scholarly journals Drying and Shade Effects on Spearmint Oil Yields and Composition

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valtcho D. Zheljazkov ◽  
Tess Astatkie ◽  
Ekaterina Jeliazkova
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Mentha Spicata ◽  
North Central ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
Spearmint Oil ◽  
Drying Conditions

‘Native’ spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) is one of the two most widely grown spearmints in the United States and in other countries. Recent studies demonstrated the feasibility of growing ‘Native’ spearmint as a cash crop for north–central Wyoming. Transportation and energy costs of commercial mint production can be reduced by drying the spearmint in windrows in the field for a few days after harvest and before oil extraction. This method of drying mint has been a common practice in the traditional mint production regions of the world. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the effect of this drying method on the yield and composition of ‘Native’ spearmint oil. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in Wyoming to evaluate the effects of drying duration in days after harvest (DAH: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, or 11) and drying conditions (shade and sun) on the yield of essential oil (EO) and on the concentrations of different oil constituents (beta-pinene, myrcene, limonene, eucalyptol, cis-sabinene hydrate, 4-terpineol, cis-dihydro carvone, cis-carveol, carvone, iso-dihydro carveol acetate, beta-bourbonene, beta-caryophyllene, alpha-humulene/transbeta-farnesene, and germacrene D). Neither drying duration nor drying condition had a significant effect on oil yield. The average yield of essential oil was 0.25 g of oil per 100 g of fresh weight. Drying duration and drying conditions had a significant effect on the composition of EOs. The concentrations of myrcene and germacrene-D were higher in the EOs from plants dried under shade (3.2% and 2.4%, respectively) than the EOs from plants dried under direct sun (3% and 2.2%, respectively). The concentration of beta-pinene was higher in plants dried under direct sun than under shade (0.92% vs. 0.88%). Carvone ranged from 51% to 53% in the oil and was higher in EOs from plants dried for 1 and 2 DAH and lower in EOs from plants dried for 7 days. Drying of ‘Native’ spearmint under direct sun in Wyoming for up to 11 DAH can be used as an effective tool to reduce transportation and energy costs without affecting oil yields.

scholarly journals Composition of the Essential Oil of Wild Growing Artemisia vulgaris from Erie, Pennsylvania

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack D. Williams ◽  
Ayman M. Saleh ◽  
Dom N. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
The United States ◽  
Artemisia Vulgaris ◽  
Mass Spectral Analysis ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Chromatographic Mass

Essential Oil from wild growing Artemisia vulgaris L. originating in Erie, Pennsylvania was obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of the plant. Gas chromatographic-mass spectral analysis was used to identify the major volatiles present. Up to 22 components were detected in the essential oils. Germacrene D (25%), Caryophyllene (20%), α-Zingiberene (15%) and Borneol (11%) represent the major components of leaf oil, while the buds were rich in 1,8-Cineole (32%), Camphor (16%), Borneol (9%), and Caryophyllene (5%). trans-2-Hexenal was also detected in the aerial parts of the plant. α-Zingiberene and trans-2-Hexenal have not been previously reported for Artemisia vulgaris L. The major analytes are compared to those from Artemisia vulgaris L, originating outside of the United States.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil of Mentha spicata Lamiaceae

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 2269-2272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Hai Liu ◽  
Qing Zhu ◽  
Jing Jing Zhang ◽  
Jian Feng Xu ◽  
Xi Chang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dpph Assay ◽  
Mentha Spicata ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Spearmint Oil ◽  
Total Oil

The chemical composition of the essential oil of Mentha spicata from China was investigated by the Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. 21 compounds were identified, representing 97.10% of the total oil. The major compounds in the essential oil were carvone (65.33%), limonene (18.19%), dihydrocarvone (2.97%) and camphene (2.34%). The oil showed antioxidant activity assessed using DPPH assay. The antimicrobial activity was investigated in order to evaluate its efficacy against 5 microorganisms using MIC and MBC methods. The results indicated that spearmint oil showed inhibitory and bactericidal effect on all test microorganisms. It was highly effective against E. coli, S. cerivisiae and P. citrinum. S. cerivisiae was more susceptible to spearmint oil (MIC 0.78125 uL/mL and MBC 6.25 uL/mL). The cytotoxicity of spearmint oil was evaluated on Hela cells using the MTT assay. The oil showed quite strong cytotoxicity on the cell lines with an IC50of about 2.08ug/mL.

scholarly journals Fall Frost Effects on the Essential Oil of ‘Native’ Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) in Wyoming

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1603-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valtcho D. Zheljazkov ◽  
Charles L. Cantrell ◽  
Tess Astatkie ◽  
Ekaterina Jeliazkova
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mentha Spicata ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Spring Frosts

‘Native’ spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) is a widely grown essential oil crop worldwide and in the midwest in the United States. There is interest in expanding spearmint production to Wyoming and other states. However, there is no information to determine if spearmint would perform well under the Wyoming high-altitude and short-growing season and if its productivity and oil quality would be affected by fall frosts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fall frosts at the end of the cropping season on ‘Native’ spearmint productivity and oil profile. Spearmint plants were harvested at the following harvest dates (HDs): 14 Sept., 21 Sept., 28 Sept., 5 Oct., 12 Oct., 24 Oct., and 1 Nov. 2011. The HDs were selected to coincide with the fall frosts in northern Wyoming. Indeed, during that time, frost occurred on the following dates: 21 Sept., 10 Oct., 13 Oct., 15 Oct., 19 Oct., 20 Oct., 24 Oct., 25 Oct., 26 Oct., 27 Oct., 28 Oct., 29 Oct., 30 Oct., 31 Oct., and 1 Nov. 2011. The first heavy snow occurred on 3 Nov. Fresh herbage yields were higher at the 1 Nov. HD relative to the 14 Sept. HD, whereas the yields at the other HD were not significantly different. Generally, the oil content was high at 14 Sept., 21 Sept., and 5 Oct. HD and low at the 24 Oct. and 1 Nov. HD. Carvone concentration (42% to 75% range) in the oil reached a maximum at the 12 Oct. HD. The concentration of limonene was low at the first HD (14 Sept.) and higher at the other HDs. The yield of carvone (a function of the fresh herbage yields, oil content, and the concentration of carvone in the oil) was high at the 12 Oct. HD and low at the other HDs. In the spring of 2012, spearmint emerged in late April and was unaffected by the Wyoming winter or by the early spring frosts. This preliminary study suggests ‘Native’ spearmint may be a viable crop for northern Wyoming at elevation of ≈1170 m.

Developmental Variations in the Content of Active Substances and Nutrients in Echinacea purpurea

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 518d-518
Author(s):  
W. Letchamo ◽  
V.S. Krutilina
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Cichoric Acid ◽  
Active Substances

Echinace from the Asteracea family has been among the top 10 marketed herbs in North America and Europe. So far, only a limited amount of Echinace originate from commercial cultivation. Echinacea purpurea has been commercially cultivated in the United States since the mid 1970s, in Russia since 1935, while in Europe since the 1960s. However, there has been no published information in the English language on methods of cultivation, expected yields, limiting factors, nutrient requirements, and the optimum plant development stage to obtain maximum yield and concentration of the biologically active substances for pharmaceutical and cosmetic processing. The objective of this investigation was, therefore, to study the general distribution of major nutrients and biologically active substances and the relationship between the two groups, and the pattern of the accumulation of cichoric acid, echnacoside, isobutylamides (tetraenes) and essential oil in commercially cultivated Echinacea purpurea. There was a significant variation in the content of essential oil, cichoric acid, and isobutylamides (tetraenes) in different organs and stages of the plant development. Similarly, the difference in the distribution of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe in different organs and developmental stages is demonstrated. The correlation between the content of the active substances and nutrients is demonstrated, while recommendations for an optimum harvesting stage and date are made.

scholarly journals The Volatile Phytochemistry of Seven Native American Aromatic Medicinal Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
Sims K. Lawson ◽  
Prabodh Satyal ◽  
William N. Setzer
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
First Time ◽  
Gaultheria Procumbens

As part of our evaluation of essential oils derived from Native American medicinal plants, we have obtained the essential oils of Agastache foeniculum (Pursch) Kuntze (Lamiaceae), Gaultheria procumbens L. (Ericaceae), Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet (Asteraceae), Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. (Asteraceae), Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michx. (Lamiaceae), Smallanthus uvedalia (L.) Mack. ex Mack. (Asteraceae), and Verbena hastata L. (Verbenaceae) by hydrodistillation. The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatographic techniques. The essential oil of A. foeniculum was dominated by estragole (88–93%), while methyl salicylate (91%) dominated the G. procumbens essential oil. Germacrene D was the major component in H. helianthoides (42%) and L. spicata (24%). 1,8-Cineole (31%) and α-terpineol (17%) were the main compounds in P. incanum essential oil. The essential oil of S. uvedalia showed α-pinene (24%), perillene (15%), and β-caryophyllene (17%) as major components. Verbena hastata essential oil was rich in 1-octen-3-ol (up to 29%) and palmitic acid (up to 22%). Four of these essential oils, H. helianthoides, L. spicata, P. incanum, and V. hastata, are reported for the first time. Additionally, the enantiomeric distributions of several terpenoid components have been determined.

scholarly journals Exposure of Domestic Cats to Three Zoonotic Bartonella Species in the United States

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Osikowicz ◽  
Kalanthe Horiuchi ◽  
Irina Goodrich ◽  
Edward B. Breitschwerdt ◽  
Bruno Chomel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
The United States ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Bartonella Species ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
North Central ◽  
Middle Atlantic ◽  
South Central ◽  
Central Regions

Cat-associated Bartonella species, which include B. henselae, B. koehlerae, and B. clarridgeiae, can cause mild to severe illness in humans. In the present study, we evaluated 1362 serum samples obtained from domestic cats across the U.S. for seroreactivity against three species and two strain types of Bartonella associated with cats (B. henselae type 1, B. henselae type 2, B. koehlerae, and B. clarridgeiae) using an indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA). Overall, the seroprevalence at the cutoff titer level of ≥1:64 was 23.1%. Seroreactivity was 11.1% and 3.7% at the titer level cutoff of ≥1:128 and at the cutoff of ≥1:256, respectively. The highest observation of seroreactivity occurred in the East South-Central, South Atlantic, West North-Central, and West South-Central regions. The lowest seroreactivity was detected in the East North-Central, Middle Atlantic, Mountain, New England, and Pacific regions. We observed reactivity against all four Bartonella spp. antigens in samples from eight out of the nine U.S. geographic regions.

scholarly journals Chemical Compositions, Mosquito Larvicidal and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Five Species of Cinnamomum Growing Wild in North Central Vietnam

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do N. Dai ◽  
Nguyen T. Chung ◽  
Le T. Huong ◽  
Nguyen H. Hung ◽  
Dao T.M. Chau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
North Central ◽  
Mosquito Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Leaf Essential Oil

Members of the genus Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) have aromatic volatiles in their leaves and bark and some species are commercially important herbs and spices. In this work, the essential oils from five species of Cinnamomum (C. damhaensis, C. longipetiolatum, C. ovatum, C. polyadelphum and C. tonkinense) growing wild in north central Vietnam were obtained by hydrodistillation, analyzed by gas chromatography and screened for antimicrobial and mosquito larvicidal activity. The leaf essential oil of C. tonkinense, rich in β-phellandrene (23.1%) and linalool (32.2%), showed excellent antimicrobial activity (MIC of 32 μg/mL against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans) and larvicidal activity (24 h LC50 of 17.4 μg/mL on Aedes aegypti and 14.1 μg/mL against Culex quinquefasciatus). Cinnamomum polyadelphum leaf essential oil also showed notable antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and mosquito larvicidal activity, attributable to relatively high concentrations of neral (11.7%) and geranial (16.6%). Thus, members of the genus Cinnamomum from Vietnam have shown promise as antimicrobial agents and as potential vector control agents for mosquitoes.

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