Cold hardiness in coastal, montane, and inland populations of Populus trichocarpa

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaddeus McCamant ◽  
R Alan Black
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Black Cottonwood

Freezing tolerance was studied in laboratory and field tests using black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray, clones collected from eight populations within the coastal, montane, and inland regions of the Pacific Northwest. Freezing tolerance varied among different populations and was dependent on growing environment. Clones from coastal populations grown in a coastal common garden (Puyallup, Wash.) had 50% less injury in laboratory tests compared with the same clones grown in an inland common garden (Pullman, Wash.). In contrast, clones from inland populations grown in an inland common garden had 50% less injury in laboratory tests compared with the same clones grown in a coastal common garden. Freezing tolerance also varied between coastal populations. In field tests at the inland common garden, clones from inland and montane populations had less freezing injury compared with clones from coastal populations. Leaves on 50% of the clones with coastal origins were killed by the first fall frosts compared with 25% for clones with inland origins. Subsequently, 50% of the coastal clones exhibited winter injury following the winters of 1993-1994 and 1994-1995 at the inland common garden. Clones from inland populations exhibited little or no winter injury. The specific tissues injured during freezing tests varied among clones. Populus trichocarpa is a species offering considerable variation for selection to local environments, and therefore, the source of material should be an important consideration in hybrid poplar breeding programs.

Ecotypic mode of regional differentiation caused by restricted gene migration: a case in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) along the Pacific Northwest coast

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Yi Xie ◽  
Cheng C. Ying ◽  
Alvin D. Yanchuk ◽  
Diane L. Holowachuk
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Gene Migration ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Leaf Flushing

Genetic differentiation of black cottonwood ( Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook) Brayshaw) across a “no-cottonwood” belt on the coast of central British Columbia (BC), Canada, was examined using data on 3 year height, severity of infection by Valsa sordida Nitschke and Melampsora occidentalis H. Jacks., and abnormality of leaf flushing. The data were collected in a common-garden test consisting of 180 provenances of 36 drainages ranging from northern BC to Oregon, USA. The results demonstrated an ecotypic mode, north–south regional differentiation. Valsa sordida and M. occidentalis infected 41% and 89%, respectively, of the trees from the northern region, while 66% showed flushing abnormality. In contrast, only 1% and 27% of their southern counterparts were infected by the same diseases, and 1% had abnormal flushing. Trees from the northern region averaged 87% shorter than those from the south. Regional differentiation accounted for the highest amount of variation observed in all traits, with 60% in 3 year height, 34% in V. sordida, 76% in M. occidentalis, and 50% in abnormal leaf flushing. Regression analysis revealed geographic patterns that essentially reflected regional differentiation along the no-cottonwood belt. The species’ distribution biography, ecological characteristics, and life history suggest that restricted gene migration was the main factor responsible for the observed geographic patterns of genetic differentiation.

Quantitative trait loci conferring resistance in hybrid poplar to Septoriapopulicola, the cause of leaf spot

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1943-1950 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Newcombe ◽  
H.D. Bradshaw Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genome Map ◽  
Trait Loci

Leaf spot of native black cottonwood, Populustrichocarpa, and its hybrids, is caused by Septoriapopulicola in the Pacific Northwest. F1 clones of the most common poplar hybrid in the region, P. trichocarpa × Populusdeltoides, are typically intermediate in disease phenotype between their susceptible P. trichocarpa and resistant P. deltoides parents. To uncover the genetic basis of the resistance of these hybrids to S. populicola, a three-generation, P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides pedigree was evaluated for leaf spot by determining the percentage of spotted leaves in a randomized, replicated planting during the 4th and 5th years of tree growth. A genome map-based analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) revealed that a two-QTL model explained 68.3% and 61.2%, and 71.9% and 70.3%, of phenotypic and genetic variance, respectively, in the F2 generation over the 2 years. One QTL conditioning resistance was significant (threshold value for the log10 of the odds ratio = 2.9) both years, while the second QTL was different in map position each year. All three QTLs were dominant, inherited from the resistant, non-native P. deltoides parent, and located on linkage groups A, M, and X. The segregation pattern of resistance to S. populicola in the pedigree coupled with the genome map-based analysis suggests that dominant alleles at two to three resistance loci complement each other to produce a highly resistant phenotype.

Seasonal differences in freezing tolerance of yellow-cedar and western hemlock trees at a site affected by yellow-cedar decline

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 2065-2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G Schaberg ◽  
Paul E Hennon ◽  
David V D'Amore ◽  
Gary J Hawley ◽  
Catherine H Borer
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
Species Specific

To assess whether inadequate cold hardiness could be a contributor to yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) decline, we measured the freezing tolerance of foliage from yellow-cedar trees in closed-canopy (nondeclining) and open-canopy (declining at elevations below 130 m) stands at three sites along an elevational gradient in the heart of the decline in southeastern Alaska. Foliar freezing tolerance was also assessed for sympatric nondeclining western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). Measurements were made in the fall, winter, and spring to evaluate if seasonal differences in cold hardiness help explain species-specific injury. Significant differences in freezing tolerance attributable to site, canopy closure, species, and the interaction of canopy closure and species were each detected for at least one sample period. However, only two results were consistent with field reports of yellow-cedar decline: (1) between winter and spring measurements, yellow-cedar trees dehardened almost 13 °C more than western hemlock trees, so that yellow-cedar trees were more vulnerable to foliar freezing injury in spring than western hemlock; and (2) stands below 130 m appeared more vulnerable to freezing injury than stands above 130 m.

scholarly journals Bermudagrass Freezing Tolerance Associated with Abscisic Acid Metabolism and Dehydrin Expression during Cold Acclimation

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xunzhong Zhang ◽  
Kehua Wang ◽  
Erik H. Ervin
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Exogenous Aba ◽  
Aba Metabolism ◽  
Aba Content

Recent advances in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon] breeding and cultural management practices have enabled its use as a sports surface in U.S. Department of Agriculture cold hardiness zones 5 and 6. Use of these more cold-hardy bermudagrass cultivars further into transition- and cool-season zones increases the probability of freezing injury and increases the need for an improved understanding of physiological responses to chilling and freezing temperatures. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been shown to increase during cold acclimation (CA) and play a role in dehydration tolerance. This study investigated changes in ABA metabolism and dehydrin expression during CA and their association with freezing tolerance in four bermudagrass cultivars. Two cold-tolerant (‘Patriot’ and ‘Riviera’) and two relatively cold-sensitive (‘Tifway’ and ‘Princess’) cultivars were either subjected to CA at 8 °C day/4 °C night with a light intensity of 250 μmol·m−2·s−1 over a 10-h photoperiod for 21 days or maintained at 28 °C day/24 °C night over a 12-h photoperiod. In a separate study, exogenous ABA at 0, 50, 100, and 150 μm was applied to ‘Patriot’ bermudagrass without CA. ABA content in leaf and stolon tissues increased substantially during the first week of CA and remained relatively stable thereafter. ‘Patriot’ and ‘Riviera’ had greater ABA content and less stolon electrolyte leakage (EL) relative to ‘Tifway’ and ‘Princess’. Expression of a 25 kDa dehydrin protein increased during CA in all four cultivars. A significant correlation was found between ABA content and freezing tolerance. Exogenously applying ABA to ‘Patriot’ at 50, 100, and 150 μm significantly increased endogenous ABA content and the 25 kDa dehydrin expression and reduced stolon EL. The results suggest that alteration of ABA metabolism during CA is closely associated with freezing tolerance. Selection and use of cultivars with substantial accumulation of ABA and certain dehydrins during CA or in response to exogenous ABA could improve bermudagrass persistence in transition zone climates.

scholarly journals Southerly Extension of Poplar Leaf Blight (Linospora tetraspora) in the Pacific Northwest

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Newcombe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
The United States ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Voucher Specimen ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Poplar Leaf

Poplar leaf blight caused by Linospora tetraspora G. E. Thompson (Ascomycetes, Valsaceae) is widespread on Populus balsamifera in Canada from Quebec to British Columbia (1). The only United States records of this northerly fungus are from Vermont, Wisconsin, and Alaska (1,2). There are no records of this fungus on the Pacific Coast south of British Columbia, despite the presence of susceptible hosts (i.e., Populus trichocarpa and its hybrids). However, in September of 1997, the disease was observed in a hybrid poplar plantation at latitude 47.9°N and longitude 122.1°W near Snohomish, Washington. Blight affected the lower crown of trees in their second year of growth. Leaf lesions, with their characteristic black stromata, were easily distinguished from symptoms of other diseases. Some individual lesions of L. tetraspora affected entire leaf laminae, but there appeared to be little premature defoliation at the time of observation. Populus trichocarpa × P. deltoides hybrids were more commonly blighted than were P. trichocarpa × P. maximowiczii hybrids (i.e., 13/18 clones affected versus 4/11, respectively). A voucher specimen was deposited in the Herbarium at the Pacific Forestry Centre (DAVFP 25289). References: (1) M. E. Barr. Mycol. Mem. No. 7:130, 1978. (2) D. F. Farr. et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cold Hardiness in Seven Iranian Commercial Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1821-1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Akbar Ghasemi Soloklui ◽  
Ahmad Ershadi ◽  
Esmaeil Fallahi
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Leakage Measurement

Freezing injury is one of the most important limiting factors in commercial pomegranate production. The objectives of this study were to compare cold hardiness of seven Iranian pomegranate cultivars at three stages: November, January, and March, and to investigate the relationship between freezing tolerance and soluble carbohydrate and proline changes of shoots during acclimation and deacclimation. LT50 values, estimated by both electrolyte leakage measurement (EL LT50) and tetrazolium stain test (TST LT50), allowed us to discriminate between the cultivars in terms of freezing tolerance. Acclimation and deacclimation did not occur simultaneously in different cultivars, having a key role in cold tolerance of cultivars, especially in fall and late winter. Post Sefid Bafgh cultivar showed high cold tolerance early in fall, but it was susceptible to cold during winter. ‘Naderi’, ‘Yusef Khani’, ‘Malas Saveh’, and ‘Robab Neyriz’ had the highest midwinter cold hardiness; ‘Mahabadi’ showed an intermediate hardiness, whereas ‘Post Sefid Bafgh’ and ‘Shishe Kap’ were found to be cold-susceptible in this period. Freezing tolerance estimated by TST corresponded to those measured by the EL method in all cultivars, but in November and January, higher variation in freezing tolerance was observed among the cultivars through TST compared with EL measurement. However, LT50 values, estimated by EL measurement, were lower than those estimated through TST in November and March. Soluble carbohydrate concentrations of stem samples increased during cold acclimation from November to January; then it decreased in March. Proline had a narrow range of variation among the cultivars in November, but an increase in the amount of proline was observed during the period of hardening. In general, stronger correlations were observed between LT50 values and the amounts of soluble carbohydrates compared with proline, particularly from fall to midwinter.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of methane transport through <i>Populus trichocarpa</i>

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellynne Kutschera ◽  
Aslam Khalil ◽  
Andrew Rice ◽  
Todd Rosenstiel
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Ch4 Emission ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Average Flux ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hydroponic Conditions

Abstract. Although the dynamics of methane (CH4) emission from croplands and wetlands have been fairly well investigated, the contribution of trees to global CH4 emission and the mechanisms of tree transport are relatively unknown. CH4 emissions from the common wetland tree species Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) native to the Pacific Northwest were measured under hydroponic conditions in order to separate plant transport mechanisms from the influence of soil processes. Roots were exposed to CH4 enriched water and canopy emissions of CH4 were measured. The average flux for 34 trials (at temperatures ranging from 17 to 25 °C) was 2.8 ± 2.2 μg CH4 min−1 (whole canopy). Flux increased with temperature. Compared to the isotopic composition of root water CH4, δ13C values were depleted for canopy CH4 where the warmest temperatures (24.4–28.7 °C) resulted in an epsilon of 2.8 ± 4.7 ‰; midrange temperatures (20.4–22.1 °C) produced an epsilon of 7.5 ± 3.1 ‰; and the coolest temperatures (16.0–19.1 °C) produced an epsilon of 10.2 ± 3.2 ‰. From these results it is concluded that there are likely multiple transport processes at work in CH4 transport through trees and the dominance of these processes changes with temperature. The transport mechanisms that dominate at low temperature and low flux result in a larger fractionation, while the transport mechanisms that prevail at high temperature and high flux produce a small fractionation. Further work would investigate what combination of mechanisms are specifically engaged in transport for a given fractionation of emitted CH4.

scholarly journals First report of Armillaria cepistipes causing root disease on Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) in Oregon, USA.

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Alveshere ◽  
Patrick Bennett ◽  
Mee-Sook Kim ◽  
Ned B. Klopfenstein ◽  
Jared M. LeBoldus
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North American ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Armillaria Cepistipes

Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray (black cottonwood) is an economically and ecologically important tree species native to western North America. It serves as a model tree species in biology and genetics due to its relatively small genome size, rapid growth, and early reproductive maturity (Jansson and Douglas 2007). Black cottonwood is susceptible to root rot caused by at least one species of Armillaria (Raabe 1962), a globally distributed genus that exhibits diverse ecological behaviors (Klopfenstein et al. 2017) and infects numerous woody plant species (Raabe 1962). However, several Armillaria spp. have been isolated from Populus spp. in North America (Mallet 1990), and the most recent report of Armillaria on P. trichocarpa used the now ambiguated name A. mellea (Vahl.) Quel. (see Raabe 1962). In April 2016, mycelial fans and rhizomorphs of an unknown Armillaria species (isolate WV-ARR-3) were collected from P. trichocarpa in a riparian hardwood stand ca. 5.5 km east of Springfield, Oregon, USA (44°3'21.133"N, 122°49'39.935"W). The host was dominant in the canopy, large in diameter (ca. 90-cm dbh) relative to neighboring trees, and exhibited minimal crown dieback (ca. < 5%). A mycelial fan was observed destroying living cambium beneath the inner bark, indicating pathogenicity. The isolate was cultured on malt extract medium (3% malt extract, 3% dextrose, 1% peptone, and 1.5 % agar) and identified as A.cepistipes on the basis of somatic pairing tests and translation elongation factor 1α (tef1) sequences (GenBank Accession No. MK172784). DNA extraction, PCR, and tef1 sequencing followed protocols of Elías-Román et al. (2018). From nine replications of somatic incompatibility tests (18 tester isolates representing six North American Armillaria spp.), the isolate showed high intraspecific compatibility (colorless antagonism) with three A. cepistipes tester isolates (78%), but low compatibility with the other Armillaria spp. (0 – 33%) that occur in the region. Isolate WV-ARR-3 yielded tef1 sequences with a 99% identity to A. cepistipes (GenBank Accession Nos. JF313115 and JF313121). A second isolate (WV-ARR-1; GenBank Accession No. MK172783) with a nearly identical sequence was collected from a maturing P. trichocarpa in a riparian stand ca. 8 km northeast of Monroe, Oregon (44°21’47.57”N, 123°13’14.415”W) along the Willamette River, downstream from the McKenzie river tributary where WV-ARR-3 was collected. Armillaria cepistipes has been reported on Alnus rubra (red alder) in Washington, USA (Banik et al. 1996) and on broad-leaved trees in British Columbia, Canada (Allen et al. 1996). It is generally considered to be a weak pathogen on broad-leaved trees in the Pacific Northwest, but it is also associated with pathogenicity on both coniferous and deciduous trees in Europe (e.g., Lygis et al. 2005). However, a recent phylogenetic study suggested that North American A. cepistipes is phylogenetically distinct from Eurasian A. cepistipes (Klopfenstein et al. 2017), butadditional studies are needed to determine the formal taxonomic status of North American A. cepistipes. To our knowledge, A. cepistipes has not been previously confirmed on P. trichocarpa in the U.S.A. or formally reported as a pathogen of any Populus species in North America. Continued studies are needed to determine the distribution, host range, and ecological role of A. cepistipes in riparian forests of the Pacific Northwest, while monitoring its populations under changing climates.

scholarly journals Genes for Parasite-Specific, Nonhost Resistance in Populus

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 779-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Newcombe
Keyword(s):  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Nonhost Resistance ◽  
Selective Force ◽  
Eastern Cottonwood ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
Oligogenic Resistance ◽  
Native Host ◽  
Populus Spp

Nonhost resistance is hypothesized to protect plants in a nonspecific manner. For highly specialized parasites, this hypothesis applies not only to distantly related plants but also to resistant congeners of the host species. Congeners of Populus spp. were hybridized to create two interspecific hybrid poplar pedigrees (i.e., Populus trichocarpa × P. deltoides and P. trichocarpa × P. maximowiczii). The pedigrees were planted in a randomized, replicated “common garden” on Vancouver Island so that they were exposed to parasites of the native P. trichocarpa. Monogenic and oligogenic resistance to two ascomycetous, parasitic fungi (i.e., Venturia inopina and a Taphrina sp.) segregated in a parasite-specific manner in each pedigree. However, these resistance genes were not inherited from the native host, P. trichocarpa. Instead, resistance was inherited from the allopatric, nonhost congeners, P. deltoides (eastern cottonwood) and P. maximowiczii (Japanese poplar). Thus, we found that major genes condition parasite-specific, nonhost resistance, as has been true in earlier studies of this kind with additional parasites of Populus spp. The selective force responsible for evolutionary maintenance of such genes is unknown.

Geographic variation in ecophysiological traits of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa)This article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Poplar Research in Canada.

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1202-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jemma L. Gornall ◽  
Robert D. Guy
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency

Variation in traits related to photosynthesis and water-use were examined within and between geographic sources (provenances) of black cottonwood in two range-wide common garden experiments in British Columbia, Canada. In the first experiment, CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs), instantaneous intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi), stomatal density, specific leaf area, growth height, and foliar N were measured on five 2-year-old trees of 20 clones from five widely separated provenances (i.e., 4 clones per source). Leaf disks were analysed for stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) to provide a more long-term measure of WUE. Photosynthetic rate per unit leaf nitrogen was used as a measure of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A differed between (p < 0.001), but not within provenances, and increased with latitude of origin (R2 = 0.70). NUE and WUEi also varied between (p = 0.034 and p = 0.039, respectively), but not within provenances. In contrast, no variation among provenances was detected for δ13C, but there were strong differences between clones within provenances (p < 0.001). Variation in A was well correlated with foliar nitrogen, gs, and stomatal density and adaxial:abaxial distribution ratio; hence, WUEi, δ13C and NUE were mostly unrelated to latitude or associated climate variables. Species-wide patterns in stomatal density and distribution were confirmed in the second experiment which utilized 140 clones. Stomatal density on the adaxial (but not the abaxial) leaf surface was strongly correlated with latitude (p <0.001). We speculate that northern provenances may have inherently higher A and gs to compensate for shorter growing seasons.

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