scholarly journals Drip-irrigated Pecan Seedlings Response to Irrigation Water Salinity

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1548-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjit K. Deb ◽  
Parmodh Sharma ◽  
Manoj K. Shukla ◽  
Theodore W. Sammis ◽  
Jamshid Ashigh
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Leaf Scorch ◽  
Salt Leaching ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity

Salinity responses and salinity-related suppression of budbreak of drip-irrigated pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] seedlings under different irrigation water salinity (ECIRR) levels were investigated in the pot-in-pot system. The 1-year-old pecan seedlings of rootstock ‘Riverside’ grafted with ‘Western Schley’ scions were transplanted in pots filled with sandy loam soil and grown for 2 years under the same amount of irrigation water but four irrigation ECIRR treatment levels consisting of 1.4 dS·m−1 (control), and three qualities of irrigation water obtained by using a solution of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium chloride (NaCl) in a ratio of 2:1 (by weight) to reach the ECIRR levels of 3.5, 5.5, and 7.5 dS·m−1, respectively. The leachate electrical conductivity (ECd) was highly correlated with soil salinity (EC1:1) and was significantly higher when the irrigation ECIRR treatment levels increased from 1.4 (control) to 7.5 dS·m−1. However, both ECd and EC1:1 remained nearly constant within the same irrigation ECIRR treatment level during both years. Increasing salinity in irrigation water, particularly the ECIRR levels of 5.5 and 7.5 dS·m−1, showed significantly low seedling height and stem diameter growth and delayed or even inhibited budbreak in the seedlings. The EC1:1 that inhibited seedling heights, stem diameters, and budbreak was somewhere between 0.89 and 2.71 dS·m−1 (or ECIRR between 1.4 and 3.5 dS·m−1 and ECd between 2.10 and 4.86 dS·m−1), providing that soil water content was not a limiting factor in the root zone and irrigation water was uniformly distributed in the confined root zone to obtain uniform salt leaching. The visual symptoms of leaf scorch for irrigation ECIRR levels of 3.5, 5.5, and 7.5 dS·m−1 also indicated that somewhere between 0.89 and 2.71 dS·m−1 of the EC1:1, salt injury started to occur. Increasing salinity in irrigation water significantly increased chloride (Cl–) accumulation but reduced nitrogen (N) content in the scorched leaves, particularly under the irrigation ECIRR levels of 5.5 and 7.5 dS·m−1. Leaf scorch symptoms in pecan seedlings were likely associated with Cl– toxicity. No pecan seedlings under the irrigation ECIRR treatment levels of 5.5 and 7.5 dS·m−1 survived to the end of the 2-year growing period. Thus, threshold EC1:1 was somewhere between 0.89 and 2.71 dS·m−1 beyond which plant injury increases with increasing EC1:1 threatening the survival of pecan seedlings.

scholarly journals Gas exchanges and growth of cotton cultivars under water salinity

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 393-399
Author(s):  
André A. R. da Silva ◽  
Luana L. de S. A. Veloso ◽  
Ronaldo do Nascimento ◽  
Elka C. S. Nascimento ◽  
Carlos V. de C. Bezerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Response To Water

ABSTRACT Indication of salt-tolerant cotton cultivars can make the agricultural exploitation with saline water irrigation feasible in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the gas exchanges and growth of cotton cultivars irrigated with saline water. The study was conducted in pots adapted as drainage lysimeters under greenhouse conditions, using a sandy loam Entisols as substrate. Treatments were distributed in completely randomized design, in 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, relative to five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity - ECw (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 dS m-1) and two cotton cultivars (BRS 368 RF and BRS Safira). Increase in irrigation water salinity inhibits the vegetative growth and gas exchanges of the cotton cultivars BRS Safira and BRS 368 RF. Leaf area and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency are the most affected variables. Physiological and growth performance of the cultivar BRS Safira in response to water salinity was higher than that of BRS 368 RF.

scholarly journals EMERGENCE, GROWTH, AND PRODUCTION OF COLORED COTTON SUBJECTED TO SALT STRESS AND ORGANIC FERTILIZATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEANDRO DE PÁDUA SOUZA ◽  
GEOVANI SOARES DE LIMA ◽  
HANS RAJ GHEYI ◽  
REGINALDO GOMES NOBRE ◽  
LAURIANE ALMEIDA DOS ANJOS SOARES
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Colored Cotton ◽  
Four Levels

ABSTRACT The semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil is vulnerable to problems of water scarcity and salinity, resulting in low-quality irrigation water and the need to adopt cultivation strategies that make the production system viable. Given the above, this study aimed to evaluate emergence, growth, and production of colored cotton subjected to increasing levels of irrigation water salinity and organic matter doses. The experiment was carried out in a eutrophic Regolithic Neosol with a sandy loam texture in a greenhouse in the municipality of Campina Grande - PB, Brazil. A randomized block design was used in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme with three replicates, and the treatments corresponded to four levels of electrical conductivity of water - ECw (1.7, 3.4, 5.1, and 6.8 dS m-1) and four doses of organic matter - OM (0, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5% based on soil volume). Increasing irrigation water salinity with ECw values above 1.7 dS m-1 reduced emergence, growth, and production of colored cotton, and the cotton seed weight was the variable most affected by salinity. Organic matter addition led to increased cotton growth and production, especially in terms of seed weight. Increasing doses of organic matter attenuated the effect of irrigation water salinity on the number of bolls in ‘BRS Jady’ cotton.

scholarly journals Adopting adequate leaching requirement for practical response models of basil to salinity

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Babazadeh ◽  
Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi ◽  
Hossein Hassanpour Darvishi
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Saturated Extract

Abstract Several mathematical models are being used for assessing plant response to salinity of the root zone. Objectives of this study included quantifying the yield salinity threshold value of basil plants to irrigation water salinity and investigating the possibilities of using irrigation water salinity instead of saturated extract salinity in the available mathematical models for estimating yield. To achieve the above objectives, an extensive greenhouse experiment was conducted with 13 irrigation water salinity levels, namely 1.175 dS m−1 (control treatment) and 1.8 to 10 dS m−1. The result indicated that, among these models, the modified discount model (one of the most famous root water uptake model which is based on statistics) produced more accurate results in simulating the basil yield reduction function using irrigation water salinities. Overall the statistical model of Steppuhn et al. on the modified discount model and the math-empirical model of van Genuchten and Hoffman provided the best results. In general, all of the statistical models produced very similar results and their results were better than math-empirical models. It was also concluded that if enough leaching was present, there was no significant difference between the soil salinity saturated extract models and the models using irrigation water salinity.

scholarly journals Responses of '0900 Ziraat' Sweet Cherry Variety Grafted on Different Rootstocks to Salt Stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cenk KÜÇÜKYUMUK ◽  
Halit YILDIZ ◽  
Zeliha KÜÇÜKYUMUK ◽  
Ali ÜNLÜKARA
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cherry Trees

This study was conducted to determine the responses of '0900 Ziraat' sweet cherry cultivar grafted on mazzard (Prunus avium L.) and mahaleb (P. mahaleb L.) rootstocks, to different irrigation water salinity levels. One year old sweet cherry trees were planted in 50-liter pots at Eğirdir Fruit Research Station (Isparta, Turkey). Four different irrigation water salinity levels (S1=0.3 dS m-1, S2=2.0 dS m-1, S3=4.0 dS m-1 and S4=6 dS m-1) were used for both variety/rootstock combinations. The results showed that sweet cherry trees grafted on mahaleb rootstocks extracted more water under saline conditions than the ones grafted on mazzard. Water salinity levels caused more damage on 0900/mazzard than on 0900/mahaleb. Towards the end of the growing period, plant deaths were detected in S3 and S4 treatments. While leaf water potential (LWP) ranged from -1.54 to -3.33 MPa, stomatal conductance ranged from 26.8 to 199.5 mmol m-2 s-1. It was determined that both parameters decreased towards the end of the growing period for all treatments. Sodium (Na) uptake was excluded by 0900/mahaleb rootstocks, but chloride (Cl−) uptake was excluded only for higher saline conditions. As a result, mahaleb (P. mahaleb L.) rootstock could be recommended to be used as rootstock for sweet cherry culture under saline conditions.

scholarly journals Response of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Irrigation Water Salinity: I. Effect on Agronomic and Yield Attributes

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
S.K. Nadaf ◽  
S.A. AI-Khamisi ◽  
A. H. AI-Lawati ◽  
O.A. Sidahmed
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Salinity Level ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Thirteen salt tolerant wheat genotypes along with local cultivar, WQS 160 were investigated for their response to five levels of irrigation water salinity viz. control (2 dSm-1), 4, 8, 12 and 16 dSm-1 during two winter seasons. The wheat was grown in pots containing sandy loam soil under shade house conditions. The results indicated that the effects of the years, salinity and genotypes were significant to highly significant (p < 0.01 to 0.05) with respect to all the characters studied. Among the interactions, the effect of year x salinity was highly significant (p <0.01) for number of leaves, leaf length, spike exsertion, grain weight, harvest index and dry biomass. Interaction effects of year x genotype were significant to highly significant (p < 0.01 to 0.05) with respect to all the characters except number of leaves while the effect of salinity x genotype was also significant (p < 0.01) for all the characters except plant height and harvest index. Interaction effect of year x salinity x genotype was significant only in case of days to heading initiation (p < 0.01), spike length (p < 0.05) and grain weight/plant (p < 0.01). Adverse effect of salinity was evident in the genotypes for all characters. Salinity tolerance of genotypes was assessed using the concepts of both stress susceptibility index at each higher salinity level in relation to control (lowest salinity level) and mean value over the salinity treatments with respect to each character. Among all the genotypes tested, 8-24 and Sids-6 were found to have a consistently high degree of salinity tolerance. These two genotypes were proposed for utilization in breeding program involving local cultivars.  

scholarly journals Hydrogen peroxide on acclimation of soursop seedlings under irrigation water salinity

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Alisson Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Geovani Soares de Lima ◽  
Luana Lucas de Sá Almeida Veloso ◽  
Carlos Alberto Vieira de Azevedo ◽  
Hans Raj Gheyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Exogenous Application ◽  
Plastic Bags

The Brazilian Northeast region provides favorable conditions for the exploitation of several crops, but the high salt concentration in irrigation water constitutes a limiting factor for production in most cases. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the emergence, growth and partition of photoassimilates in soursop seedlings, cv. ‘Morada Nova’, subjected to irrigation with water of increasing salinity levels and to exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide. The study was carried out in plastic bags under greenhouse conditions, using a sandy loam Regolithic Neosol, in the municipality of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks, in a 5 x 5 factorial arrangement, relative to five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity - ECw (0.7, 1.4, 2.1, 2.8 and 3.5 dS m-1) and five concentrations of hydrogen peroxide - H2O2 (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µM), with four replicates and three plants per plot. Increasing salt concentration compromised all variables analyzed and leaf area was most sensitive. As irrigation water electrical conductivity increased, the deleterious effects of water salinity on the emergence percentage, emergence speed index, stem diameter and leaf area were attenuated by the exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide, with highest efficiency at the concentration of 50 µM. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations above 38 µM inhibited the specific leaf area of soursop, cv. ‘Morada Nova’.

scholarly journals Impact of Drought and Changing Water Sources on Water Use and Soil Salinity of Almond and Pistachio Orchards: 2. Modeling

Soil Systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Helalia ◽  
Ray G. Anderson ◽  
Todd H. Skaggs ◽  
Jirka Šimůnek
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Soil Hydraulic

California is increasingly experiencing drought conditions that restrict irrigation deliveries to perennial nut crops such as almonds and pistachios. During drought, poorer quality groundwater is often used to maintain these crops, but this use often results in secondary salinization that requires skilled management. Process-based models can help improve management guidelines under these challenging circumstances. The main objective of this work was to assess seasonal soil salinity and root water uptake as a function of irrigation water salinity and annual rain amounts. The manuscript presents a comparison of three-year experimental and numerically simulated root zone salinities in and below the root zone of almond and pistachio drip-irrigated orchards at multiple locations in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California, with different meteorological characteristics. The HYDRUS-1D numerical model was calibrated and validated using field measurements of soil water contents and soil solute bulk electrical conductivities at four root zone depths and measured soil hydraulic conductivities. The remaining soil hydraulic parameters were estimated inversely. Observations and simulations showed that the effects of rain on root zone salinity were higher in fields with initially low salinities than in fields with high salinities. The maximum reduction in simulated root water uptake (7%) occurred in response to initially high soil salinity conditions and saline irrigation water. The minimum reduction in simulated water uptake (2.5%) occurred in response to initially low soil salinity conditions and a wet rain year. Simulated water uptake reductions and leaching fractions varied at early and late times of the growing season, depending on irrigation water salinity. Root water uptake reduction was highly correlated with the cumulative effects of using saline waters in prior years, more than salt leaching during a particular season, even when rain was sufficient to leach salts during a wet year.

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