that collectively range from South Asia to Melanesia across some of the most diverse landscapes and imperiled habitats on the planet. A genus-wide phylogeny of the group has never been presented because researchers working on different groups were using different genetic markers to construct phylogenies that could not be integrated. We present here Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference mitochondrial and mito-nuclear phylogenies incorporating of 310 species that include dozens of species that had never been included in a genus-wide analysis. Based on the mitochondrial phylogeny, we partition Cyrtodactylus into 31 well-supported monophyletic species groups which, if used as recommended herein, will increase the information content of future integrative taxonomic analyses that continue to add new species to this genus at an ever-increasing annual rate. Data presented here reiterate the outcome of several previous studies indicating that Cyrtodactylus comprises an unprecedented number of narrow-range endemics restricted to single mountain tops, small islands, or karst formations that still remain unprotected. This phylogeny can provide a platform for various comparative ecological studies that can be integrated with conservation management programs across the broad diversity of landscapes and habitats occupied by this genus. Additionally, these data indicate that the true number of Cyrtodactylus remains substantially underrepresented.

scholarly journals How Interventions Might Improve Cognition in Healthy Older Adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-82
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Zelinski
Keyword(s):  
Functional Assessment ◽  
Functional Ability ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
The Third ◽  
Everyday Activities

Many of the cognitive declines in healthy aging are moderated by experience, suggesting that interventions may be beneficial. Goals for aging outcomes include improving performance on untrained tasks, remediating observed cognitive declines, and ensuring preservation of functional ability. This selective review evaluates current progress towards these goals. Most research focuses on untrained tasks. Interventions associated with this outcome include games and exercises practicing specific cognitive skills, as well as aerobic exercise, and modestly benefit a relatively narrow range of cognitive tasks. Few studies have directly tested improvements in tasks on which individuals have been shown to experience longitudinal decline, so this goal has not been realized, though remediation can be examined rather easily. Little work has been done to develop psychometrically strong functional outcomes that could be used to test preservation of independence in everyday activities. Virtual reality approaches to functional assessment show promise for achieving the third goal.

scholarly journals Cyclic Period Changes in the Algol WW Cygni

2004 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 87-88
Author(s):  
R. T. Zavala ◽  
B. J. McNamara ◽  
T. E. Harrison ◽  
H. Bogue ◽  
H. L. Maness
Keyword(s):  
Orbital Period ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Close Binaries ◽  
Cyclic Change ◽  
Optical Interferometer ◽  
Third Body ◽  
Magnetic Cycle ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Algol System

AbstractYear to decade-long cyclic period changes have been observed in many classes of close binaries. The Algol binary WW Cygni shows a cyclic change in its orbital period with an amplitude of slightly more than 0.02 days and a period of 56 years. A hypothetical third or fourth body does not satisfactorily explain the observed variation in the orbital period. The change in luminosity and color of the system at primary eclipse minimum are in agreement with the model proposed by Applegate for a magnetic cycle induced period change in WW Cygni. We have commenced monitoring 9 close binaries for evidence of the luminosity and color changes consistent with the magnetic cycle hypothesis. δ Librae is suggested as a case suitable for observation with an optical interferometer to test the third body proposed for this Algol system.

The Role of Ethylene on Banana Fruit Ripening Via Sugar and Starch Metabolism

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Sarah Nadja Araújo Fonseca ◽  
Willian Batista-Silva ◽  
Edson Hiydu Mizobutsi ◽  
Gláucia Michelle Cosme Silva ◽  
Juceliandy Mendes da Silva Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Banana Fruit ◽  
Starch Metabolism ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Banana as a climacteric fruit has a relatively short shelf-life period and thus, technologies that decrease the metabolism and the triggering of the maturation process are extremely necessary on its postharvest conservation. However, the consequences of these technologies on quality attributes are unknown. Therefore, we evaluate the effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene associated with low density polyethylene bags on physical and chemical attributes in the postharvest of banana fruits. Bananas were treated with different concentration of 1-Methylcyclopropene as 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ηL.L-1 under refrigeration and harvest in five different times after treatment. Further, fruits treated with 50 ŋL.L-¹ showed a more advanced stage of ripening after the 25 days of storage. Altogether, our results suggest 1-MCP is an effective treatment to control sugar and starch metabolism in banana and its efficiency is directly dependent of storage temperature. Additionally we identify interestingly correlation with skin color changes with sugars and starch content, which can indicate its potentiality of the fitted equations for prediction of central metabolism of bananas non-destructively using ‘hue angle and chrome’ value.

Isotopic-geochemical features of water-rock system by the example of Verkh-Tarskoe oil field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila G. Vakulenko ◽  
◽  
Dmitry A. Novikov ◽  
Ostap D. Nikolenko ◽  
Fedor F. Dultsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Range ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Isotopic Ratios ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Rock System ◽  
Authigenic Minerals ◽  
The Third ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Aquifer Complex ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The first data of a comprehensive study of the isotope-geochemical features of the water-rock system are presented on the example of the Yu 1 horizon of the Verkh-Tarsk oil field. It was established that the reservoir waters of the developed deposits are similar in the isotopic ratios and located in the same area with the waters of the Apt-Alb-Cenomanian aquifer complex (an agent for flooding). In the cement of silt-sandy rocks among the authigenic minerals most widely represented by calcite, three generations of it were established. A narrow range of δ 13 C values was revealed in the analysis of the δ 13 C - δ 18 О isotope pair. In waters it ranges from -10.5 to -9.1 ‰, and in calcites of the third generation from -10.7 to -9.1 ‰.

scholarly journals FLESH COLOR AS A PEACH MATURITY INDEX

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 245b-245
Author(s):  
Walter Boswell ◽  
Bernard Bible ◽  
Suman Singha
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Maturity Index ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Hue Angle

Flesh color has been proposed as a maturity index for peaches. The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of this parameter in `Loring', `Jersey Dawn', `Madison', and `Raritan Rose' peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). Fruit were picked at weekly intervals at three or four harvest dates, with five fruit per cultivar being picked from each of three trees. Flesh firmness and soluble solids were measured immediately following harvest, and CIELAB coordinates (L*a*b*) of blush and flesh color were determined with a Minolta CR-200b calorimeter. There was a highly significant correlation (P < 0.001) between firmness and flesh hue angle for all four cultivars and with flesh chroma especially for the white-fleshed `Raritan Rose'. The correlation values between firmness and blush hue angle were consistently lower. Soluble solids did not consistently correlate with flesh or blush color. Even though blush color influences consumer preference, it was not as good an indicator of maturity as flesh color for the cultivars that we tested.

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