Development of Powdery Mildew Fungus on Cucumber Leaves Acclimatized to Different CO2 Concentrations

The present study evaluated the development of powdery mildew fungus (Podosphaera xanthii) on leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) acclimatized to different CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) to examine plant–pathogen interactions under the wide range of [CO2] that can occur in greenhouse cultivation. Seedlings of resistant and nonresistant cultivars were acclimatized to reduced (200 µmol·mol−1), ambient (400 µmol·mol−1), or elevated (1000 µmol·mol−1) [CO2]. Powdery mildew spores were inoculated onto the adaxial surface of cotyledons or first true leaves, and colonization was measured after 7 days. Colony density decreased as acclimatization [CO2] increased at the cotyledon stage but increased at the first-true-leaf stage in both cultivars. This result implies that when the effects of [CO2] on plant–pathogen interactions are described, growing stage must be specified. The acclimatization [CO2] was correlated positively with leaf mass per area, dry matter content, and carbon (C) content and negatively with nitrogen (N) content at both stages. Therefore, these leaf properties could not explain the changes in host-plant susceptibility between stages. The effect of acclimatization [CO2] was greater on the resistant cultivar than on the nonresistant cultivar, indicating that the resistant cultivar was more responsive.

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Variability of Different Yield Contributing Parameters and Yield of Some Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Accessions

Journal of Agriculture & Rural Development ◽

10.3329/jard.v4i1.778 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 119-127

Author(s):

AKM Ashraful Alam ◽

Md Mokbul Hossain

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Positive Association ◽

Matter Content ◽

Path Coefficient ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Path Coefficient Analysis ◽

Significant Positive Association ◽

Wide Range ◽

Range Of Variation ◽

Genotypic Coefficient Of Variation

In order to assess the variability of yield contributing characters of 50 okra accessions and their interrelation effects on the yield of green pod a field experiment was undertaken at the Horticulture Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from February, 2002 to May, 2002. A wide range of variation was observed in case of weight of green pod per plant (105- 281g), days to first flowering (40-52days) and weight of individual green pod (14-26g). Moderate variation for length of green pod (12-19cm), number of green pods per plant (6-11) and yield of green pod (4-13 t/ha), lesser variation for percent of dry matter content (5-8%), number of ridges per green pod (5-9) and diameter of green pod (1-2cm) was observed. The highest genotypic coefficient of variation was observed in case of yield of green pod (GCV= 23.22%) followed by weight of green pod per plant (22.24%), weight of individual green pod (18.68%), number of ridges per green pod (13.49%), number of green pod per plant (10.84%), dry matter content of green pod (10.48%), diameter of green pod (6.90%) and length of green pod (6.24%). These characters suggested the existence of justifiable genetic distance among different cultivars. Correlation coefficient indicated that yield of green pod had highly significant positive association with weight of green pod per plant and weight of individual green pod. Path coefficient analysis showed that the weight of green pod per plant and weight of individual green pod were directly contributed towards the yield of green pod. Key words: Okra, accession, variability, yield.

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Creation of competitive varieties of melon and pumpkin with valuable economic trends

VEGETABLE CROPS OF RUSSIA ◽

10.18619/2072-9146-2021-6-36-41 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 36-41

Author(s):

M. S. Kornilova ◽

D. P. Kurunina ◽

G. V. Varivoda

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Matter Content ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Mass Selection ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Average Yield ◽

Experimental Station ◽

Economically Valuable Traits ◽

New Varieties

Relevance. The soil and climatic conditions of the Lower Trans-Volga region are considered favorable for melon growing and make it possible to obtain high-quality products. The purpose of the research was to create new competitive varieties and hybrids of melon and pumpkin.Materials and methods. The object of the research is new varieties of melon and butternut pumpkin created at the Bykovskaya melon breeding experimental station. Melon cultivar Osen and pumpkin cv. Zhemchuzhina were used as standards. The methods of creation are intervarietal hybridization, individual and mass selection. During the growing season, appropriate observations and counts were carried out.Results. As a result of many years of breeding work at the Bykovskaya cucurbits selection experimental station, a melon cultivar 251 and a pumpkin cultivar 509 have been created. both producers and consumers. Therefore, the obtained varieties were evaluated for taste, yield, resistance to biological and abiofactors of the environment, dry matter content, fruit size, fruit and pulp color. During the comparative assessment of the accessions, it was determined that the new varieties of melon and pumpkin exceed the standards in terms of the main economically valuable traits. The average yield during the study, in the melon cultivar 251, exceeded the standard by 47.8%. In the pumpkin cultivar, the average yield for three years of research exceeded the standard by 69.6%. In terms of taste, the new melon variety was at the level of the standard, the cv. Osen. A variety of butternut pumpkin exceeded the standard in all quality indicators. The susceptibility to powdery mildew in the melon cultivar varied depending on the year of research. The melon sample showed resistance to anthracnose higher than the standard by 16.4 and 18.6%, over the years of study. In the pumpkin cultivar, resistance to powdery mildew and anthracnose was higher than the standard, on average by 34.9% to powdery mildew and by 28.6% to anthracnose. Thus, new varieties of melon and pumpkin meet the modern requirements of the industrial melon industry, are resistant to environmental stress factors, common diseases, and have economically valuable traits.

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Effects of leptin administration on long-term selected fat mice

Genetics Research ◽

10.1017/s0016672397002814 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 215-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

LUTZ BÜNGER ◽

WILLIAM G. HILL

Keyword(s):

Matter Content ◽

Control Line ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Genetic Changes ◽

Term Selection ◽

Wide Range ◽

Selection For ◽

Phosphate Buffered Saline

To assess the role of genetic changes in sensitivity to leptin hormone in contributing to responses to long-term selection for fatness, leptin was administered to a long-term fat selected (F) and a control line (C) of mice. These lines differ almost three fold in their percentage of fat (fat%) at about 15 weeks of age. Treated (T) animals received twice-daily intraperitoneal injections of 5 mg/kg leptin from 91 to 105 days of age; untreated (U) animals received equivolume injections of phosphate-buffered saline. Treated compared with untreated animals in both lines had significantly (P<0·05) lower mean body weight, food intake and fatness at the end of test (fat%: CT 3%, CU 7·4%, FT 14·9%, FU21·1%). The differences in response between the lines [(CT−CU)−(FT−FU)] were all non-significant (P>0·05), however. There was a very wide range of fatness (estimated from dry matter content) among FT animals (3–29%), much higher than in FU (15–31%), CT (0·7–6·4%) and CU (2–15%) animals. While sensitivity to leptin remains in the fat line, response appears to vary among animals at the dose level used.

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The partial duplication of an E3-ligase gene in Triticeae species mediates resistance to powdery mildew fungi

10.1101/190728 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jeyaraman Rajaraman ◽

Dimitar Douchkov ◽

Stefanie Lück ◽

Götz Hensel ◽

Daniela Nowara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

E3 Ligase ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Duplication Event ◽

Stable Gene ◽

Cellular Functions ◽

Powdery Mildew Fungus ◽

Crop Species ◽

Powdery Mildew Fungi ◽

Plant Pathogen Interactions

ABSTRACTIn plant-pathogen interactions, components of the plant ubiquitination machinery are preferred targets of pathogen-encoded effectors suppressing defense responses or co-opting host cellular functions for accommodation. Here, we employed transient and stable gene silencing-and over-expression systems in Hordeum vulgare (barley) to study the function of HvARM1 (for H. vulgare Armadillo 1), a partial gene duplicate of the U-box/armadillo-repeat E3 ligase HvPUB15 (for H. vulgare Plant U-Box 15). The partial ARM1 gene was derived from an ancient gene-duplication event in a common ancestor of the Triticeae tribe of grasses comprising the major crop species H. vulgare, Triticum aestivum and Secale cereale. The barley gene HvARM1 contributed to quantitative host as well as nonhost resistance to the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis, and allelic variants were found to be associated with powdery mildew-disease severity. Both HvPUB15 and HvARM1 proteins interacted in yeast and plant cells with the susceptibility-related, plastid-localized barley homologs of THF1 (for Thylakoid formation 1) and of ClpS1 (for Clp-protease adaptor S1) of Arabidopsis thaliana. The results suggest a neo-functionalization HvARM1 to increase resistance against powdery mildew and provide a link to plastid function in susceptibility to biotrophic pathogen attack.

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Foliage biomass qualitative indices of selected forest forming tree species in Ukrainian Steppe

Folia Oecologica ◽

10.1515/foecol-2017-0005 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 38-45

Author(s):

Svitlana Sytnyk ◽

Viktoriia Lovynska ◽

Ivan Lakyda

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽

Matter Content ◽

State Agency ◽

Tree Age ◽

Stand Age ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Study Objective ◽

Main Research ◽

Wide Range

AbstractOur study objective was research on the assimilation component of aboveground biomass of trees and its correlation with mensurational indices of trees (age, diameter and height) in stands of the main forest forming species in the Ukrainian Northern Steppe zone - Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) and Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Black locust). The research was carried out in forest stands subordinated to the State Agency of Forest Resources of Ukraine. We used experimental data collected on sample plots established during years 2014-2016. The main research results prove that the foliage share in the tree greenery biomass structure had a wide range of values. For both investigated species, a positive correlation was found between the dry matter content in the tree foliage and the tree age, height and diameter. The foliage share in tree greenery biomass decreased with increasing mensurational index values. Correlation analysis revealed linear relationships between the mensurational indices and the discussed aboveground live biomass parameters. The closest correlation was observed between the stand age, mean stand diameter, mean stand height and dry matter content in the foliage.

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Kinetic patterns and optimization of the process of concentration by freezing the blood of cattle

Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies ◽

10.20914/2310-1202-2018-4-12-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 80 (4) ◽

pp. 12-18

Author(s):

S. T. Antipov ◽

V. Yu. Ovsyannikov ◽

A. A. Korchinskij

Keyword(s):

Heat Exchange ◽

Boiling Point ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Wide Range ◽

Experimental Apparatus ◽

Heat Exchange Surface ◽

Exchange Surface

The urgency of the use of blood components as a raw material for the production of products from it that contribute to the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency states is beyond doubt. In addition, protein compounds in the blood of cattle have a high digestibility of the human body, and the complex of essential amino acids determines its attractiveness as an additive in the development of a wide range of meat products. The only possible way at present to thicken thermo labile blood compounds is cryoconcentration, carried out in a temperature range close to the cryoscopy temperature. The kinetic features of cryoconcentration of cattle blood were investigated on an experimental apparatus of cyclic action. It is shown that the conditions of cryoconcentration are determined by the boiling point of the refrigerant in the evaporator of the installation, the flow rate of the original blood washing the heat exchange surface and the content of soluble compounds in the initial liquid. Experimental data are presented in the form of growth curves of frozen ice on the heat exchange surface with an area of 0.2 m2. Using mathematical planning methods, equations are obtained that describe the amount of ice frozen for 1 hour per unit of surface area of the freezing plant, the specific energy input for freezing one kilogram of ice, and the dry matter content of the blood in the solution obtained by melting the frozen ice. The solved problem of optimizing the process of blood cryoconcentration made it possible to find rational intervals for changing the operating parameters of the freezing plant, ensuring the maximum amount of frozen ice, minimal energy costs and minimal content of soluble substances in the solution obtained by melting frozen ice. The suboptimal intervals of the indicated parameters were the following: refrigerant boiling point 256– 260 K, blood consumption (0.20–0.205)·10-3 m3/s, dry matter content 22.5–23.0 %.

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The Effect of Dry Matter Content of A Straw/Sugar Beet Pulp Mixture Used As A Buffer Feed When Fed to Dairy Cows at Different Stages of Lactation

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600025599 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 1994 ◽

pp. 5-5

Author(s):

A Hameleers ◽

T Bronda ◽

D J Roberts

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Design Experiment ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Stage Of Lactation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

Friesian Cows

Buffer feeding is a widely used strategy to improve DM intakes from dairy cows at grass. A very wide range of products have been used as buffer feeds resulting in a wide range of responses. Less well understood are which factors are important in explaining these responses. In this experiment the buffer feed characteristic “dry matter content” and the animal factor “stage of lactation” were used as variables in order to gain a better understanding of responses to buffer feeding.Forty Friesian cows, of which 20 were spring calving and 20 autumn calving were used in a continuous design experiment lasting 5 weeks from 3 May until 7 June 1993. The animals were allocated to four treatments on basis of milk yield, liveweight and stage of lactation. The treatments were grazing only (C), grazing and a buffer feed at 30% DM (B30), 50% DM (B50) and 80% DM (B80) and for each treatment half the cows were spring calving (S) or autumn calving (A). The grazing consisted of a 8 ha field of predominantly perennial ryegrass which was split into 4 equal paddocks which were grazed on a daily rotational basis.

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A Candidate Secreted Effector Protein of Rubber Tree Powdery Mildew Fungus Contributes to Infection by Regulating Plant ABA Biosynthesis

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2020.591387 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Xiao Li ◽

Yuhan Liu ◽

Qiguang He ◽

Sipeng Li ◽

Wenbo Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

Primary Source ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Effector Proteins ◽

Powdery Mildew Fungus ◽

Successful Infection ◽

Wide Range ◽

Aba Biosynthesis

Powdery mildew infects a wide range of crops and economic plants, causing substantial losses. Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are the primary source of natural rubber, and powdery mildew infection causes significant losses to natural rubber yields. How the causal agent, Erysiphe quercicola, establishes successful infection in rubber trees is largely unknown. Previously, 133 candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) were identified in powdery mildew fungus. In this study, we characterize a CSEP named EqCSEP01276 for its function in suppressing host plant defense responses. We show that EqCSEP01276 is a secreted protein and is able to disturb the localization of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 5 (HbNCED5), a key enzyme in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis in plant cell chloroplasts of H. brasiliensis. We also show that this effector inhibits ABA biosynthesis, and that in H. brasiliensis ABA is a positive regulator of the plant immune response against powdery mildew. Our study reveals a strategy by which powdery mildew fungus manipulates plant ABA-mediated defense for a successful infection.

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Leaf reflectance can surrogate foliar economics better than physiological traits across macrophyte species

Plant Methods ◽

10.1186/s13007-021-00816-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paolo Villa ◽

Rossano Bolpagni ◽

Monica Pinardi ◽

Viktor R. Tóth

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Plant Traits ◽

Spectral Band ◽

Matter Content ◽

Hyperspectral Data ◽

Leaf Mass Per Area ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Terrestrial Plants ◽

Leaf Reflectance ◽

Macrophyte Species

Abstract Background Macrophytes are key players in aquatic ecosystems diversity, but knowledge on variability of their functional traits, among and within species, is still limited. Remote sensing is a high-throughput, feasible option for characterizing plant traits at different scales, provided that reliable spectroscopy models are calibrated with congruous empirical data, but existing applications are biased towards terrestrial plants. We sampled leaves from six floating and emergent macrophyte species common in temperate areas, covering different phenological stages, seasons, and environmental conditions, and measured leaf reflectance (400–2500 nm) and leaf traits (dealing with photophysiology, pigments, and structure). We explored optimal spectral band combinations and established non-parametric reflectance-based models for selected traits, eventually showing how airborne hyperspectral data could capture spatial–temporal macrophyte variability. Results Our key finding is that structural—leaf dry matter content, leaf mass per area—and biochemical—chlorophyll-a content and chlorophylls to carotenoids ratio—traits can be surrogated by leaf reflectance with normalized error under 17% across macrophyte species. On the other hand, the performance of reflectance-based models for photophysiological traits substantively varies, depending on macrophyte species and target parameters. Conclusions Our main results show the link between leaf reflectance and leaf economics (structure and biochemistry) for aquatic plants, thus envisioning a crucial role for remote sensing in enhancing the level of detail of macrophyte functional diversity analysis to intra-site and intra-species scales. At the same time, we highlighted some difficulties in establishing a general link between reflectance and photosynthetic performance under high environmental heterogeneity, potentially opening further investigation directions.

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CHANGES IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CORNELIAN CHERRY (CORNUS MAS L.) FRUITS IN DEPENDENCE ON DEGREE OF RIPENING AND ECOTYPES

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus ◽

10.24326/asphc.2019.2.22 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 251-262

Author(s):

Iwona Szot ◽

Paweł Szot ◽

Tomasz Lipa ◽

Bożena Sosnowska ◽

Bohdan Dobrzański

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Fruit Shape ◽

High Ratio ◽

Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Cornelian Cherry ◽

Cornus Mas ◽

Wide Range

Cornelian cherry in Poland belongs to the alternative fruit species. The fruits are suitable for fresh consumption, however they can be used for processing: juice, jams, jellies, syrups, tinctures. Fruits are abundant in mineral elements, vitamin C, organic acids, iridoids, anthocyanins and due to that they have health-promoting significance. In this experiment, the fruit quality of several 16-year-old ecotypes in the Lublin region was compared. They were compared in terms of the beginning of fruit ripening and fruit size (length, diameter, mass), fruit shape index, share of stone in the fruit, SSC, TA, SSC/TA, reducing sugar, dry matter content and anthocyanins content. The color of fruit was evaluated in two dates, visually and using HanterLab spectrophotometer. Cornelian cherry fruits began to mature at the beginning of August and at the latest at the end of August. With the increase of the maturity degree, the SSC, reducing sugars, TA, dry matter and anthocyanins increased significantly. There was no difference in the taste of light red fruits and dark red fruits, which were characterized by similar ratio of SSC/TA. Ecotype No. 11, as the earliest maturing, with big round fruits, dark red colored with the highest content of anthocyanins, could be distinguished. As well as ecotypes No. 4 and 5, ripening in mid-August, and having a high ratio of SSC/TA, providing a good taste. Studied ecotypes could be used in breeding programs to incorporate a wide range of quality and agronomic characteristics into a final cornelian cherry cultivar.

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